Summary of study findings: This study estimated radon exposure to people working at the Fernald Feed Materials Production Center (Fernald). The Fernald site produced uranium products for use in Department of Energy defense programs. Based on study findings, researchers believe more than half of Fernald workers were exposed to a low level of radon. Where does radon come from? Uranium is a radioactive metallic mineral. It is found naturally in soil, rocks, and water. When processing uranium ore, many by-products are created. Radium-contaminated waste is one by-product. Radium breaks down into radon gas, which breaks down further into radon decay products. When radon gas or decay products are breathed in, decay products can get trapped in the lungs. As the decay products continue to break down, they release energy which can damage the lungs. Over time, this can cause lung cancer. Why is radon a concern? Past studies have found a higher-than-expected amount of lung cancer deaths among Fernald workers compared to the U.S. general population (Cragle, 1996). Because radon may lead to lung cancer, researchers wanted to estimate the levels of exposure to radon at the site. Radium-contaminated waste, a source of radon, was stored on the west side of the site, in the K-65 silos. Another source of radon was found in the center of the site, in the Q-11 silos near the production area. It was estimated that large amounts of radon were released from these silos. Who did this study? The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), a federal research agency, works to improve the health and safety of workers. NIOSH gave funds to Drs. Susan Pinney and Richard Hornung, researchers at the University of Cincinnati, to do this study. These researchers used the funds to estimate radon exposure among Fernald workers from 1952 to 1988, when production stopped. Who was in the study? This study included 7,143 workers who worked at the Fernald site any time between 1952 and 1988. Though site operation began in 1951, there was no source for radon exposure that year. Detailed work history information was collected from 2,666 Fernald workers through surveys, interviews, and the Fernald Workers' Medical Monitoring Program. This information was used to figure out work information for other 4,477 workers who had worked at the site during this time. How was radon exposure estimated? Workers were not monitored for radon exposure, so exposure levels had to be estimated. Researchers did this by first estimating the amount of waste that was stored in the silos. They also measured the levels of radon decay products throughout the site. This information was put into a math model that estimated radon exposure for each work area and work shift. Researchers then decided usual work areas and work shifts for everyone at the site. Researchers also looked at wind speed and wind direction at the site because both can affect radon levels. Radon exposure is generally higher downwind of a radon source or when there is little air movement. What were the radon exposure levels? When talking about exposure levels, researchers refer to them in units of Working Level Month (WLM). A WLM is a unit of measure that involves time spent near different radon concentrations. Researchers believe radon exposure among Fernald workers ranged from very low (less than 0.5 WLM) to high (751 WLM). More than half of the workers at Fernald had low level exposure to radon (less than 5 WLM) during the time they worked at the site (see graph 1). For comparison, the U.S. general population is exposed to an average of 0.2 WLM of radon at home each year. What were the study limits? Researchers had information on exact work area and work shift for only one-third of the workers at the site. Because of this, researchers had to use the available worker information to approximate work areas and work shifts for workers from the site who had no information. Wind information at the site was only available from 1987-1991, but was used to compute radon estimates for all the years in the study. What should you do? If you are concerned about your possible exposure to radon, participate in one of the medical screening programs offered to Fernald workers, or share this info with your doctor. Radon exposure and smoking have each been found to cause lung cancer. But radon exposure combined with smoking makes for an especially serious health hazard. A smoker who is exposed to radon has a much higher chance of lung cancer. If you smoke, quitting is one way to lower your chance of developing this disease.
Radiation; Dosimetry; Exposure-levels; Exposure-methods; Uranium-compounds; Radioactive-materials; Radioactive-contaminants; Waste-disposal; Exposure-assessment; Surfactants; Lung-cancer; Respiratory-system-disorders; Pulmonary-system-disorders; Workplace-studies; Uranium-ore; Metal-refining; Radiation-effects; Radiation-exposure; Radiation-facilities; Nuclear-fuels; Dose-response; Statistical-analysis; Epidemiology