After the American Revolution the young nation
was torn by unsettled economic conditions and a severe depression. Paper money
was in circulation, but little of it was honored at face value. Merchants and
other "sound money" men wanted currencies with gold backing. In
Massachusetts the "sound money" men controlled the government. Most
of those who were harmed by the depression were property-less and thus unable
to vote. The quarrel grew until thousands of men in the western counties rose
in armed revolt. They were led by Daniel Shays (1747-1825), a captain during the
American Revolution. Shays' Rebellion lasted from August 1786 to February 1787.
The agitators objected to heavy land and poll taxes, the high cost of lawsuits, high salaries of state officials, oppressive court decisions, and dictatorial rulings of the state senate. In Northampton on August 29 the mob succeeded in keeping the courts closed so debtors could not be tried and put into prison. Fearful of being tried for treason for this action, Shays and his men broke up the state Supreme Court session at Springfield the following month. The revolt took a more serious turn when Shays and a force of 1,200 men returned to Springfield in January to capture the arsenal. Action by the national government prevented the attack on January 25. Most of the insurgents were captured in early February, ending the rebellion. The leaders were condemned to death for treason but were later pardoned. Shays himself later received a war pension for his service in the American Revolution.
Shays' Rebellion was one of several disturbances in different states. It hastened the movement for a federal government strong enough "to ensure domestic tranquility," as stated in the preamble to the Constitution, which established the United States.
Feidel, F., and May, E., eds., Shays's Rebellion (1989);
Kaufman, M., ed., Shays's Rebellion: Selected Essays (1987);
Starkey, M.L ., A Little Rebellion (1955);
Taylor, R.J., Western Massachusetts in the Revolution (1954).