This population-based study was carried out in a rural area in Sweden. The impact of duration of diabetes, metabolic control, albuminuria, and mode of detection (screening or presence of overt symptoms at the time of diagnosis) on retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes aged under 70 years was investigated at a primary health care centre. Ninety-nine percent of all known persons with Type 2 diabetes were under care at the centre. The fundi were examined in all but one of those under 70 years, and a 100% attendance rate was noted with regard to other variables such as albuminuria, glycated haemoglobin, and blood lipids. A team approach (general practitioner, nurse specialist, dietitian, and chiropodist) with patient education as an integral part of the treatment has been practised for the past 15 years. Retinopathy was associated with duration of disease, glycaemic control, systolic blood pressure, detection by overt symptoms, and albuminuria. The risk of retinopathy was not associated with smoking or treatment category. The prevalence of retinopathy was 26.5% in the whole population, and 18.8% among the patients who had been treated for their diabetes at the centre from the time of diagnosis. The importance of an appropriate organization in primary health care for early case finding, near-normal glycaemia, team approach, and structured collaboration with a department of ophthalmology is emphasized in order to realize the aims of the St Vincent declaration to reduce eye complications due to Type 2 diabetes.