Colossi of Memnon
The Colossi of Memnon (known to locals as el-Colossat, or es-Salamat) are two massive stone statues of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. For the past 3400 years (since 1350 BC) they have stood in the Theban necropolis, across the River Nile from the modern city of Luxor.
The twin statues depict Amenhotep III (fl. 14th century BC) in a seated position, his hands resting on his knees and his gaze facing eastwards (actually ESE in modern bearings) towards the river. Two shorter figures are carved into the front throne alongside his legs: these are his wife Tiy and mother Mutemwiya. The side panels depict the Nile god Hapy.
The statues are made from blocks of quartzite sandstone which was quarried at el-Gabal el-Ahmar (near modern-day Cairo) and transported 675 km (420 mi) overland to Thebes. (They are too heavy to have been transported upstream on the Nile.) The blocks used by later Roman engineers to reconstruct the eastern colossus may have come from Edfu (north of Aswan). Including the stone platforms on which they stand – themselves about 4 m (13 ft) – the colossi reach a towering 18 m (60 ft) in height and weigh an estimated 720 tons each  The two figures are about 15 m (50 ft) apart.
Both statues are quite damaged, with the features above the waist virtually unrecognizable. The southern statue is a single piece of stone, but the eastern northern figure has a large extentive crack in the lower half and above the waist consists of 5 tiers of stone. These upper levels consist of a different type of sandstone, and are the result of a later (Roman Empire) reconstruction attempt. It is believed that originally the two statues were identical to each other, although inscriptions and minor art may have varied.
The original function of the Colossi was to stand guard at the entrance to Amenhotep's memorial temple (or mortuary temple): a massive construct built during the pharaoh's lifetime, where he was worshipped as a god-on-earth both before and after his departure from this world. In its day, this temple complex was the largest and most opulent in Egypt. Covering a total of 35 hectares (86 acres), even later rivals such as Ramesses II's Ramesseum or Ramesses III's Medinet Habu were unable to match it in area; even the Temple of Karnak, as it stood in Amenhotep's time, was smaller.
With the exception of the Colossi, however, very little remains today of Amenhotep's temple. Standing on the edge of the Nile floodplain, successive annual inundations gnawed away at the foundations – a famous 1840s lithograph by David Roberts shows the Colossi surrounded by water – and it was not unknown for later rulers to dismantle, purloin, and reuse portions of their predecessors' monuments.
Memnon was a hero of the Trojan War, a King of Ethiopia who led his armies from Africa into Asia Minor to help defend the beleaguered city but was ultimately slain by Achilles. The name Memnon means "Ruler of the Dawn", and was probably applied to the colossi because of the reported cry at dawn of one of the statues (see below). Eventually, the entire Theban Necropolis became generally referred to as the Memnonium. Memnon was said to be the son of Aurora; the goddess of the morning.
Clipper ship Memnon
- "Luxor, Egypt". BBC News.
- Wilfong, T., S. Sidebotham, J. Keenan, DARMC, R. Talbert, S. Gillies, T. Elliott, J. Becker. "Places: 786066 (Memnon Colossi)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
- R. F. Heizer; F. Stross, T. R. Hester, A. Albee, I. Perlman, F. Asaro and H. Bowman (1973-12-21). The Colossi of Memnon Revisited 182 (4118). Science magazine. pp. 1219–1225. doi:10.1126/science.182.4118.1219. PMID 17811309. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
- "The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World", edited by Chris Scarre (1999) Thames & Hudson, London
- Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile (1993)
- William Godwin (1876). "Lives of the Necromancers". p. 32.
- Lord Curzon: "The Voice of Memnon" in Tales of Travel (1923)
- Rupert T. Gould: "Three Strange Sounds: The Cry of Memnon" in Enigmas: Another Book of Unexplained Facts (1929)
- Armin Wirsching: "Excursion on transport and erection of the Colossi" in: Armin Wirsching: Obelisken transportieren und aufrichten in Aegypten und in Rom (3rd ed. 2013) ISBN 978-3-8334-8513-8
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colossi of Memnon.|
- Colossus of Memnon (Nova/PBS)
- Book XVII, Strabo's Geography
- Description by Count de Forbin
- David Roberts: Statues of Memnon Thebes Decr 4th 1838