---
pretty_name: "Nepal Provincial Acts (Bagmati, Gandaki, Karnali, Koshi, Lumbini, Sudurpashchim; Madhesh not covered)"
license: "other"
license_name: "public-law-no-licence-stated"
language:
- "ne"
task_categories:
- "text-retrieval"
tags:
- "legal"
- "law"
- "nepal"
- "official-texts"
size_categories:
- "n<1K"
configs:
- config_name: "laws"
  data_files: "data/laws.parquet"
  default: true
- config_name: "articles"
  data_files: "data/articles.parquet"
source_terms_note: "No licence stated; official statute text published by provincial governments is treated as public law (same basis as NC/Guam decisions)."
---

# Nepal Provincial Acts (Bagmati, Gandaki, Karnali, Koshi, Lumbini, Sudurpashchim; Madhesh not covered)

Research snapshot of Acts (ऐन) of Nepal's provincial governments from **Offices of the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers (OCMCM) of Nepal's provinces**.

**Not legal advice.** The official source prevails over this corpus.

## Snapshot

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Snapshot date | 2026-10-15 |
| Source | Offices of the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers (OCMCM) of Nepal's provinces |
| Collector | `scrapers/collect_np.py` (pack1), `scrapers/fetch_npg.py` + `scrapers/split_npg.py` (pack2) |
| Laws / instruments | 213 |
| Articles / sections | 7,195 |
| Language | ne |
| Jurisdiction | Nepal |
| License | No licence stated; official statute text treated as public law |

## Coverage

**Bagmati 46/47 listed (complete), Karnali 20/21 listed (complete), Gandaki 55 Acts from 4 compilation volumes**

| Province | Official index (OCMCM) | Listed | Unique Acts in this dataset | Articles | Status | Batch |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | --- |
| Bagmati | https://ocmcm.bagamati.gov.np/category/act/ | 47 items | 46 | 1,928 | complete (1 listed item is a duplicate PDF) | pack1 (parent 80604051) |
| Karnali | https://ocmcm.karnali.gov.np/category/act/ | 21 items | 20 | 548 | complete (1 listed item is a duplicate PDF) | pack1 (parent 80604051) |
| Gandaki | https://ocmcm.gandaki.gov.np/list/act_ | 4 compilation volumes | 55 | 1,154 | split from the compilations | pack2 (this batch) |
| Koshi | https://ocmcm.koshi.gov.np/category/province-act/ | 26 items | 26 | 844 | see pack3 | pack3 (parent 82398650) |
| Sudurpashchim | https://ocmcm.sudurpashchim.gov.np/pages/state-ann-33 | 42 PDFs | 42 | 2,015 | see pack3 | pack3 (parent 82398650) |
| Lumbini | https://moial.lumbini.gov.np/publications?category=ऐन (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Law) | 24 items | 24 | 706 | see pack3 | pack3 (parent 82398650) |

Pack1 reconciliation (unchanged): How listed vs collected reconciles (evidence: manifests/listing_index_cache_*.json and the instruments' source URLs):
- Bagmati: listing item 47/47 "२०८0 साल सम्मका प्रदेशका ऐनहरु" (मंसिर २३, २०८१, आइतबार १२:३५) links `स्थानीय-सेवा-(गठन-तथा-सञ्चालन)-ऐन,-२०७९_htsutw4.pdf`, whose extracted text is identical (SHA-256) to `np-bagmati-a6qm4vd`; dropped as `np-bagmati-htsutw4`, so no distinct Act is missing.
- Karnali: listing item 18/21 "आर्थिक वर्ष २०७४/०७५ को सेवा र कार्यहरुको लागि प्रदेश सञ्चित कोषबाट केही रकम खर्च गर्ने र विनियोजन गर्ने सम्बन्धमा व्यवस्था गर्न बनेको ऐन" (मंसिर १४, २०८२, आइतबार ११:३०) links `40_Are 3 ऐन नं. २_0_cnedtve.pdf`, whose extracted text is identical (SHA-256) to `np-karnali-gmdf8w5`; dropped as `np-karnali-cnedtve`, so no distinct Act is missing.

Gandaki (pack2): the official Act index lists 4 compilation volumes ("गण्डकी प्रदेश ऐन सङ्ग्रह खण्ड-१..४, २०८३"), each one PDF
on ocmcm.gandaki.gov.np. Each volume was split into individual Acts at the Act title headings ("… ऐन, २०७९") confirmed by the
authentication date / preamble that follows, and cross-checked against the volume's table of contents and the short-title clause.

| Volume | Title | Pages | Pages OCRed | Titles in table of contents | Acts split |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| khanda1 | गण्डकी प्रदेश ऐन सङ्ग्रह खण्ड-१, २०८३ (गण्डकी प्रदेश निजामती सेवा ऐन, २०७९ र स्थानीय सेवा (गठन तथा सञ्चालन) ऐन, २०७९) | 486 | 486 | 21 | 21 |
| khanda2 | गण्डकी प्रदेश ऐन सङ्ग्रह खण्ड-२, २०८३ | 279 | 279 | 10 | 10 |
| khanda3 | गण्डकी प्रदेश ऐन सङ्ग्रह खण्ड-३, २०८३ | 308 | 308 | 13 | 13 |
| khanda4 | गण्डकी प्रदेश ऐन सङ्ग्रह खण्ड-४, २०८३ | 252 | 252 | 11 | 11 |

Table-of-contents titles not found as an Act body: 0.
Gandaki Acts repeated in more than one volume (kept once): 0. Gandaki texts identical to a pack1 text: 0.
Gandaki and Bagmati Acts with the same name (e.g. the civil service and local service Acts) are different provincial Acts and are both kept.
Gandaki OCR: 1307 pages (tesseract `nep`, text layer unusable or flagged by the broken-font detector);
Acts with OCR: 55, mean ocr_confidence 91.5 (min 64.1).

Short laws (0-4 sections, all provinces): 20. Short Acts (few pages) or headings not at a line start / lost in OCR; the full
text is always in laws.text.
- `np-bagmati-03gepjs`: 0 sections, 13 pages - मुख्य न्यायाधिवक्त्ताको काम, कर्तव्य र अधिकार तथा सेवाका शर्त सम्बन्धी ऐन २०७५
- `np-gandaki-1e40b85`: 0 sections, 6 pages - गण्डकी प्रदेश प्राइभेट फर्म दर्ता ऐन, २०७८
- `np-karnali-suwhcht`: 1 sections, 3 pages - कर्णाली प्रदेश ऋण उठाउने अधिकारको व्यवस्था गर्न बनेको ऐन
- `np-bagmati-ncesqk7`: 2 sections, 2 pages - मदन-भण्डारी-स्वास्थ्य-विज्ञान-प्रतिष्ठान-ऐन-२०७६
- `np-bagmati-udqojri`: 2 sections, 6 pages - प्रदेश-वितीय-हस्तान्तरण-ऐन-२०७५
- `np-bagmati-weduind`: 2 sections, 6 pages - प्रदेश-आकस्मिक-कोष-ऐन-२०७५
- `np-gandaki-026f557`: 2 sections, 18 pages - गण्डकी प्रदेश अपाङ्गता भएका व्यक्तिको अधिकार सम्बन्धी ऐन, २०८२
- `np-gandaki-1734349`: 2 sections, 1 pages - गण्डकी प्रदेश प्रशासकीय कार्यविधि नियमित गर्ने ऐन, २०७५
- `np-gandaki-19d10cb`: 2 sections, 15 pages - गण्डकी प्रदेश दलित अधिकार ऐन, २०८२
- `np-gandaki-467ef24`: 2 sections, 3 pages - गण्डकी प्रदेश सामयिक कर असुल ऐन, २०८१
- `np-gandaki-71578a8`: 2 sections, 4 pages - गण्डकी प्रदेश वित्त व्यवस्थापन ऐन, २०७५
- `np-gandaki-a775237`: 2 sections, 11 pages - गण्डकी प्रदेश बीउ बिजन ऐन, २०८०
- `np-karnali-eezjiqe`: 2 sections, 7 pages - कर्णाली प्रदेश वित्तीय हस्तान्तरण (व्यवस्थापन) ऐन
- `np-bagmati-tidhccu`: 3 sections, 5 pages - अन्तर-प्रदेश-बासिन्दाको-समान-सुरक्षा-व्यवहार-र-सुविधा-सम्बन्धी-ऐन-२०७७
- `np-gandaki-5934a64`: 3 sections, 4 pages - गण्डकी प्रदेश आकस्मिक कोष ऐन, २०७५
- `np-gandaki-61e9579`: 3 sections, 8 pages - गण्डकी प्रदेश सरकारी कामकाजको भाषा सम्बन्धी ऐन, २०८२
- `np-gandaki-7da5910`: 3 sections, 4 pages - गण्डकी प्रदेश विकास समिति ऐन, २०७७
- `np-karnali-gmdf8w5`: 3 sections, 7 pages - आर्थिक वर्ष २०७४/०७५ को सेवा र कार्यहरुको लागि प्रदेश सञ्चित कोषबाट केही रकम खर्च गर्ने र विनियोजन गर्ने सम्बन्धमा व्यवस्था गर्न बनेको ऐन
- `np-karnali-ioswu1v`: 3 sections, 7 pages - आर्थिक वर्ष २०७५/०७६ को सेवा र कार्यहरुका लागि प्रदेश सञ्चित कोषबाट केही रकम खर्च गर्ने र विनियोजन गर्ने सम्बन्धमा व्यवस्था गर्न बनेको ऐन
- `np-bagmati-ipstvjf`: 4 sections, 3 pages - प्रदेश-प्रशासकीय-कार्यविधि-(नियमित-गर्ने)-ऐन-२०७५

Not covered: Madhesh province (official site fails TLS certificate verification; see pack3), provincial assembly sites, regulations/directives, federal law. Koshi, Sudurpashchim and Lumbini: added in pack3.

## Contents

- `data/laws.parquet`: one row per instrument (same schema as `endomorphosis/ipfs_malta_laws`: string columns, `article_count` int32).
- `data/articles.parquet`: one row per article/section (`law_id`, number, title, text, source URL).
- `scrapers/`: collector code, pinned upstream helpers (ipfs_datasets_py@a1b5c73e), `requirements.txt`, and `README.md` (how to run).
- `manifests/code.json`: upstream commit, file hashes, local modifications, secret-scan record.

## License / reuse

**source_terms_note:** No licence stated; official statute text published by provincial governments is treated as public law (same basis as NC/Guam decisions). Source and credit: the provincial governments of Nepal (Office of the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers of Bagmati, Karnali and Gandaki provinces), via their official websites and the government CDN giwmscdnone.gov.np.

This dataset is **not** an official consolidation and is **not legal advice**.

## Notes

Laws carry a `province` column. Text from the PDF text layer where it is usable Devanagari and passes the broken-font (missing-reph) detector; otherwise local OCR (tesseract nep), so OCR errors are possible (metadata_json.ocr_confidence). Gandaki rows point to the compilation PDF with `#page=N` and carry page_from/page_to, in_toc and short_title_confirmed in metadata_json. Sections are split on line-start section numbers accepted in ascending sequence (tests in scrapers/tests). Upstream helpers pinned to ipfs_datasets_py@a1b5c73e5b687d8bd6c3b3051788860fd6e2f07a; Wayback/archive fallbacks disabled.
## Pack3 (Koshi, Sudurpashchim, Lumbini)

Adds 92 Acts / 3,565 sections (Koshi 26, Sudurpashchim 42, Lumbini 24) from the provinces'
official Act indexes; PDFs from the government CDN giwmscdnone.gov.np or the ministry site. Same collector and schema as pack1
(`scrapers/collect_np.py`: text layer where usable, broken-font detector); collection code in `scrapers/np3/`, records in
`manifests/np3/`. Sections are cut at section heading lines by `scrapers/np3_resplit/split_np_heading.py` (never at a lone
number; margin section numbers placed by a layout pass of the OCR'd pages); records and ids in `manifests/np3_resplit/`
(`changed_ids_np3_r5.json`, `changed_vs_r4.json`). Section titles are the section headings. Every pack1/pack2 row is carried over unchanged.
OCR: 1801 pages in 92 Acts (tesseract `nep`, 250 dpi), mean ocr_confidence 92.6 (min 77.4).
Source and credit: Office of the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers of Koshi and Sudurpashchim provinces; Ministry of Internal Affairs and Law, Lumbini Province. No licence stated (same basis as pack1/2).

### Known gaps (pack3)

- Madhesh: not collected. ocmcm.madhesh.gov.np fails TLS certificate verification ("unable to get local issuer certificate"); never fetched with verification off; 2 attempt(s) logged (manifests/np3/madhesh_tls_attempts.jsonl), at most one retry per day.
- Listed items not in the dataset: 0 with under 200 characters of text (none); 0 same-PDF and 0 same-text duplicates dropped.
- Sudurpashchim's Act page links PDFs directly (no publication dates on the page); Lumbini's list comes from the provincial Ministry of Internal Affairs and Law (the OCMCM site has no Act index).
- Texts are the PDFs as posted (original Acts or consolidated versions as published); no point-in-time versioning; repeal status not verified.
- Section numbering gaps: 3 documented gaps (7 section numbers) in 3 laws, where the source prints the section number with no text: np-sudurpashchim-hhzcy43 sections 4-7 and np-sudurpashchim-c3ulvxq sections 15-16 were removed by amendment, and np-sudurpashchim-ef5ykpt section 6 is recorded the same way but is UNCERTAIN (the page 4 mark is hard to read; CoS to rule); these sections have no body text. Listed in manifests/np3_resplit/sequence_gaps_np3.json and in each law's metadata_json.section_split.documented_gaps; every gap was re-checked automatically for a heading-like line in the preceding rows (manifests/np3_resplit/gap_recheck_np3.json) and re-searched for a mid-row 'title : (१)' heading, a missing number and a shifted-numbering margin number (manifests/np3_resplit/gap_research_np3_r5.json); every remaining gap was reviewed by hand (reviewed_np3_r5.json).
- Rows cut without a heading marker (heading colon lost in OCR, margin number beside the line): 36, each reviewed by hand (manifests/np3_resplit/reviewed_np3_r5.json).
- Text-layer pages with dropped glyphs: in 24 pack3 Acts some pages come from the PDF text layer instead of OCR, and in a few of them the PDF font drops glyphs (e.g. 'प रवतन' for 'परिवर्तन', 'वतः' for 'स्वतः') and scrambles two-column order: np-sudurpashchim-fe70ui9 (around sections 88-96), np-koshi-wgldsi7 (sections 72-73 and 96-97), np-sudurpashchim-gx5zofd, np-koshi-a4srax0 (sections 4-7) and np-lumbini-p315. laws.text keeps the text as extracted; section titles there can be truncated and a heading can sit at the end of the preceding row.
- Section numbers: 732 from the heading line, 1,731 from the margin number placed by the layout pass, 1,090 inferred as previous + 1 (between two anchors, an inferred number can be off where a heading is missing from the OCR text). 267 OCR-misread margin numbers were not used (number_conflicts in metadata).
- Laws whose highest section number seen in the text is above their last row (final headings missing from the OCR text): 3 (manifests/np3_resplit/documented_gaps_np3.json).
- Short laws (0-4 sections) in pack3: 4; full text is always in laws.text.
- np-koshi-brgxmec (प्रदेश वित्त व्यवस्थापन ऐन, २०७५): the r4 row s13 was dropped in r5; it held only the authentication line 'प्रमाणीकरण मितिः २०७५/०६/१९' (OCR 'माणीकरण म तः'), a page number and displaced words of section 12. The Act has 12 sections (no section 13 in the text); those lines now end row s12. See manifests/np3_resplit/reviewed_cuts_np3_r5.json.
- np-sudurpashchim-ef5ykpt section 6 (documented gap [6]) - UNCERTAIN: page 4 shows a dotted line numbered 6 with a mark that is hard to read, so the attribution to the footnote ‘पहिलो संशोधनद्वारा हटाइएको’ (removed by the first amendment) is uncertain (CoS to rule). No text was added; sections 7 and 8 carry the printed numbers. See manifests/np3_resplit/reviewed_np3_r5.json (gaps_r5).
  - `np-koshi-1wzglen`: 2 sections, 2 pages - प्रदेश आर्थिक कार्यविधि (पहिलो संशोधन) अध्यादेश,२०७५
  - `np-koshi-6yfnzg5`: 2 sections, 4 pages - प्रदेश सभाका पदाधिकारी तथा सदस्यको पारिश्रमिक र सुविधा सम्बन्धमा व्यवस्था गर्न बनेको ऐन
  - `np-lumbini-p303`: 3 sections, 3 pages - प्रशासकीय कार्यविधी (नियमित गर्ने) ऐन, २०७५
  - `np-sudurpashchim-objp1gn`: 4 sections, 1 pages - प्रशासकीय कार्यविधि (नियमित गर्ने) ऐन, २०७५

## Batches (append layout)

- pack1 (Hub commit 80604051): Bagmati + Karnali, 66 laws / 2,476 articles.
- pack2 (this batch, parent 80604051): adds province=Gandaki rows. `data/laws.parquet` and `data/articles.parquet` are regenerated
  FULL files with all three provinces; every pack1 row is carried over unchanged (same id, text and metadata). Filter on `province`
  (or `law_id` prefix `np-gandaki-`) for this batch alone.
- pack3 (parent 82398650): adds province=Koshi, Sudurpashchim and Lumbini rows (92 laws / 3,565 sections); full regenerated data files, every earlier row unchanged; filter on `province` (or `law_id` prefix `np-koshi-`, `np-sudurpashchim-`, `np-lumbini-`).