Building a Foundation Building a Foundation
This section is not meant to provide you with the necessary instructions to pour your garage foundation slab. This is not because it is beyond the abilities of the novice builder, although many do contract out this job. Pouring a slab is within most people's abilities. However, unlike wood framing, which can be corrected if improperly constructed, your work on the slab is "set in stone" ...literally. Because of this and the fact that so many local codes and practices apply to concrete slabs, we have only touched on the subject. Should you decide to undertake this project, we suggest you talk with local professionals to be sure you know what you are doing. Have a professional inspect the forms before the concrete is poured and hire a professional to work with you during the concrete pour, as you must be sure to get everything right the first time. A slab foundation is made by building wooden forms and pouring the concrete into these forms. A footing trench is dug around the perimeter to provide added thickness along the edge of the slab which would otherwise be stress areas and the weakest point.
Sand or gravel is spread below where the concrete is poured. This is so the under-slab area will not compact under the weight of the concrete and cause the slab to sink.
A visquine vapor barrier is installed above the sand or gravel (in some areas below) to stop moisture from traveling up into the slab through capillary action. Wire mesh is placed in the center of the slab and rebar (steel rods) in the footing areas to add rigidity to the concrete to prevent cracking.
Local code will dictate such things as thickness of the slab, thickness of the footing, width of the footing, sizing of the wire mesh, thickness of the layer of gravel or sand, size and location of rebar and location of bolts or foundation anchors. Metal foundation anchors or anchor bolts are embedded in the fresh concrete to secure the garage walls to the foundation. Many garage slabs also have a center drain for car or boat washing.
Sill (Bottom) Plates
Most Common Mistakes:
- Not checking to see if the slab foundation is square.
- Using badly bowed stock.
- Not leveling sill plates.
- Not cutting the top plate so that it breaks at the center of a stud.
The sill plates for a garage are usually 2" x 4" pressure treated or redwood horizontal framing members that are bolted or attached by foundation anchors or anchor bolts to the foundation (or concrete slab). These are also the sole or bottom plates of the stud garage wall. The purpose of the sill plate is to anchor the garage framing to the foundation, to level the foundation wall and to keep the untreated framing members out of contact with the concrete where standing water could cause them to rot.
The metal foundation anchors or anchor bolts will have been encased in and should be protruding from the foundation after the concrete was poured. These devices will anchor the sill plate (bottom plate), and thereby the wall, to the foundation. Local code* will specify placement of sill anchors or bolts. Usually foundation anchors should be embedded a minimum of 6" into the concrete with the Bend Anchors over Bottom Plate and Nail Secure upper position split into 5/8" wide tabs which will strap over the 2" x 4" sill plates. These upper tabs have holes to accommodate special fastener nails 1 and 1/4 inch in length. Two nails are driven into each side of the sill plate through the holes in the tabs. The upper ends of the tab are then bent over the plate and nailed into the top of the sill with a minimum of one nail on each side.
Choose the order in which you will build your walls. We suggest you begin with a wall that has no windows or doors, if possible.
Select your sill plate stock so that it is as straight as possible. When ordering, specify good straight plate stock 12" to 14" long. If it is longer than this, it is likely to have some warp or bow. If the walls are longer than 14 feet you will want to use more than one piece of stock. When doing so, we find these guidelines to produce the best results.
- Do not use pieces under 6' in length if possible.
- Bottom plate splices may be anywhere but top plate splices may only occur in the center of a stud to ensure the strength of the top plate.
- Splices in top and bottom plates must be separated by a minimum of 4 feet on the horizontal and splices in the cap plate (the uppermost of the two top plates) must be at least 4 feet from any splice in the top plate. Before you choose your sill or bottom plates, check code to see if redwood or pressure treated stock is required or preferred. Place them with your wall top plates to do the wall layout. The entire wall is built first, then lifted into place before the sill plates are attached to the slab.
- The total length of each plate equals the total outside length of the walls less 3 and 1/2 inches (the allowance for walls overlapping at the corners). The end of one wall stops at the end of the platform on one side while the other end of the wall stops short by 3 1/2' and is overlapped by the intersecting wall which goes to the end of the platform.