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The city has major rail and road connections and is the centre of the region’s agricultural, cotton, and tea trade. Silk production and the manufacture of shellac and heavy machine tools are the city’s major industries. The headquarters of the National Coal Development Corporation, the Heavy Engineering Corporation, and the Hindustan Steel Company are located there, as are a military cantonment, radium and lac research institutes, and two mental-health hospitals. Ranchi University, founded in 1960, includes affiliated colleges of law, medicine, and teacher training.
Ranchi is situated on the Ranchi Plateau of the eastern Chota Nagpur plateau system, with lofty flat-topped hills (pats) in the northwest. An escarpment to the east and south of the city, from which several scenic waterfalls tumble, marks the edge of the plateau. Rice is the principal crop in lands irrigated by the Subarnarekha, Sankh, North Koel, and South Koel rivers. Bauxite, limestone, and kaolin (china clay) deposits are worked in the vicinity. Pop. (2001) 847,093; (2011) 1,073,427.
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