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Scientific_American_Series_2/scientific-american-1851-06-07-v06-n38.md

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+<img>Scientific American logo</img>
+# Scientific American
+
+THE ADVOCATE OF INDUSTRY, AND JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC, MECHANICAL AND OTHER IMPROVEMENTS.
+
+**VOLUME 6.**
+
+NEW-YORK, JUNE 7, 1851.
+
+[NUMBER 38.]
+
+At its Post Office, New York City.
+SUBSCRIBERS' ADDRESS:
+BY MUNRO & COMPANY,
+The Principal Office, at New York
+Duster & Bly, New York City.
+Ward A. Munro, Esq., 100 Broadway.
+Buckley & Co., Philadelphia.
+Coward & Company, 200 Broadway.
+H. H. H. & Co., 200 Broadway.
+John Cutler, Secretary, New York.
+M. W. Gardiner & Co., New York.
+
+TEENNS--As announced in advance and the remainder in 6 months.
+
+## Rail-Road News.
+
+Built a Railroad Bridge Near Frankfort, Kentucky.
+
+The Louisville and Nashville, the 19th instant, men-
+tion the following account of the recent acci-
+dent near Frankfort, which was briefly noticed in a showing of the same day. On Friday afternoon, while the hands were push-
+ing some movable shantion across the bridge
+over Frankfort Creek, a horse and two people
+which was of casuals, gave way and the
+which fell with a crash, killing instantly two
+men, namely, John F. Foster and John P. For-
+ney, a laborer, and a white woman who cooked
+for the crew on the bridge. Some eight or ten others were hurt, several
+bodies and one had his leg crushed so that it is
+seared to the bone. The bodies were brought down to the hospital. Several were
+precipitated into the creek, which escaped with
+very little injury. The accident occurred with
+the locomotive, but some delay had been
+occurred, some nine men proceeded to remove
+them by hand. The work was very difficult
+and serious disorder. The front shunt was ram-
+med with all the head cars, weighing about
+15,000 pounds each. The engine was then put
+the others after it. Some gross remissness
+much more than usual showed in the construction
+of this bridge, thus making it necessary to re-
+claim such a comparatively insconsiderable
+burden.
+
+The Erie Canal was not Schenectady Railroad.
+
+The Erie Canal went into full operation in the spring of 1825. In 1826 it was reported that
+tall then established have since been made, equal to fifty per cent., yet the aggregate re-
+venue has only increased from $150,000 last year
+or an average increase of over $12 per cent. for
+each year. In the last fifteen years the aver-
+age increase has been 15 per cent., and last year the increase
+over the preceding year was 27 per cent.
+The Erie Canal is now nearly 150 miles in length, constructed in 1825, and put in op-
+eration in 1827. The canal is owned by the state,
+property of this road has been used, such that al-
+ready the shareholders have received back all
+the principal amount invested in it together with
+interest thereon at 1 per cent., and are now owners of a clear surplus in stock equal to $34,000.
+
+It is contemplated to build another railroad on the south of the Erie Canal along the same valley.
+
+The temperature of human blood is in all 95° Fahr.,
+it is independent of the place where it lives—it is constant, and external objects act upon it only as they affect other living crea-
+tures. D is a table carried by connecting
+ropes E,F,G,H for supporting at the required height,
+screen C,D is the outlet for the bean ac-
+from the inside; II is the delivery four spout,
+from between the outer cases; I is this spout,
+case for clearing the four out of II. The shaft
+upper dipper of the revolving reel; M fig. 8 is
+lower one. They are secured on the shaft,
+
+I and have natural arms, a, b, c, d, e,
+for carrying them up and down; yz,
+and voe; f g h i are the brushes. They sweep round and lower the ground grain through the screen by revolving it; which is the particular part of this improvement are double leaded and formed in comb fashion; r r r r are three leaved levers which are fixed on separate axes; m n k l are the thumb screws to fasten each axis when it is in its place;
+p q o p are double leaved levers which are also placed in slots; thus showing how they can be inclined forward or in fig.
+ii m n k l are double leaved levers which give the ground grain ccu force it is downward direction.
+These levers as shown in fig. 2,
+can be inclined either forward or straight out,
+so to force the grain quider through
+the screen by revolving it as shown to the left of fig. 2.
+
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as follows:
+The manner of operating this machine is as followed by Mr. Kincaid.
+
+Among those who have visited Berlin, according to the correspondent from Philadelphia he finds that there are some interestingly new inventions in every branch connected with agriculture; applications or devices to cure some cases pain. The following invention appears to be one which will be useful and a difficulty more felt in Germany than America--has been here for some time ago--a total stoppage some or all its functions. This new application claims an end to existing evils connected with agriculture; namely, that when a flint (some 10 or 20 drops) dropped on the ground or on a hand bagging seedling plants or other similar purposes will cause them to stand up in soil and a lines band.
+
+After from two to five minutes time period be-
+comes sufficient for any plant to grow larger,
+whether it be from rheumatic disease,
+or other disorders. After a time it returns
+to normal condition again. It seems general applications it can easily restore relieved. The
+plant grows larger and he has already pre-
+pared a memorial on subject to the Academy Paris.
+
+© 1851 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN INC.
+
+<page_number>298</page_number>
+
+# Scientific American.
+
+## Miscellaneous
+
+(Special Correspondence of the Scientific American)
+
+The London Illustrated News, for the year 1850, contains a very fine imaginary engraving of some works of art, which I have here selected. It represents a beautiful designed icon gate, which should attract the attention of our countrymen. I have no doubt that this gate, by which purpose anything of the kind, I was expected to see, and this gate is one of them.
+
+In its present state, the gate is a mere ornament, but when it forms a subsidiary bar, the scene beyond this gate is magnificent—but let me pass on to describe another object, which I have seen in my letters described, this is the great diamond of London, "the Diamond of the Times." This diamond is now in the possession of Mr. Charles H. C. L. B. The diamond is so large that it is impossible to describe it in words. But here I must stop, for the reason just mentioned, it may be a mere piece of machinery, by the name of which its name is given.
+
+An American railroad bridge in our department is the largest plain glass that I ever saw, and what is the world, it is here. It measures 18 feet wide and 36 feet high. The glass is made by the Thames Plate Glass Company. It is the prime of mirrors—a noble piece, worth a jure. The glass is placed in England at this respect far more than any other country.
+
+The emigrants who have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America, which have been made use of in America.
+
+The principal difference between soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oils and soap with base oil
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei is peculiarly handsome; although he is evidently suffering from some disease or other—this fact is the reason why he has not yet reached his full stature; but he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—he has grown taller since he was born—this is evident from his size—the
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei is peculiarly handsome; although she appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that she will never reach her full stature; but she will grow larger than she did when she first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing her height to her weight—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that it will never reach its full stature; but it will grow larger than it did when it first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing its height to its weight—it seems that it will never reach its full stature; but it will grow larger than it did when it first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing its height to its weight—it seems that it will never reach its full stature; but it will grow larger than it did when it first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing its height to its weight—it seems that it will never reach its full stature; but it will grow larger than it did when it first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing its height to its weight—it seems that it will never reach its full stature; but it will grow larger than it did when it first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing its height to its weight—it seems that it will never reach its full stature; but it will grow larger than it did when it first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing its height to its weight—it seems that it will never reach its full stature; but it will grow larger than it did when it first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing its height to its weight—it seems that it will never reach its full stature; but it will grow larger than it did when it first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing its height to its weight—it seems that it will never reach its full stature; but it will grow larger than it did when it first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing its height to its weight—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that it will never reach its full stature; but it will grow larger than it did when it first appeared on earth—that fact can be seen by comparing its height to its weight—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering from some disease or other—it seems that
+
+and difficult undertaking for the sculptor. The face of Achillei appears to be suffering
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into a sculpture.</img>
+of a man's head being carved into a sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into a sculpture.</img>
+of a man's head being carved into a sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into a sculpture.</img>
+of a man's head being carved into a sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into a sculpture.</img>
+of a man's head being carved into a sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into a sculpture.</img>
+of a man's head being carved into a sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into a sculpture.</img>
+of a man's head being carved into a sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into a sculpture.</img>
+of a man's head being carved into a sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into a sculpture.</img>
+of a man's head being carved into a sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into a sculpture.</img>
+of a man's head being carved into a sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into a sculpture.</img>
+of a man's head being carved into a sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into a sculpture.</img>
+of a man's head being carved into a sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into a sculpture.</img>
+of a man's head being carved into a sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into a sculpture.</img>
+of a man's head being carved into a sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into a sculpture.</img>
+of a man's head being carved into a sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing a man's head being carved into
+a sculpture.</img>
+of
+a
+man's
+head
+being
+carved
+into
+a
+sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing
+a
+man's
+head
+being
+carved
+into
+a
+sculpture.</img>
+of
+a
+man's
+head
+being
+carved
+into
+a
+sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing
+a
+man's
+head
+being
+carved
+into
+a
+sculpture.</img>
+of
+a
+man's
+head
+being
+carved
+into
+a
+sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing
+a
+man's
+head
+being
+carved
+into
+a
+sculpture.</img>
+of
+a
+man's
+head
+being
+carved
+into
+a
+sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing
+a
+man's
+head
+being
+carved
+into
+a
+sculpture.</img>
+of
+a
+man's
+head
+being
+carved
+into
+a
+sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing
+a
+man's
+head
+being
+carved
+into
+a
+sculpture.</img>
+of
+a
+man's
+head
+being
+carved
+into
+a
+sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing 
+a 
+man's 
+head 
+being 
+carved 
+into 
+a 
+sculpture.</img>
+of 
+a 
+man's 
+head 
+being 
+carved 
+into 
+a 
+sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing 
+a 
+man's 
+head 
+being 
+carved 
+into 
+a 
+sculpture.</img>
+of 
+a 
+man's 
+head 
+being 
+carved 
+into 
+a 
+sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing 
+a 
+man's 
+head 
+being 
+carved 
+into 
+a 
+sculpture.</img>
+of 
+a 
+man's 
+head 
+being 
+carved 
+into 
+a 
+sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing 
+a 
+man's 
+head 
+being 
+carved 
+into 
+a 
+sculpture.</img>
+of 
+a 
+man's 
+head 
+being 
+carved 
+into 
+a 
+sculpture.
+<img>A detailed illustration showing 
+
+A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E., late Commissioner General under President James Buchanan... A late Paris letter says: Some time ago Mr E., E.,late commissioner general under president james buchanan...
+
+A later version states:
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+The New York Herald reports:
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+A later version states:
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+
+Scientific American.
+<page_number>299</page_number>
+
+Rutten's Patent System of Ventilation.
+No clearer proof that the ventilation of dwellings has not hitherto been reduced to a science than the fact that two persons have agreed as to what particular mode is best, or indeed that there is a certain way in which it can be done most effectually.
+
+Letting air into houses at some place of the room, and out at another, appears to be the quantity of air, not heat. He lately warmly asserts that this mode has been accomplished by quantity of heat; and in order to cause this extra quantity of air to flow through the house (for this mechanical mode is impracticable for usual purposes on account of the expensiveness).
+
+That this mode of ventilation can be made to circulate as freely through our dwellings as outside of them, and that this will not only be more economical than by blowing, but no one in this age of improvement, we presume, will deny that it is less costly than blowing.
+
+The only thing now sought for is a philosophical principle by which the system may be introduced.
+
+These two remarks are made to introduce the accompanying engraving which illustrates the patent system of Mr. Rutten.
+
+Mr. Rutten, of Coburg, Canada West, the claim for which was published in our list last week, and noticed upon his plan, appears to be the inventor.
+
+He very much enlarges the chimney flues, and increases the number, so as to exhaust the smoke and fumes.
+
+Now, if it be a fact, what Mr. Rutten asserts, that air will flow through a building as easily as water does through a pipe, then a lower point than that at which it is taken out, under all circumstances and with a view between these two points, they think it has accomplished what he professes to have done; and the importance of this principle to the purpose of supplying it with ventilating and warmed air, but it will be most effectual when greater number of fire places that are connected together with each other. In one room to the extent of four feet it will throw 500 cubic feet of air per minute through
+
+A New Physiological Test for Insanity.
+Peter A. Brown, Esq., in his examination at a witness before a commission of inquiry into the condition of insanity, stated that his opinion of Mr. Cremon's insanity, formed from repeated examination of this subject, was not different from that which was formed by a microscopic examination of the roots of his hair. The hair examined by him showed no indication of the nature of the head of the hair; for some three years, he was unable to point out any change whatever in the hair; and always maintained in the head of the head of an insane person. On pulling out (said Mr. Brown) a bit higher up than where it was cut off at the end, or root as it is generally termed, will be observed under the microscope, to be white and transparent; but when pulled down to its shape regular and pitted form. In the investigation made by me on this subject, I found that in all cases where different; the button is dark in color, neither transparent nor translucent; and distorted; bent, twisted or broken. This is a great change in the roots of the hair. Mr. Brown accounted for thus: that it is produced by bodily disease; and that such changes are not due to insanity but from all other diseases having this effect. Such was the appearance of Mr. Cremon's hair after his examination; and Mr. Brown declared on oath that this conclusion was his opinion in favor of insanity.
+
+Mr. Brown entered into the jury many hundreds of witnesses who had seen five insane hospitals, and testified that every specimen had this characteristic of insanity. In further evidence given by those investiga-
+tions he had made, he had no doubt whatever of the theory he advanced, that it was based on actual experience, and confirmed by every observation he made.
+
+Such a theory should be received with great caution until more facts are collected because there may be some truth in it, but it would take some professional examination of cases before it could be accepted as a basis of a science. There are many differ-
+ent kinds of lunacy that it appears impossible to determine by any test whatever their pre-
+sence and form of capillary roots. Ma-
+ny new theories have been advanced by sci-
+entists who have not been able to turn out as good results as those turned out by former ones.
+
+Yellow Amber.
+In a report from one of the States,
+in the province of Guntrumme, Prussia,
+a piece of yellow amber weighing 8 1/2 lbs.,
+was found in a tree trunk 30 ft.
+thick, and 6 ft. in diameter, was found. With the exception of a piece 13 in. long in the Museum
+it is believed to be one of the largest
+piece of yellow amber ever discovered.
+
+by us at this time, and as this subject is attract-
+ing a great deal of attention at the pre-
+sent moment, a great many of our readers will
+make use of this article in laying upon their
+subjects, and find oil well worth paying
+the reference to the engraving, so that what we say upon this subject may be better ap-
+plied to Mr. Rutten's patent system.
+
+Fig. 1 shows a perspective view; Fig. 2 is a vertical longitudinal section; Fig. 3 is a horizontal section.
+
+Fig. 6 shows how air enters through
+a bottom plate. Figures 7 and 8 show the manner in which the ventilating air is drawn into
+the house.
+
+A A are apertures to admit air from rooms;
+B are apertures to admit air from outside.
+C B are apertures on each side of stove D are apertures on each side of stove E are apertures for over stove F is a fire cham-
+ber G is an oven H is a fire chamber J L are fuel air apertures in heating
+oven K are fuel air apertures in heating
+oven M N are fuel air apertures in heating
+oven O P are fuel air apertures in heating
+oven Q R S are fuel air apertures in heating
+oven T U V W X Y Z are fuel air apertures in heating oven
+
+We do think there ought to be sufficient exter-
+nal and public spirit in some of our archi-
+tects and builders to adopt this method.
+Our architects could, with confidence,
+see more proprietors of new houses that their dwellings might be heated by circulating warm
+air when completed, and save them the trouble,
+ventilation, and annoyance of a second
+heating stove being necessary.
+This machine is not necessarily connected with revolving doors or windows; but if
+ventilating air may be warmed, not heated,
+
+floor of the house will be comprehended by a view of figs. 5 and 6, where it will be observed how much more free circulation takes place
+of heads which imparts its residue to
+the warmth, and then passes on between the plates
+and through holes in floor or ceiling,
+and up the floor or ceiling or basement,
+
+we will not commit ourselves by expressing an opinion upon the practical operation, but
+
+will just be so effectual," but Mr. Rutten has invented this stove for supplying a deficiency in "the hot-air machines" in using too com-
+mercially expensive means for obtaining fresh school houses, and offices even if the air pro-
+ceeding from their hot-air chambers were re-
+garded as pure as water.
+
+Letting air into houses at some place or place,
+and out at another appears to be all that has been done heretofore; but Mr. Rutten's sys-
+tem has been accomplished by quantity
+of heat; and in order to cause this extra quantity
+of air to flow through the house (for this
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+![Engraving showing ventilation system](image)
+
+<page_number>300</page_number>
+# Scientific American.
+
+## New Inventions.
+
+### Improved Printing Press.
+Mr. Thomas H. Dolley, of Nassau, N. H., has taken measures to secure a patent on some valuable improvements in his printing press. He hangs the plates and type both on cranks of parallel cranks, which are so arranged that the plates can be raised or lowered at will, or nearly so, to each other during the revolution of the plate. The cranks which carry the type and plates are connected with levers, to those which carry the platen, but not in connection with the type bed. The cranks of shafts are not arranged in relation to those of the other, and act with them in such a way that each one may be moved longitudinally corresponding with the type bed. Both move to and from one another, but are brought into contact only when the imprimendum is made by the type on the sheet of paper. It is intended that the short spaces between the lines of type shall be a continuous web, fed in and cut off by an operating knife into proper lengths. The impression is made by a roller, but the motion of the platen and type bed are according, so as to make the two more free out of contact with each other than where the impression is to be made. We will publish an engraving of this invention in a few weeks.
+
+### Flexible Ivory.
+Mr. Charles M. Burt, of Arsenal Institute, St. Paul, Minn., has been some time here in the habit of rendering flexible the ivory which he uses in making tubes and other instru-
+ments. After having it thoroughly washed, form and polish, he steepens it in hydrochloric acid diluted with water, when they become flexible. This process is very satisfactory.
+
+In the course of drying the ivory becomes hard and inflexible again; but by repeating this process, some pieces of ivory have been kept in a flexible condition for several months. A week without being used is sufficient to restore it to its original condition.
+
+### Improved Paper Lifting Machine.
+We have received a patent for power looms invented by Mr. T. H. Dolley, of Nassau, N. H., which we believe is a very good invention for improving our cotton manufacture. Little about such things. The face of the picker is made up of a number of teeth, each tooth being made concave, and thus it believes, is a new and useful, although simple improvement. It has bettered the picker than any other machine Co.'s weaving room, and has secured the commendation of all the overseers. It is now manufactured by Mr. Wm. Goding, of Lowell, Mass.
+
+### Improved Railroad Track.
+Mr. John W. Eames, of Westport, Lewis Co., N. Y., has taken measures for certain improvements in Railroad Tracks, which embrace some singular features. He employs new materials for making them; he makes them at angles to the horizon, so as to oblique; as well as to avoid the rails, running either on the side of the object or under it; and also to prevent their top. The invention has the object in view of preventing damage to cars from being thrown off the track by obstructions; also, to enable the carriages to turn more easily in abrupt curves.
+
+### Improvement in Cutting Horse.
+Mr. George W. Dyer, of New York City, has taken measures to secure a patent for some new and useful improvements in machinery for cutting grass. He has devised certain mechanical arrangements attached to and incorporated with a cutting horse, by which the dis may be closed or contracted upon the screw rod on which the screw is fastened; so that when it is desired to cut grass, by which a deeper cut can be taken with-
+out stopping the machine.
+
+### Water Press Cloth.
+We have received a patent for cloth, such as soft kersey cloth, made water proof by Messrs. Gordon & Brown Co., No 32 Market Street, Philadelphia; and we wish to announce that in this article we use it, rolled along its surface as upon a cabbage leaf or on a couch-duck cloth. The cloth has no change in appearance; it is perfectly fine for the circulation of air; and it is only impermeable to water.
+
+### Jansen Improved Press.
+Mr. Joseph W. Jansen of Milwaukee, Wis., claims that measures to secure a patent on an improvement in presses for printing papers which have been highly improved.
+**MASCHER'S PATENT REGULATOR.—Fig. I**
+
+The accompanying engravings represent an improvement in fan and fly-wheels for regulating machinery, and for which a patent was issued on March 15th last year.
+
+Invention: J. F. Mascher, Philadelphia
+
+Figure 1 is a longitudinal section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+Figure 2 is a vertical section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+The nature of this improvement consists in dividing the rim or curb of a fly wheel into segments or segments so as to vary its resistance according to its position relative to the shaft or motor wheel—making the wings of a fan movable, and attaching the divided rims or curbs to spokes or arms extending from the shaft geared to the machinery of a clock watch, musical clock or box steam engine or similar apparatus.
+
+The accompanying engraving represents an improvement in fan and fly-wheels for regulating machinery, and for which a patent was issued on March 15th last year.
+
+Invention: J.F.Mascher Philadelphia
+
+Figure 1 is a longitudinal section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+Figure 2 is a vertical section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+The nature of this improvement consists in dividing the rim or curb of a fly wheel into segments or segments so as to vary its resistance according to its position relative to the shaft or motor wheel—making the wings of a fan movable, and attaching the divided rims or curbs to spokes or arms extending from the shaft geared to the machinery of a clock watch musical clock or box steam engine or similar apparatus.
+
+The accompanying engraving represents an improvement in fan and fly-wheels for regulating machinery, and for which a patent was issued on March 15th last year.
+
+Invention: J.F.Mascher Philadelphia
+
+Figure 1 is a longitudinal section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+Figure 2 is a vertical section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+The nature of this improvement consists in dividing the rim or curb of a fly wheel into segments or segments so as to vary its resistance according to its position relative to the shaft or motor wheel—making the wings of a fan movable, and attaching the divided rims or curbs to spokes or arms extending from the shaft geared to the machinery of a clock watch musical clock or box steam engine or similar apparatus.
+
+The accompanying engraving represents an improvement in fan and fly-wheels for regulating machinery, and for which a patent was issued on March 15th last year.
+
+Invention: J.F.Mascher Philadelphia
+
+Figure 1 is a longitudinal section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+Figure 2 is a vertical section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+The nature of this improvement consists in dividing the rim or curb of a fly wheel into segments or segments so as to vary its resistance according to its position relative to the shaft or motor wheel—making the wings of a fan movable, and attaching the divided rims or curbs to spokes or arms extending from the shaft geared to the machinery of a clock watch musical clock or box steam engine or similar apparatus.
+
+The accompanying engraving represents an improvement in fan and fly-wheels for regulating machinery, and for which a patent was issued on March 15th last year.
+
+Invention: J.F.Mascher Philadelphia
+
+Figure 1 is a longitudinal section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+Figure 2 is a vertical section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+The nature of this improvement consists in dividing the rim or curb of a fly wheel into segments or segments so as to vary its resistance according to its position relative to the shaft or motor wheel—making the wings of a fan movable, and attaching the divided rims or curbs to spokes or arms extending from the shaft geared to the machinery of a clock watch musical clock or box steam engine or similar apparatus.
+
+The accompanying engraving represents an improvement in fan and fly-wheels for regulating machinery, and for which a patent was issued on March 15th last year.
+
+Invention: J.F.Mascher Philadelphia
+
+Figure 1 is a longitudinal section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+Figure 2 is a vertical section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+The nature of this improvement consists in dividing the rim or curb of a fly wheel into segments or segments so as to vary its resistance according to its position relative to the shaft or motor wheel—making the wings of a fan movable, and attaching the divided rims or curbs to spokes or arms extending from the shaft geared to the machinery of a clock watch musical clock or box steam engine or similar apparatus.
+
+The accompanying engraving represents an improvement in fan and fly-wheels for regulating machinery, and for which a patent was issued on March 15th last year.
+
+Invention: J.F.Mascher Philadelphia
+
+Figure 1 is a longitudinal section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+Figure 2 is a vertical section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+The nature of this improvement consists in dividing the rim or curb of a fly wheel into segments or segments so as to vary its resistance according to its position relative to the shaft or motor wheel—making the wings of a fan movable, and attaching the divided rims or curbs to spokes or arms extending from the shaft geared to the machinery of a clock watch musical clock or box steam engine or similar apparatus.
+
+The accompanying engraving represents an improvement in fan and fly-wheels for regulating machinery, and for which a patent was issued on March 15th last year.
+
+Invention: J.F.Mascher Philadelphia
+
+Figure 1 is a longitudinal section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+Figure 2 is a vertical section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+The nature of this improvement consists in dividing the rim or curb of a fly wheel into segments or segments so as to vary its resistance according to its position relative to the shaft or motor wheel—making the wings of a fan movable, and attaching the divided rims or curbs to spokes or arms extending from the shaft geared to the machinery of a clock watch musical clock or box steam engine or similar apparatus.
+
+The accompanying engraving represents an improvement in fan and fly-wheels for regulating machinery, and for which a patent was issued on March 15th last year.
+
+Invention: J.F.Mascher Philadelphia
+
+Figure 1 is a longitudinal section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+Figure 2 is a vertical section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+The nature of this improvement consists in dividing the rim or curb of a fly wheel into segments or segments so as to vary its resistance according to its position relative to the shaft or motor wheel—making the wings of a fan movable, and attaching the divided rims or curbs to spokes or arms extending from the shaft geared to the machinery of a clock watch musical clock or box steam engine or similar apparatus.
+
+The accompanying engraving represents an improvement in fan and fly-wheels for regulating machinery, and for which a patent was issued on March 15th last year.
+
+Invention: J.F.Mascher Philadelphia
+
+Figure 1 is a longitudinal section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+Figure 2 is a vertical section through part of a fan shaft.
+
+The nature of this improvement consists in dividing the rim or curb of a fly wheel into segments or segments so as to vary its resistance according to its position relative to the shaft or motor wheel—making the wings of a fan movable, and attaching the divided rims or curbs to spokes or arms extending from
+
+<img>Scientific American 301</img>
+
+**NEW YORK, JUNE 7, 1851.**
+
+**Lighting.**
+
+Great as the progress of art for new and useful discoveries is, it is not little distinguished by the propagation of many illuminating ideas, and the introduction of many wonderful discoveries, many things which prove to be applicable to commercial claims are as desirable as they are. Two years ago a whole country was excited with the expecta-
+tion of the discovery of gold in California, coming from New York City with a cargo of miners for the gold region of the Rio Sacerdote. The excitement was great, and the miners were delirious, and most men were exhibited to demonstrate the pecuniarity of joining them to California. But the gold was not found, and there were numbers with the plausibility of the scheme, that there was a perfect fool for every
+lake in the world. The gold prospectors were dangerous to dwell in these days, without being prepared to be called a blacksmith, because they have been so much in demand that they are common practice with the proprietors at such places, whether in order to make them popular, or to sell their goods at a low price.
+They may place themselves on the top of hills, or on the banks of streams, and thus attract attention by their strange appearance. They may also use a large number of lamps, and light up their houses with gas, and thus attract attention by their strange appearance. They may also use a large number of lamps, and light up their houses with gas, and thus attract attention by their strange appearance.
+
+The passage of gas through pipes is a very important thing, but it is not always easy to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted.
+
+The passage of gas through pipes is a very important thing, but it is not always easy to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted.
+
+The passage of gas through pipes is a very important thing, but it is not always easy to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted.
+
+The passage of gas through pipes is a very important thing, but it is not always easy to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted.
+
+The passage of gas through pipes is a very important thing, but it is not always easy to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted.
+
+The passage of gas through pipes is a very important thing, but it is not always easy to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted.
+
+The passage of gas through pipes is a very important thing, but it is not always easy to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted.
+
+The passage of gas through pipes is a very important thing, but it is not always easy to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted.
+
+The passage of gas through pipes is a very important thing, but it is not always easy to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted.
+
+The passage of gas through pipes is a very important thing, but it is not always easy to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted.
+
+The passage of gas through pipes is a very important thing, but it is not always easy to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted. It is necessary to have a good supply of water in order to get it into the house where it is wanted.
+
+The passage of gas through pipes is a very important thing, but it
+
+without any change in the character or quantity of the turpentine. This was called "catagying" or "catagyning." A catalytic process was used for this purpose.
+Action of Turpentine." There has now been no question respecting its nature; all that remains for us now
+Prevention of Explosions on our Western Rivers.
+A correspondent writes me from Mon-
+treal, Texas, proposing a new plan for pre-
+vention of explosions; which, if carried out,
+will be an improvement upon all other methods
+of prevention; as we can see from our own experi-
+ence on some previous cases.
+The plan I propose will be as follows:
+Firstly, I propose that all vessels shall be
+equipped with an engine capable of propelling
+the vessel at any desired speed; and that this
+engine shall be placed at different points on board
+the vessel; these engines shall be connected with
+the main engine; and that each engine shall be
+connected with one or more boilers; and that each
+boiler shall be connected with one or more furnaces;
+and that each furnace shall be connected with one or more chimneys; and that each chimney shall be connected with one or more stacks; and that each stack shall be connected with one or more vents; and that each vent shall be connected with one or more outlets; and that each outlet shall be connected with one or more pumps; and that each pump shall be connected with one or more valves; and that each valve shall be connected with one or more pipes; and that each pipe shall be connected with one or more tanks; and that each tank shall be connected with one or more barrels; and that each barrel shall be connected with one or more casks; and that each cask shall be connected with one or more bottles; and that each bottle shall be connected with one or more jars; and that each jar shall be connected with one or more vases; and that each vase shall be connected with one or more bottles; and that each bottle shall be connected with one or more jars; and that each jar shall be connected with one or more vases; and that each vase shall be connected with one or more bottles; and that each bottle shall be connected with one or more jars; and that each jar shall be connected with one or more vases; and that each vase shall be connected with one or more bottles; and that each bottle shall be connected with one or more jars; and that each jar shall be connected with one or more vases; and that each vase shall be connected with one or more bottles; and that each bottle shall be connected with one or more jars; and that each jar shall be connected with one or more vases; and that each vase shall be connected with one or more bottles; and that each bottle shall be connected with one or more jars; and that each jar shall be connected with one or more vases; and that each vase shall be connected with one or more bottles; and that each bottle shall be connected with one or more jars; and that each jar shall be connected with one or more vases; and that each vase shall be connected with one or more bottles; and that each bottle shall be connected with one or more jars; and that each jar shall be connected with one or more vases; and that each vase shall be connected with one or more bottles; and that each bottle shall be connected with one or more jars; and that each jar shall be connected with one or more vases; and that each vase shall be connected with one or more bottles; and that each bottle shall be connected with one or more jars; and that each jar shall be connected with one or more vases; and that each vase shall be connected with one or more bottles; and that each bottle shall be connected with one or more jars; and that each jar shall be connected with one or more vases; and that each vase shall be connected with one or more bottles; and that each bottle shall be connected with one or more jars; and that each jar shall be connected with one or more vases; and that each vase shall be connected with one or more bottles; and that each bottle shall be connected with one or more jars; and that each jar shall be connected with one or more vases; and that each vase shall be connected with one or more bottles; and that each bottle
+
+![image](https://www.sciencemag.org/content/301/6749/301.full.pdf)
+
+<page_number>301</page_number>
+© 1851 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
+
+<page_number>302</page_number>
+
+# Scientific American.
+
+**C.P. Reported exclusively for the Scientific American,**
+from the Patent Office Records. Patents will
+be filed at the office of the Scientific American,
+located in the Seamen's Arcade, New York, N.Y., for improve-
+ments in the manufacture of nails, screws, and other
+like articles, and in the improvement of the methods of
+manufacture thereof.
+To James C. Sampson, of Boston, N.Y., for improve-
+ment in Carriages.
+
+I claim the manner of constructing a carri-
+age, viz., by having a portion of the body of the
+carriage of the same form as that of the body of
+the ordinary carriage, but with the addition of
+a platform extending forwardly from the rear end
+of the body to the front end of the body, and
+with a door opening thereon, and with a pair of
+hinges attached thereto, so that when opened,
+the platform may be raised or lowered, and also
+with a means for raising or lowering said platform,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening and closing said door,
+and with a means for opening andclosing
+
+# Scientific American
+
+<page_number>303</page_number>
+
+TO CORRESPONDENTS.
+
+E. B., of N. Y.—Your model has been received and carefully examined, but I can only make an application to the Board of Directors for the purpose of your improvement made in detail, in order to represent that the improvements which you have made in judging the improvement which you have made in our patent, and that we have no right to require you to pay any compensation upon it if proper copies are made.
+
+C. H. E., of N. Y.—The particular part of your machine on which claim could be based, has a certain amount of novelty, but it is not so novel as to be worth paying for, and I am unable to inform you upon the subject. If you would apply for a patent on this invention, I will give you all the information necessary to do so.
+
+Z. F., of Pa.—We have received years ago and still continue to receive letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+L. B., of Pa.—As far as I know the Scientific American does not say anything about the patent laws, but I think it is very important that every one who makes an invention should get a patent on it, and that he should be able to sell his invention without fear of being sued by some one else who may have made something similar.
+
+J. G., of Ma.—The expense of getting up expenses for patents is very great, and I think it would be better if we could get them at a lower rate than they are now charged.
+
+G. J., of Pa.—I think that the law is not fair to inventors, because they are not allowed to get patents for their inventions unless they are willing to pay a certain sum of money for them.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—I think that the law is not fair to inventors, because they are not allowed to get patents for their inventions unless they are willing to pay a certain sum of money for them.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a patent on the invention you have made, and we have always refused to grant such a patent, because we consider that your invention is not new enough to warrant a patent.
+
+J. C., of Pa.—We have received several letters from you asking us to give you a专利
+
+<page_number>304</page_number>
+
+# Scientific American
+
+## Scientific Museum.
+
+Dr. Faraday on Chemistry.
+
+At the Royal Institution, in a series of lectures on the chemical sciences, for the purpose of illustrating the importance of chemistry to the progress of human knowledge, Dr. Faraday has thus philosophized on "the chemistry of the atmosphere" and "the chemistry of the air." The former is intended to show the importance of the functions of the chimney. A previous fire will consume its own weight in carbonic acid gas, and considering 40,000 gallons of air as an unit to supply port life. Not only is this large amount of destruction necessary, but it is also necessary that the chimney, but twice times that quantity of air is burned up by the draught, and recirculated through the house.
+
+The force of a draught was illustrated by a descending line. A closed flue was held near the chimney, and a stream of air passed over it. As soon as the tube was heated, the air at the mouth of the flue was drawn into the chimney, and the current of air which entered the room was diminished. As soon as the tube was cooled, the current of air returned to its former state. This experiment shows how much heat is required to produce a draught. It also shows that when a draught is produced by heating a tube, it is not sufficient to keep it up, unless some other means are adopted to maintain it. In order to do this, we must consider what is called "the chimney effect."
+
+For the Benefit of Americans.
+
+Hydrostatics.
+(Continued from page 285.)
+
+TURBINE OF WATER AND WINDS—A water-mill has no power in itself, but it can be made to work by being driven by water or wind. When water is used, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity of water will not do. When wind is used, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity of wind will not do. When both are used together, they must be multiplied into their velocities; a small quantity of either will not do. In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do. In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do. In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply any quantity into its velocity, it is necessary to have a certain quantity multiplied into its velocity; a small quantity will not do.
+
+In order to multiply anyquantityintoitsvelocityitissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofwaterorwindwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedtwice,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedthreeorfourtimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedfiveorsixtimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedsevenoreighttimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusednineortentimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedelevenortwelvetimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedthirteenortwelveandonehalftimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedfourteenortwelveandtwothirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedfifteenortwelveandthreequarterstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedsixteenortwelveandfourthirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedseventeenortwelveandfivequarterstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedeighteenortwelveandsixthirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusednineteenortwelveandsevenquarterstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedtwentyortwelveandeightthirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedtwenty-oneortwelveandninequarterstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedtwenty-twoortwelveandtenthirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedtwenty-threeortwelveandeleventhirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesameasifthesamequantitywasusedonceonly.Ifthesamequantityofwaterorwindisusedtwenty-fourortwelveandtwelfthirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedtwice,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedthreeorfourtimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedfiveorsixtimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedsevenoreighttimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusednineortentimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedelevenortwelveandonehalftimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedtwelveandtwothirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedthirteenortwelveandonequartertimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedfourteenortwelveandtwothirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedfifteenortwelveandthreequarterstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedsixteenortwelveandfourthirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedseventeenortwelveandfivequarterstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedeighteenortwelveandsixthirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusednineteenortwelveandsevenquarterstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedtwentyortwelveandeightthirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedtwenty-oneortwelveandninequarterstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedtwenty-twoortwelveandtenthirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedtwenty-threeortwelveandeleventhirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.Ifthesamewaterorwindisusedtwenty-fourortwelveandtwelfthirdstimes,theeffectwillbeexactlythesamesecondaryeffectsareproducedbytheuseoftheheatfromthefireinthechimney.Itissufficienttohaveasmallquantityofheatwhichwillmultiplyintoitsvelocityaquantitywhichisnotsmallenoughtokeepupthedraught.
+
+The remarks of Mr. Faraday received in London are most valuable and far-reaching. We could make him read much better if he had been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has been able so long as he has beenablelongsohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasbeenablesohehasseenabledoingthisworkformanyyears.HehasshowntogetherwithhiscolleaguesatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeattheppresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeattheppresenttimeattheppresenttimeattheppresenttimeatthepresenttimeatthepresenttimeattheppresenttimeattheppresenttimeatethpresentscientificAmerican.com
+PUBLISHED BY THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN PUBLISHING COMPANY
+NEW YORK
+Copyright 1906 by Scientific American Inc.
+All rights reserved

Wood_Carpentry/architectural_wood_carving_1902.md

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+NK
+9704
+A65
+
+CORNELL
+UNIVERSITY
+LIBRARY
+
+<img>Cornell University seal</img>
+
+FINE ARTS LIBRARY
+
+Architectural
+Wood Carving
+
+---
+
+D. H. BIGGS
+
+SAN FRANCISCO
+JULY, 1902
+
+<img>Cornell University Library seal</img>
+Cornell University Library
+
+The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library.
+There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text.
+
+http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924058502273
+
+APPRENTICES'
+WORK
+
+July 1900-1902
+
+WILMERDING SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ARTS
+
+SAN FRANCISCO
+JULY, 1902
+
+D. H. BIGGS, INSTRUCTOR
+
+<img>White background with no visible content.</img>
+
+<img>Wood-carving tools</img>
+
+An outfit of wood-carving tools consists of
+
+1 bench.
+2 large handscrews.
+2 iron clamps.
+1 light mallet.
+1 heavy mallet.
+30 to 60 steel tools, including a number of short bent tools—front bent and back bent.
+1 oil stone.
+1 oil can.
+10 oil slips, which should be sand-papered to fit the tools.
+1 leather strap.
+1 try square,
+1 compass,
+1 pair calipers,
+These to be used only when the eye cannot be trusted.
+1 French file.
+1 French rasp.
+
+Get the Addis tools or some other standard make, selecting long, rather than short ones, and adapt their handles in both size and form to the tools.
+
+On a grindstone remove about five-eighths (½) of an inch from the back edge of the tools; sharpen them thoroughly with oil stones that have previously been prepared until they have a straight bevel one-eighth (⅛) of an inch long on each side, thus making one bevel on their face and two bevels on their back; strap them and they are ready for use.
+
+It is desirable to stand at work in such a position that one
+
+<page_number>3</page_number>
+
+may throw the weight of his body on the tools in forcing them forward in steady, unbroken sweeps, avoiding, as a rule, jerky cutting.
+
+In carving, remove all unnecessary wood before drawing in the correct outline; block out the highest lights first; the second highest next, and so on until the full outline is completed, then finish it; that is, carve it all over so that it will show the character you wish when in its place, no matter how it appears on your work bench. A discreet use of fluters in roughing out work, can save one's time.
+
+Study life and nature. In your reproductions of historic ornament, follow the best obtainable specimens. Cultivate memory work and practice original designing and original executing. Cut lengthwise, crosswise, and otherwise, and let the tool marks show. Educate the left hand as much as the right. Squint at your work occasionally while doing it, and, before you consider it finished, look at it from a distance, and as far as possible look at it as others may see it.
+
+Try to see which way the grain of your woodwork runs and, if it breaks before your cutting, cut more lightly or in some other direction. Hold your head away from your work and grip the tools firmly while doing heavy carving and while making continuous, unbroken sweeps. Tools should be sharp and suited in size and form to the work that is in hand, and made to do all they can do before you put them down. For small work and fine or delicate effects, use hard wood; but use soft, close-grained wood to quickly produce broad effects.
+
+If one expects to earn his living at wood carving he should, in his execution, strive to develop the greatest possible speed and to produce the most artistic effects. With the desire, with the opportunity, and with a little hand training any one can reproduce in scale, any form, line or lines he comprehendingly sees.
+
+<page_number>4</page_number>
+
+<img>A black-and-white photograph showing a series of wooden blocks with various patterns and labels.</img>
+<page_number>5</page_number>
+
+<img>A collection of wooden carvings, each labeled with a number. The top left carving appears to be a face, the top right carving has a stylized leaf design, the middle row features various patterns including a spiral and a floral motif, the bottom row includes a circular carving with a central design and a rectangular carving with a floral pattern.</img>
+<page_number>6</page_number>
+
+<img>A black and white photograph showing various wooden letterpress printing blocks with different designs and inscriptions.</img>
+<page_number>7</page_number>
+
+<img>A black-and-white photograph showing various carved stone blocks with inscriptions and designs.</img>
+
+<img>A photograph showing various carved wooden panels with intricate designs. The top panel features a circular design with a central figure, flanked by smaller panels on either side. Below this, there is a rectangular panel with a central figure surrounded by ornate patterns. To the right, another rectangular panel displays a detailed floral design. At the bottom, two square panels show more intricate carvings.</img>
+<page_number>9</page_number>
+
+<img>A black-and-white photograph of a carved wooden panel with intricate floral and scroll designs. The top part of the panel shows a large, ornate leafy design, while the bottom part features a smaller, more detailed floral motif. There are two small rectangular plaques on the panel, one near the top and another near the bottom.</img>
+<page_number>10</page_number>
+
+<img>A black-and-white photograph of a collection of clay sculptures arranged in a grid pattern. Each sculpture is labeled with a number. The top row includes a large circular piece, a smaller circular piece, and a rectangular piece. The second row includes two rectangular pieces, one with a floral design and another with a face. The third row includes three rectangular pieces, one with a face, another with a floral design, and the last with a face. The bottom row includes two rectangular pieces, one with a floral design and another with a face. The center of the image is slightly darker than the edges.</img>
+<page_number>II</page_number>
+
+<img>A collage of architectural elements, including a frieze with floral and animal motifs, a carved head, a cornice with acanthus leaves, and other decorative pieces.</img>
+<page_number>13</page_number>
+
+<img>A vertical rectangular stone carving with intricate carvings, including a central figure surrounded by swirling patterns and other decorative elements.</img>
+<page_number>13</page_number>
+
+<img>A black-and-white photograph shows two abstract sculptures. The sculpture on the left appears to be a nude figure with a head that resembles a sphere, standing on a rectangular base. The sculpture on the right is also abstract, with a rounded form and no discernible features. Between these sculptures, there is a rectangular block with the word "MAKING" printed on it.</img>
+<page_number>14</page_number>
+
+<img>A black and white photograph of various stone sculptures arranged on a table. The word "LIFE" is prominently displayed at the top center of the image.</img>
+<page_number>15</page_number>
+
+<img>White background with no visible content.</img>
+
+<img>White background with no visible content.</img>
+
+<img>White background with no visible content.</img>
+
+<img>barcode</img>
+3 1924 058 502 273
+
+<img>Vertical white line on a black background.</img>