1 2012 ANATOMY(B) & Karen Lancour Patty Palmietto National Bio Rules National EventCommittee Chairman Supervisor – A&P
2 Event Rules – 2012 DISCLAIMER This presentation was prepared using draft rules. There may be some changes in the final copy of the rules. The rules which will be in your Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be the official rules.
3 Event Rules – 2012BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2012 EVENT RULES FOR EVENT PARAMETERS AND TOPICS FOR EACH COMPETITION LEVEL
4 TRAINING MATERIALS Training Power Point – content overview Training Handout - content informationSample Tournament – sample problems with keyEvent Supervisor Guide – prep tips, event needs, and scoring tipsInternet Resource & Training CD’s – on the Science Olympiad website at under Event InformationBiology-Earth Science CD, as well as the Division B and Division C Test Packets are available from SO store at
5 ANATOMY Event Content: 2012 BASIC ANATOMY (Structure and function) Respiratory SystemDigestive System (new)Major disordersTreatment and prevention of disordersPROCESS SKILLS - observations, inferences, predictions, calculations, data analysis, and conclusions.
6 Respiratory System – Functions Basic functions of the respiratory system are:1. provides oxygen to the blood stream andremoves carbon dioxide2. enables sound production or vocalization asexpired air passes over the vocal chords3. enables protective and reflexive non-breathing air movements such as coughingand sneezing, to keep the air passages clear4. control of Acid-Base balance5. control of blood pH
10 Respiration Process Pulmonary Ventilation A collective term for the following processes:Pulmonary VentilationMovement of air into the lungs (inspiration)Movement of air out of the lungs (expiration)External RespirationMovement of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodMovement of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungsTransport of Respiratory GasesTransport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissuesTransport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungsInternal RespirationMovement of oxygen from blood to the tissue cellsMovement of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to blood
11 Pulmonary Ventilation The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm work togetherInspiration, or inhalation – a very active process that requires input of energyAir flows into the lungs when the thoracic pressure falls below atmospheric pressure. The diaphragm moves downward and flattens while the intercostal muscles contract.Expiration, or exhalation – a passive process that takes advantage of the recoil properties of elastic fibers Air is forced out of the lungs when the thoracic pressure rises above atmospheric pressure. The diaphragm and expiratory muscles relax.
12 Patterns of BreathingApnea – temporary cessation of breathing (one or more skipped breaths)Dyspnea – labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breathEupnea – normal, relaxed, quiet breathingHyperpnea – increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditionsHyperventilation – increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demandHypoventilation – reduced pulmonary ventilationOrthopnea – Dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying downRespiratory arrest – permanent cessation of breathingTachypnea – accelerated respiration
14 Measures of Pulmonary Ventilation Respiratory volumes – values determined by using a spirometerTidal Volume (TV) – amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditionsInspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) – amount of air that can be inhaled during forced breathing in addition to resting tidal volumeExpiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) – amount of air that can be exhaled during forced breathing in addition to tidal volumeResidual Volume (RV) – Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.
15 Formulas – CapacitiesVital Capacity – maximum amount of air that can be expired after taking the deepest breath possible (VC = TV + IRV + ERV)Inspiratory Capacity – maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume (IC = TV + IRV)Functional Residual Capacity – volume of air remaining in the lungs following exhalation of resting volume (FRC = ERV + RV)Total Lung Capacity – total volume of air that the lungs can hold (TLC = VC + RV)
16 Control of Respiratory System Respiratory control centers – found in the pons and the medulla oblongataControl breathingAdjusts the rate and depth of breathing according to oxygen and carbon dioxide levelsAfferent connections to the brainstemHypothalmus and limbic system send signals to respiratory control centers
17 Gas Exchange and Transport Alveolar Gas Exchange – the loading of oxygen and the unloading of carbon dioxide in the lungsOxygen is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin (98.5%) and dissolved in plasma (1.5%)Carbon dioxide is transported in three formsCarbonic acid – 90% of carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acidCarboamino compounds – 5% binds to plasma proteins and hemoglobinDissolved gas – 5% carried in the blood as dissolved gas
18 Systemic Gas ExchangeCarbon dioxide loading -The Haldane Effect – the lower the partial pressure of oxygen and saturation of it in hemoglobin, the more carbon dioxide can be carried in the bloodOxygen unloading from hemoglobin molecules
19 Blood Chemistry & Respiratory Rhythm Hydrogen ion concentrations -strongly influence respirationCarbon dioxide concentrations -strongly influence respirationOxygen concentrations - have little effect on respiration
20 Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System During exercise the muscle cells use up more oxygen and produce increased amounts of carbon dioxide.The lungs and heart have to work harder to supply the extra oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide.Your breathing rate increases and you breathe more deeply. Heart rate also increases in order to transport the oxygenated blood to the muscles.Muscle cell respiration increases - more oxygen is used up and levels of carbon dioxide rise.The brain detects increasing levels of carbon dioxide - a signal is sent to the lungs to increase breathing.Breathing rate and the volume of air in each breath increase - This means that more gaseous exchange takes place.The brain also tells the heart to beat faster so that more blood is pumped to the lungs for gaseous exchange.More oxygenated blood is gets to the muscles and more carbon dioxide is removed.
21 Disorders of the Respiratory System Clinical Disorders and Diseases of the Respiratory SystemHypoxia – deficiency of oxygen in a tissue or the inability to use oxygenOxygen Toxicity – excess oxygen, causing the build up of peroxides and free radicalsChronic obstructive pulmonary diseases – long-term obstruction of airflow and a substantial reduction in pulmonary ventilationChronic bronchitis – cilia are immobilized and reduced in number; goblet cells increase their production of mucus → mucus clogs the airways and breeds infectionEmphysema – alveolar walls break down and the surface area of the lungs is reducedAsthma – allergens trigger the release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals that cause intense bronchoconstrictionLung Cancer – cancer of the lungAcute Rhinitis – the common coldLaryngitis – inflammation of the vocal foldsPneumonia – lower respiratory infection that causes fluid build up in the lungsSleep Apnea – Cessation of breathing for 10 seconds or longer during sleepTuberculosis – pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis; reduces lung compliance
22 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – digest foods DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – digest foods extracellular (outside of cell) in digestive canal
23 BASIC PROCESSES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INGESTION -- intake of foodDIGESTION – breakdown of foodMechanical Digestion – physical breakdownChemical Digestion – chemical breakdown of macromolecules to monomers Absorption -- Transport of the products of digestion into the blood Defecation -- Elimination of undigested waste
24 ORGANS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT (Mouth to anus) Mouth - Chewing, Digestion beginsPharynx - SwallowingEsophagus - Transports food to stomachStomach - Storage of food, Digestion of proteinSmall Intestine - Majority of digestion and absorption of foodLarge Intestines - Absorption of water, Waste storageAnus - Elimination of waste
25 ASCESSORY ORGANS SECRETE FLUIDS INTO DIGESTIVE TRACT Salivary Glands - Secrete salivary amylaseLiver - Produces bileGallbladder - Storage of bilePancreas - Secretes pancreatic amylase and other digestive enzymes
26 MOUTH Opens to outside to facilitate feeding Aids in preparation of food for digestionFoods are broken down mechanically by chewingSaliva is added as a lubricant from the auxiliary saliva glandsSaliva contains amylase, an enzyme that digests starchServes as an organ for speech and pleasureIncludes cheeks, lips, tongue, palate, teeth – primary & secondary
27 TEETH Incisors (8) – for biting food Canines (4) - for grasping and tearing foodBicuspids (8) – for grinding and crushing foodMolars (12) – for grinding food
28 ESOPHAGUSa simple tube between the mouth and stomach – peristalsis aides in swallowing
30 STOMACH Enzyme digestion of proteins initiated Foods reduced to a liquid formWalls lined with millions of gastric glandsSeveral kinds of cells in gastric glandsVery little absorption from stomach – some water, ethanol, drugs as aspirin, and certain ions
31 SMALL INTESTINE most of chemical enzymatic digestion occur almost all nutrients are absorbedAccessory glands – liver, gall bladder, and pancreas provide secretions to assist with chemical enzymatic digestion
32 LIVER and GALL BLADDERLiver: - provides bile salts to the small intestine, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats.Gallbladder – stores bile
33 PANCREASPancreas: - provides digestive enzymes to the small intestine which are critical for digestion of fats, carbohydrates and protein.
34 LARGE INTESTINES Colon: liquid residue – mainly water with undigested materalwater is absorbed,bacterial fermentation takes placefeces are formed.Rectum: collects undigested wasteAnus: expels undigested waste – muscles to control exit and prevent leakage.
35 DIGESTIVE PROCESS Ingestion – intake of food Digestion – breakdown of food bit by bit into molecules small enough to be absorbedMechanical Digestion – physical breakdown of foodChemical Digestion – chemical breakdown of macromolecules to monomersAbsorption – transport of productions into the bloodElimination (Defecation) - elimination of undigested waste
36 CHEMICAL DIGESTIONCARBOHYDRATESPROTEINFATSNUCLEIC ACIDS
37 Common Disorders of Digestive System Stomach and duodenal ulcersCancers of the digestive systemDiarrheaLactose IntoleranceHepatitisCrohn’s Disease, GERD, Diverticular Disease, Celiac Disease (National)
38 Role of Fiber in Digestion Fiber is found mostly in plantThere are two types – insoluble fiber and soluble fiberInsoluble fiber is a type of fiber which cannot be dissolved in waterInsoluble fiber draws water to the intestine, increasing the bulk and softness of waste productsSoluble fiber which can be dissolved in waterSoluble fiber can be digested slowly and it slows the digestive process and keeps the stomach fuller longer leaving the body feeling full for a longer period of timeDigestion and absorption of carbohydrates are slower so that glucose (sugar) in food enters the bloodstream more slowly, which keeps blood sugar on a more even levelThe slow absorption of sugar gives the body an opportunity to regulate blood sugar levels