|Part of a series on|
|Major generations of the Western world|
Millennials, also known as Generation Y (or Gen Y), are the demographic cohort following Generation X and preceding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media typically use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years. Millennials are sometimes referred to as "echo boomers" due to a major surge in birth rates in the 1980s and 1990s, and because millennials are often the children of the baby boomers. The characteristics of millennials vary by region and by individual, and the group experiences a variety of social and economic conditions.
- 1 Terminology
- 2 Date and age range definitions
- 3 Traits
- 4 Sports and fitness
- 5 Workplace attitudes
- 6 Political views
- 7 Historical knowledge
- 8 Demographics in the United States
- 9 Economic prospects
- 10 Peter Pan generation
- 11 Religion
- 12 Digital technology
- 13 Cultural identity
- 14 See also
- 15 References
- 16 Further reading
Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe are widely credited with naming the millennials. They coined the term in 1987, around the time children born in 1982 were entering preschool, and the media were first identifying their prospective link to the impending new millennium as the high school graduating class of 2000. They wrote about the cohort in their books Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069 (1991) and Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation (2000).
In August 1993, an Advertising Age editorial coined the phrase Generation Y to describe those who were aged 11 or younger as well as the teenagers of the upcoming ten years who were defined as different from Generation X. According to journalist Bruce Horovitz, in 2012, Ad Age "threw in the towel by conceding that millennials is a better name than Gen Y", and by 2014, a past director of data strategy at Ad Age said to NPR "the Generation Y label was a placeholder until we found out more about them". Millennials are sometimes called Echo Boomers, due to their being the offspring of the baby boomers and due to the significant increase in birth rates from the early 1980s to mid 1990s, mirroring that of their parents. In the United States, birth rates peaked in August 1990 and a 20th-century trend toward smaller families in developed countries continued. In his book The Lucky Few: Between the Greatest Generation and the Baby Boom, author Elwood Carlson called this cohort the "New Boomers".
Psychologist Jean Twenge described millennials as "Generation Me" in her 2006 book Generation Me: Why Today’s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled – and More Miserable Than Ever Before, which was updated in 2014. In 2013, Time magazine ran a cover story titled Millennials: The Me Me Me Generation. Newsweek used the term Generation 9/11 to refer to young people who were between the ages of 10 and 20 years during the terrorist acts of 11 September 2001. The first reference to "Generation 9/11" was made in the cover story of the 12 November 2001 issue of Newsweek. Alternative names for this group proposed include Generation We, Global Generation, Generation Next, The Net Generation and The Burnout Generation.
Chinese millennials are commonly called the 1980s and 1990s generations. At a 2015 conference in Shanghai organized by University of Southern California's US-China Institute, millennials in China were examined and contrasted with American millennials. Findings included millennials' marriage, childbearing, and child raising preferences, life and career ambitions, and attitudes towards volunteerism and activism.
Date and age range definitions
Pew Research Center has observed that "Because generations are analytical constructs, it takes time for popular and expert consensus to develop as to the precise boundaries that demarcate one generation from another." Jonathan Rauch, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, wrote for The Economist in 2018 that "generations are squishy concepts", but the 1981 to 1996 birth cohort is a "widely accepted" definition for millennials.
The Pew Research Center defines millennials as born from 1981 to 1996, choosing these dates for "key political, economic and social factors", including the September 11th terrorist attacks, the Great Recession, and the Internet explosion. Pew indicated they would remain open to date recalibration. Many major media outlets have cited Pew's definition for the date range of millennials, including Time magazine, The Washington Post, and Reuters.
The American Psychological Association describes millennials as those born between the years 1981 and 1996, as does the Federal Reserve Board, and Ernst and Young. Gallup Inc., MSW Research, and the Resolution Foundation use 1980–1996. PricewaterhouseCoopers has used 1981 to 1995. Nielsen Media Research has defined millennials as between 21 and 37 years old in 2018.
The United States Chamber of Commerce, a business-oriented lobbying group, uses 1980–1999. In 2014, U.S PIRG described millennials as those born between 1983 and 2000. The United States Census Bureau used the birth years 1982 to 2000 in a 2015 news release to describe millennials, but they have stated that "there is no official start and end date for when millennials were born" and they do not define millennials.
In his 2008 book The Lucky Few: Between the Greatest Generation and the Baby Boom, author Elwood Carlson used the term "New Boomers" to describe this cohort. He identified the birth years of 1983–2001, based on the upswing in births after 1983 and finishing with the "political and social challenges" that occurred after the September 11 terrorist acts. Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe define millennials as born between 1982–2004. However, Howe described the dividing line between millennials and the following Generation Z as "tentative", saying "you can’t be sure where history will someday draw a cohort dividing line until a generation fully comes of age".
Due to birth-year overlap between definitions of Generation X and millennials, some individuals born in the late 1970s and early 1980s see themselves as being "between" the two generations. Names given to those born in the Generation X and millennial cusp years include Xennials, Generation Catalano, and the Oregon Trail Generation.
Psychologist Jean Twenge, the author of the 2006 book Generation Me, considers millennials, along with younger members of Generation X, to be part of what she calls "Generation Me". Twenge attributes millennials with the traits of confidence and tolerance, but also describes a sense of entitlement and narcissism, based on "Narcissistic Personality Inventory" surveys showing increased narcissism among millennials[quantify] compared to preceding generations when they were teens and in their twenties. Psychologist Jeffrey Arnett of Clark University, Worcester has criticized Twenge's research on narcissism among millennials, stating "I think she is vastly misinterpreting or over-interpreting the data, and I think it’s destructive". He doubts that the Narcissistic Personality Inventory really measures narcissism at all. Arnett says that not only are millennials less narcissistic, they’re “an exceptionally generous generation that holds great promise for improving the world”. A study published in 2017 in the journal Psychological Science found a small decline in narcissism among young people since the 1990s.
The University of Michigan's "Monitoring the Future" study of high school seniors (conducted continually since 1975) and the American Freshman survey, conducted by UCLA's Higher Education Research Institute of new college students since 1966, showed an increase in the proportion of students who consider wealth a very important attribute, from 45% for Baby Boomers (surveyed between 1967 and 1985) to 70% for Gen Xers, and 75% for millennials. The percentage who said it was important to keep abreast of political affairs fell, from 50% for Baby Boomers to 39% for Gen Xers, and 35% for millennials. The notion of "developing a meaningful philosophy of life" decreased the most across generations, from 73% for Boomers to 45% for millennials. The willingness to be involved in an environmental cleanup program dropped from 33% for Baby Boomers to 21% for millennials. Millennials show a willingness to vote more than previous generations. With voter rates being just below 50% for the last four presidential cycles, they have already surpassed Gen Xers of the same age who were at just 36%.
A 2013 Pew Research Poll found that 84% of millennials, born since 1980, who were at that time between the ages of 18 and 32, favored legalizing the use of marijuana. In 2015, the Pew Research Center also conducted research regarding generational identity that said a majority did not like the "millennial" label.
In March 2014, the Pew Research Center issued a report about how "millennials in adulthood" are "detached from institutions and networked with friends." The report said millennials are somewhat more upbeat than older adults about America's future, with 49% of millennials saying the country's best years are ahead though they're the first in the modern era to have higher levels of student loan debt and unemployment.
Fred Bonner, a Samuel DeWitt Proctor Chair in Education at Rutgers University and author of Diverse Millennial Students in College: Implications for Faculty and Student Affairs, believes that much of the commentary on the Millennial Generation may be partially correct, but overly general and that many of the traits they describe apply primarily to "white, affluent teenagers who accomplish great things as they grow up in the suburbs, who confront anxiety when applying to super-selective colleges, and who multitask with ease as their helicopter parents hover reassuringly above them." During class discussions, Bonner listened to black and Hispanic students describe how some or all of the so-called core traits did not apply to them. They often said that the "special" trait, in particular, is unrecognizable. Other socio-economic groups often do not display the same attributes commonly attributed to millennials. "It's not that many diverse parents don't want to treat their kids as special," he says, "but they often don't have the social and cultural capital, the time and resources, to do that."
In his book Fast Future, author David Burstein describes millennials' approach to social change as "pragmatic idealism" with a deep desire to make the world a better place, combined with an understanding that doing so requires building new institutions while working inside and outside existing institutions.
Elza Venter, an educational psychologist and lecturer at Unisa, South Africa, in the Department of Psychology of Education, believes members of Generation Y are digital natives because they have grown up experiencing digital technology and have known it all their lives. Prensky  coined the concept ‘digital natives’ because this generation are ‘native speakers of the digital language of computers, video games and the internet’. This generation spans 20 years and its older members use a combination of face-to-face communication and computer mediated communication, while its younger members use mainly electronic and digital technologies for interpersonal communication.
Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe argue that each generation has common characteristics that give it a specific character with four basic generational archetypes, repeating in a cycle. According to their hypothesis, they predicted millennials would become more like the "civic-minded" G.I. Generation with a strong sense of community both local and global. Strauss and Howe ascribe seven basic traits to the millennial cohort: special, sheltered, confident, team-oriented, conventional, pressured, and achieving. Arthur E. Levine, author of When Hope and Fear Collide: A Portrait of Today's College Student describes these generational images as "stereotypes".
Strauss and Howe's research has been influential, but it also has critics. Psychologist Jean Twenge says Strauss and Howe's assertions are overly-deterministic, non-falsifiable, and unsupported by rigorous evidence.
Sports and fitness
Fewer American millennials follow sport than their Generation X predecessors, with a McKinsey survey finding that 38 percent of millennials in contrast to 45 percent of Generation X are committed sports fans. However, the trend is not uniform across all sports; the gap disappears for National Basketball Association, Ultimate Fighting Championship, English Premier League and college sports. For example, a survey in 2013 found that engagement with mixed martial arts had increased in the 21st century and was more popular than boxing and wrestling for Americans aged 18 to 34 years old, in contrast to those aged 35 and over who preferred boxing. In the United States, while the popularity of American football and the National Football League has declined among millennials, the popularity of Association football and Major League Soccer has increased more among millennials than for any other generation, and as of 2018 was the second most popular sport among those aged 18 to 34. The other popular activities included outdoor jogging or running.
The Physical Activity Council's 2018 Participation Report found that in the U.S., Millennials were more likely than other generations to participate in water sports such as stand up paddling, boardsailing and surfing. According to the survey of 30,999 Americans, which was conducted in 2017, approximately half of U.S. Millennials participated in high caloric activities while approximately one quarter were sedentary. The 2018 report from the Physical Activity Council found Millennials were more active than Baby Boomers in 2017. Thirty-five percent of both Millennials and Generation X were reported to be "active to a healthy level", with Millennial's activity level reported as higher overall than that of Generation X in 2017. 
According to a 2018 report from Cancer Research UK, millennials in the United Kingdom are on track to have the highest rates of overweight and obesity, with current data trends indicating millennials will overtake the Baby boomer generation in this regard, making millennials the heaviest generation since current records began. Cancer Research UK reports that more than 70% of millennials will be overweight or obese by ages 35-45, in comparison to 50% of Baby boomers who were overweight or obese at the same ages.
The majority of research concludes millennials differ from their generational cohort predecessors, and can be characterized by a preference for a flat corporate culture, an emphasis on work-life balance and social consciousness.
According to authors from Florida International University, original research performed by Howe and Strauss as well as Yu & Miller suggest Baby Boomers resonate primarily with loyalty, work ethic, steady career path, and compensation when it comes to their professional lives. Generation X on the other hand, started shifting preferences towards an improved work-life balance with a heightened focus on individual advancement, stability, and job satisfaction. Meanwhile, millennials place an emphasis on producing meaningful work, finding a creative outlet, and have a preference for immediate feedback. In the article "Challenges of the Work of the Future," it is also stressed that millennials working at the knowledge-based jobs very often assume personal responsibility in order to make the most of what they do. As they are not satisfied with remaining for a long period of time at the same job, their career paths become more dynamic and less predictable. Findings also suggest the introduction of social media has augmented collaborative skills and created a preference for a team-oriented environment.
In 2010 the Journal of Business and Psychology, contributors Myers and Sadaghiani find millennials "expect close relationships and frequent feedback from supervisors" to be a main point of differentiation. Multiple studies observe millennials’ associating job satisfaction with free flow of information, strong connectivity to supervisors, and more immediate feedback. Hershatter and Epstein, researchers from Emory University, argue a lot of these traits can be linked to millennials entering the educational system on the cusp of academic reform, which created a much more structured educational system. Some argue in the wake of these reforms, such as the No Child Left Behind Act, millennials have increasingly sought the aid of mentors and advisers, leading to 66% of millennials seeking a flat work environment.
Hershatter and Epstein also stress a growing importance on work-life balance. Studies show nearly one-third of students' top priority is to "balance personal and professional life". The Brain Drain Study shows nearly 9 out of 10 millennials place an importance on work-life balance, with additional surveys demonstrating the generation to favor familial over corporate values. Studies also show a preference for work-life balance, which contrasts to the Baby Boomers' work-centric attitude.
Data also suggests millennials are driving a shift towards the public service sector. In 2010, Myers and Sadaghiani published research in the Journal of Business and Psychology stating heightened participation in the Peace Corps and AmeriCorps as a result of millennials, with volunteering being at all-time highs. Volunteer activity between 2007 and 2008 show the millennial age group experienced almost three-times the increase of the overall population, which is consistent with a survey of 130 college upperclassmen depicting an emphasis on altruism in their upbringing. This has led, according to a Harvard University Institute of Politics, six out of ten millennials to consider a career in public service.
The 2014 Brookings publication shows a generational adherence to corporate social responsibility, with the National Society of High School Scholars (NSHSS) 2013 survey and Universum's 2011 survey, depicting a preference to work for companies engaged in the betterment of society. Millennials' shift in attitudes has led to data depicting 64% of millennials would take a 60% pay cut to pursue a career path aligned with their passions, and financial institutions have fallen out of favor with banks comprising 40% of the generation's least liked brands.
In 2008, author Ron Alsop called the millennials "Trophy Kids," a term that reflects a trend in competitive sports, as well as many other aspects of life, where mere participation is frequently enough for a reward. It has been reported that this is an issue in corporate environments. Some employers are concerned that millennials have too great expectations from the workplace. Some studies predict they will switch jobs frequently, holding many more jobs than Gen Xers due to their great expectations. Psychologist Jean Twenge reports data suggests there are differences between older and younger millennials regarding workplace expectations, with younger millennials being "more practical" and "more attracted to industries with steady work and are more likely to say they are willing to work overtime" which Twenge attributes to younger millennials coming of age following the financial crisis of 2007–2008.
There is also a contention that the major differences are found solely between millennials and Generation X. Researchers from the University of Missouri and The University of Tennessee conducted a study based on measurement equivalence to determine if such a difference does in fact exist. The study looked at 1,860 participants who had completed the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile (MWEP), a survey aimed at measuring identification with work-ethic characteristics, across a 12-year period spanning from 1996 to 2008. The results of the findings suggest the main difference in work ethic sentiments arose between the two most recent generational cohorts, Generation X and millennials, with relatively small variances between the two generations and their predecessor, the Baby Boomers.
A meta study conducted by researchers from The George Washington University and The U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences questions the validity of workplace differences across any generational cohort. According to the researchers, disagreement in which events to include when assigning generational cohorts, as well as varied opinions on which age ranges to include in each generational category are the main drivers behind their skepticism. The analysis of 20 research reports focusing on the three work-related factors of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intent to turn over proved any variation was too small to discount the impact of employee tenure and aging of individuals. Newer research shows that millennials change jobs for the same reasons as other generations—namely, more money and a more innovative work environment. They look for versatility and flexibility in the workplace, and strive for a strong work–life balance in their jobs and have similar career aspirations to other generations, valuing financial security and a diverse workplace just as much as their older colleagues.
Surveys of political attitudes among millennials in the United Kingdom have suggested increasingly social liberal views, as well as higher overall support for classical liberal economic policies than preceding generations. They are more likely to support same-sex marriage and the legalization of drugs. The Economist parallels this with millennials in the United States, whose attitudes are more supportive of social liberal policies and same-sex marriage relative to other demographics. They are also more likely to oppose animal testing for medical purposes than older generations. Pew Research described millennials as "the force of the youth vote" and as part of the political conversation which helped elect the first African American president, describing millennials as between 12 and 27 during the 2008 U.S Presidential election.
Bernie Sanders, a self-proclaimed democratic socialist and Democratic candidate in the 2016 United States presidential election, was the most popular candidate among millennial voters in the primary phase, having garnered more votes from people under 30 in 21 states than the major parties' candidates, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, did combined. In April 2016, The Washington Post viewed him as changing the way millennials viewed politics, saying, "He's not moving a party to the left. He's moving a generation to the left." Bernie Sanders referred to millennials as "the least prejudiced generation in the history of the United States". A 2014 poll for the libertarian Reason magazine suggested that American millennials were social liberals and fiscal centrists, more often than their global peers. Most millennials voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. election, although more than a third supported Donald Trump.
In the United Kingdom, the majority of millennials opposed the British withdrawal from the European Union. Blaming baby boomers, who largely supported the referendum, one commenter said: "The younger generation has lost the right to live and work in 27 other countries. We will never know the full extent of the lost opportunities, friendships, marriages and experiences we will be denied." The Washington Post phrased this as "we let you steal our future", reporting high voter turnout among those over 55 years of age and low voter turnout among those under 34 years of age.
Neil Howe believes that a defining trait of millennials is that they are more likely to support political correctness than members of older generations. In 2015, a Pew Research study found 40% of millennials in the United States supported government restriction of public speech offensive to minority groups. Support for restricting offensive speech was lower among older generations, with 27% of Gen Xers, 24% of Baby Boomers, and only 12% of the Silent Generation supporting such restrictions. Pew Research noted similar age related trends in the United Kingdom, but not in Germany and Spain, where millennials were less supportive of restricting offensive speech than older generations. In France, Italy and Poland no significant age differences were observed. In the U.S. and UK, millennials have brought changes to higher education via drawing attention to microaggressions and advocating for implementation of safe spaces and trigger warnings in the university setting. Critics of such changes have raised concerns regarding their impact on free speech, asserting these changes can promote censorship, while proponents have described these changes as promoting inclusiveness.
Millennials that are, or have had, serving in the military, may have drastically different views and opinions than their non-veteran counterparts. With the September 11th Attacks being a defining moment in their lives Because of this some don't identify with their generation; this coincides with most Millennials having a lack of exposure and knowledge of the military, yet trust its leadership. Yet, the view of some senior leadership of serving Millenials are not always positive.
A February 2018 survey of 1,350 individuals found that 66% of the American millennials (and 41% of all U.S. adults) surveyed did not know what Auschwitz was, while 41% incorrectly claimed that 2 million Jews or less were killed during the Holocaust, and 22% said that they had never heard of the Holocaust. A CNN-ComRes poll in 2018 found a similar situation in Europe. Over 95% of American millennials were unaware that the Holocaust occurred in the Baltic states, which lost over 90% of their pre-war Jewish population, and 49% were not able to name a single Nazi concentration camp or ghetto in German-occupied Europe. However, at least 93% surveyed believed that teaching about the Holocaust in school is important and 96% believed the Holocaust happened.
The YouGov survey found that 42% of American millennials have never heard of Mao Zedong, who ruled China from 1949 to 1976 and was responsible for the deaths of 20–45 million people; another 40% are unfamiliar with Che Guevara. According to the CIS poll, only 21% of Australian millennials are familiar with Mao Zedong and 26% with Vladimir Lenin.
Demographics in the United States
Millennial population size varies, depending on the definition used. William Strauss and Neil Howe projected in their 1991 book Generations that the U.S. millennial population would be 76 million. In 2014, using dates ranging from 1982 to 2004, Neil Howe revised the number to over 95 million people (in the U.S.). In a 2012 Time magazine article, it was estimated that there were approximately 80 million U.S. millennials. The United States Census Bureau, using birth dates ranging from 1982 to 2000, stated the estimated number of U.S. millennials in 2015 was 83.1 million people.
The Millennial generation continues to grow as young immigrants expand its ranks. The Pew Research Center has projected that by 2019 millennials will surpass Baby Boomers to become the largest living generation in the United States. By analyzing U.S Census data they found that in 2016 there were an estimated 71 million millennials, based on Pew's definition of the generation which ranges from 1981 to 1996, compared to 74.1 million Baby Boomers.
According to the Pew Research Center, "Among men, only 4% of millennials [ages 21 to 36 in 2017] are veterans, compared with 47%" of men in their 70s and 80s, "many of whom came of age during the Korean War and its aftermath." Some of these veterans, are combat veterans, having fought in Afghanistan and/or Iraq. As of 2016[update], Millennials are the majority of the total veteran population. According to the Pentagon in 2016, 19% of Millenials are interested in serving in the military, and 15% have a parent with a history of military service.
In 2017, fewer than 56% millennials (born 1981-96) were non-Hispanic whites, compared with more than 84% of Americans in their 70s and 80s, 57% had never been married, and 67% lived in a metropolitan area. According to the Brookings Institute, millennials are the “demographic bridge between the largely white older generations (pre-millennials) and much more racially diverse younger generations (post-millennials).”
Economic prospects for some millennials have declined largely due to the Great Recession in the late 2000s. Several governments have instituted major youth employment schemes out of fear of social unrest due to the dramatically increased rates of youth unemployment. In Europe, youth unemployment levels were very high (56% in Spain, 44% in Italy, 35% in the Baltic states, 19% in Britain and more than 20% in many more countries). In 2009, leading commentators began to worry about the long-term social and economic effects of the unemployment. Unemployment levels in other areas of the world were also high, with the youth unemployment rate in the U.S. reaching a record 19% in July 2010 since the statistic started being gathered in 1948. In Canada, unemployment among youths in July 2009 was 16%, the highest it had been in 11 years. Underemployment is also a major factor. In the U.S. the economic difficulties have led to dramatic increases in youth poverty, unemployment, and the numbers of young people living with their parents. In April 2012, it was reported that half of all new college graduates in the US were still either unemployed or underemployed. It has been argued that this unemployment rate and poor economic situation has given millennials a rallying call with the 2011 Occupy Wall Street movement. However, according to Christine Kelly, Occupy is not a youth movement and has participants that vary from the very young to very old.
A variety of names have emerged in various European countries hard hit following the financial crisis of 2007–2008 to designate young people with limited employment and career prospects. These groups can be considered to be more or less synonymous with millennials, or at least major sub-groups in those countries. The Generation of €700 is a term popularized by the Greek mass media and refers to educated Greek twixters of urban centers who generally fail to establish a career. In Greece, young adults are being "excluded from the labor market" and some "leave their country of origin to look for better options". They're being "marginalized and face uncertain working conditions" in jobs that are unrelated to their educational background, and receive the minimum allowable base salary of €700 per month. This generation evolved in circumstances leading to the Greek debt crisis and some participated in the 2010–2011 Greek protests. In Spain, they're referred to as the mileurista (for €1,000 per month), in France "The Precarious Generation," and as in Spain, Italy also has the "milleurista"; generation of 1,000 euros (per month).
In 2015, millennials in New York City were reported as earning 20% less than the generation before them, as a result of entering the workforce during the great recession. Despite higher college attendance rates than Generation X, many were stuck in low-paid jobs, with the percentage of degree-educated young adults working in low-wage industries rising from 23% to 33% between 2000 and 2014. In 2016, research from the Resolution Foundation found millennials in the UK earned £8,000 less in their 20s than Generation X, describing millennials as "on course to become the first generation to earn less than the one before".
Generation Flux is a neologism and psychographic (not demographic) designation coined by Fast Company for American employees who need to make several changes in career throughout their working lives due to the chaotic nature of the job market following the Great Recession. Societal change has been accelerated by the use of social media, smartphones, mobile computing, and other new technologies. Those in "Generation Flux" have birth-years in the ranges of both Generation X and millennials. "Generation Sell" was used by author William Deresiewicz to describe millennials' interest in small businesses.
Millennials are expected to make up approximately half of the U.S. workforce by 2020. Millennials are the most highly educated and culturally diverse group of all generations, and have been regarded as hard to please when it comes to employers. To address these new challenges, many large firms are currently studying the social and behavioral patterns of millennials and are trying to devise programs that decrease intergenerational estrangement, and increase relationships of reciprocal understanding between older employees and millennials. The UK's Institute of Leadership & Management researched the gap in understanding between millennial recruits and their managers in collaboration with Ashridge Business School. The findings included high expectations for advancement, salary and for a coaching relationship with their manager, and suggested that organizations will need to adapt to accommodate and make the best use of millennials. In an example of a company trying to do just this, Goldman Sachs conducted training programs that used actors to portray millennials who assertively sought more feedback, responsibility, and involvement in decision making. After the performance, employees discussed and debated the generational differences they saw played out.
Millennials have benefited the least from the economic recovery following the Great Recession, as average incomes for this generation have fallen at twice the general adult population's total drop and are likely to be on a path toward lower incomes for at least another decade. A Bloomberg L.P. article wrote that "Three and a half years after the worst recession since the Great Depression, the earnings and employment gap between those in the under-35 population and their parents and grandparents threatens to unravel the American dream of each generation doing better than the last. The nation's younger workers have benefited least from an economic recovery that has been the most uneven in recent history."
In 2014, millennials were entering an increasingly multi-generational workplace. Even though research has shown that millennials are joining the workforce during a tough economic time they still have remained optimistic, as shown when about nine out of ten millennials surveyed by the Pew Research Center said that they currently have enough money or that they will eventually reach their long-term financial goals.
Peter Pan generation
American sociologist Kathleen Shaputis labeled millennials as the Boomerang Generation or Peter Pan generation, because of the members' perceived tendency for delaying some rites of passage into adulthood for longer periods than most generations before them. These labels were also a reference to a trend toward members living with their parents for longer periods than previous generations. Kimberly Palmer regards the high cost of housing and higher education, and the relative affluence of older generations, as among the factors driving the trend. Questions regarding a clear definition of what it means to be an adult also impacts a debate about delayed transitions into adulthood and the emergence of a new life stage, Emerging Adulthood. A 2012 study by professors at Brigham Young University found that college students were more likely to define "adult" based on certain personal abilities and characteristics rather than more traditional "rite of passage" events. Larry Nelson noted that "In prior generations, you get married and you start a career and you do that immediately. What young people today are seeing is that approach has led to divorces, to people unhappy with their careers … The majority want to get married […] they just want to do it right the first time, the same thing with their careers."
A 2013 joint study by sociologists at the University of Virginia and Harvard University found that the decline and disappearance of stable full-time jobs with health insurance and pensions for people who lack a college degree has had profound effects on working-class Americans, who now are less likely to marry and have children within marriage than those with college degrees. Data from a 2014 study of U.S. millennials revealed over 56% of this cohort considers themselves as part of the working class, with only approximately 35% considering themselves as part of the middle class; this class identity is the lowest polling of any generation.
Research by the Urban Institute conducted in 2014, projected that if current trends continue, millennials will have a lower marriage rate compared to previous generations, predicting that by age 40, 31% of millennial women will remain single, approximately twice the share of their single Gen X counterparts. The data showed similar trends for males. A 2016 study from Pew Research showed millennials delay some activities considered rites of passage of adulthood with data showing young adults aged 18–34 were more likely to live with parents than with a relationship partner, an unprecedented occurrence since data collection began in 1880. Data also showed a significant increase in the percentage of young adults living with parents compared to the previous demographic cohort, Generation X, with 23% of young adults aged 18–34 living with parents in 2000, rising to 32% in 2014. Additionally, in 2000, 43% of those aged 18–34 were married or living with a partner, with this figure dropping to 32% in 2014. High student debt is described as one reason for continuing to live with parents, but may not be the dominant factor for this shift as the data shows the trend is stronger for those without a college education. Richard Fry, a senior economist for Pew Research said of millennials, "they're the group much more likely to live with their parents." furthering "they're concentrating more on school, careers and work and less focused on forming new families, spouses or partners and children".
According to a cross-generational study comparing millennials to Generation X conducted at Wharton School of Business, more than half of millennial undergraduates surveyed do not plan to have children. The researchers compared surveys of the Wharton graduating class of 1992 and 2012. In 1992, 78% of women planned to eventually have children dropping to 42% in 2012. The results were similar for male students. The research revealed among both genders the proportion of undergraduates who reported they eventually planned to have children had dropped in half over the course of a generation.
In the U.S., millennials are the least likely to be religious when compared to older generations. There is a trend towards irreligion that has been increasing since the 1940s. 29 percent of Americans born between 1983 and 1994 are irreligious, as opposed to 21 percent born between 1963 and 1981, 15 percent born between 1948 and 1962 and only 7 percent born before 1948. A 2005 study looked at 1,385 people aged 18 to 25 and found that more than half of those in the study said that they pray regularly before a meal. One-third said that they discussed religion with friends, attended religious services, and read religious material weekly. Twenty-three percent of those studied did not identify themselves as religious practitioners. A Pew Research Center study on millennials shows that of those between 18–29 years old, only 3% of these emerging adults self-identified as "atheists" and only 4% self-identified as "agnostics". Overall, 25% of millennials are "Nones" and 75% are religiously affiliated.
Over half of millennials polled in the United Kingdom in 2013 said they had "no religion nor attended a place of worship", other than for a wedding or a funeral. 25% said they "believe in a God", while 19% believed in a "spiritual greater power" and 38% said they did not believe in God nor any other "greater spiritual power". The poll also found 41% thought religion was "the cause of evil" in the world more often than good. The British Social Attitudes Survey found that 71% of British 18–24 year-olds were not religious, with just 3% affiliated to the once-dominant Church of England.
In their 2007 book, authors Junco and Mastrodicasa expanded on the work of William Strauss and Neil Howe to include research-based information about the personality profiles of millennials, especially as it relates to higher education. They conducted a large-sample (7,705) research study of college students. They found that Next Generation college students, born between 1983–1992, were frequently in touch with their parents and they used technology at higher rates than people from other generations. In their survey, they found that 97% of these students owned a computer, 94% owned a mobile phone, and 56% owned an MP3 player. They also found that students spoke with their parents an average of 1.5 times a day about a wide range of topics. Other findings in the Junco and Mastrodicasa survey revealed 76% of students used instant messaging, 92% of those reported multitasking while instant messaging, 40% of them used television to get most of their news, and 34% of students surveyed used the Internet as their primary news source. Older millennials came of age prior to widespread usage and availability of smartphones, defined as those born 1988 and earlier, in contrast to younger millennials, those born in 1989 and later, who were exposed to this technology in their teen years.
Gen Xers and millennials were the first to grow up with computers in their homes. In a 1999 speech at the New York Institute of Technology, Microsoft Chairman and CEO Bill Gates encouraged America's teachers to use technology to serve the needs of the first generation of kids to grow up with the Internet. Some millennials enjoy having hundreds of channels from cable TV. However, some other millennials do not even have a TV, so they watch media over the Internet using smartphones and tablets. One of the most popular forms of media use by millennials is social networking. In 2010, research was published in the Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research which claimed that students who used social media and decided to quit showed the same withdrawal symptoms of a drug addict who quit their stimulant. Marc Prensky coined the term "digital native" to describe "K through college" students in 2001, explaining they "represent the first generations to grow up with this new technology." Millennials are identified as "digital natives" by the Pew Research Center which conducted a survey titled Millennials in Adulthood.
Millennials use social networking sites, such as Facebook, Twitter, etc..., to create a different sense of belonging, make acquaintances, and to remain connected with friends. In the Frontline episode "Generation Like" there is discussion about millennials, their dependence on technology, and the ways the social media sphere is commoditized.
Strauss & Howe's book titled Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation describes the millennial generation as "civic-minded", rejecting the attitudes of the Baby Boomers and Generation X. Since the 2000 U.S. Census, which allowed people to select more than one racial group, millennials in abundance have asserted the ideal that all their heritages should be respected, counted, and acknowledged. Millennials are the children of Baby Boomers or Generation X, while some older members may have parents from the Silent Generation. A 2013 poll in the United Kingdom found that Generation Y was more "open-minded than their parents on controversial topics". Of those surveyed, nearly 75% supported same-sex marriage.
A 2013 Pew Research Poll found that 84% of millennials, born since 1980, who were at that time between the ages of 18 and 32, favored legalizing the use of marijuana. In 2015, the Pew Research Center also conducted research regarding generational identity. It was discovered that millennials are less likely to strongly identify with the generational term when compared to Generation X or to the Baby Boomers, with only 40% of those born between 1981 and 1997 identifying as part of the Millennial Generation. Among older millennials, those born 1981–1988, Pew Research found 43% personally identified as members of the older demographic cohort, Generation X, while only 35% identified as millennials. Among younger millennials (born 1989–1997), generational identity was not much stronger, with only 45% personally identifying as millennials. It was also found that millennials chose most often to define themselves with more negative terms such as self-absorbed, wasteful or greedy. In this 2015 report, Pew defined millennials with birth years ranging from 1981 onwards.
Millennials came of age in a time where the entertainment industry began to be affected by the Internet. In addition to millennials being the most ethnically and racially diverse compared to the generations older than they are, they are also on pace to be the most formally educated. As of 2008[update], 39.6% of millennials between the ages of 18 and 24 were enrolled in college, which was an American record. Along with being educated, millennials also tend be upbeat, with about 9 out of 10 millennials feeling as though they have enough money or that they will reach their long-term financial goals, even during the tough economic times, and they are more optimistic about the future of the U.S. Additionally, millennials are also more open to change than older generations. According to the Pew Research Center that did a survey in 2008, millennials are the most likely of any generation to self-identify as liberals and are also more supportive of progressive domestic social agenda than older generations. Finally, millennials are less overtly religious than the older generations. About one in four millennials are unaffiliated with any religion, a considerably higher ratio than that of older generations when they were the ages of millennials.
- Generation gap
- Generation Snowflake
- List of generations
- Sampo generation
- Strawberry generation
- Youth bulge
- Horovitz, Bruce (4 May 2012). "After Gen X, Millennials, what should next generation be?". USA Today. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
- Strauss, William; Howe, Neil (2000). Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation. Cartoons by R.J. Matson. New York: Vintage Original. p. 370. ISBN 978-0375707193. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- Strauss, William; Howe, Neil (1991). Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0688119126. p. 335
- "Generation Y" Ad Age 30 August 1993. p. 16.
- Francese, Peter (1 September 2003). "Trend Ticker: Ahead of the Next Wave". Advertising Age. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
Today's 21-year-olds, who were born in 1982 and are part of the leading edge of Generation Y, are among the most-studied group of young adults ever.
- Samantha Raphelson (6 October 2014). "From GIs To Gen Z (Or Is It iGen?): How Generations Get Nicknames". NPR. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
- Armour, Stephanie (6 November 2008). "Generation Y: They've arrived at work with a new attitude". USA Today. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
- Advance Report of Final Natality Statistics, 1990, Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 25 February 1993
- "Baby Boom – A History of the Baby Boom". Geography.about.com. 9 August 1948. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- Rosenthal, Elisabeth (4 September 2006). "European Union's Plunging Birthrates Spread Eastward". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- Carlson, Elwood (2008). The Lucky Few: Between the Greatest Generation and the Baby Boom. Springer. p. 29. ISBN 978-1402085406.
- Twinge, Jean (30 September 2014). "Generation Me – Revised and Updated: Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled – and More Miserable Than Ever Before". ISBN 978-1476755564.
- "College students think they're so special – Study finds alarming rise in narcissism, self-centeredness in 'Generation Me'". NBC News. 27 February 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
- Stein, Joel (20 May 2013). "Millennials: The Me Me Me Generation". Time. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
- Kalb, Claudia (September 2009). "Generation 9/11". Newsweek. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
- Generation We. How Millennial Youth Are Taking Over America And Changing Our World Forever
- "The Online NewsHour: Generation Next". PBS. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- Shapira, Ian (6 July 2008). "What Comes Next After Generation X?". The Washington Post. pp. C01. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
- "How Millennials Became The Burnout Generation". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
- University of Southern California US-China Institute University of Southern California, 2015
- "Video: #MillennialMinds". University of Southern California. 2015.
- "millennial". OxfordDictionaries.com. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
- Fry, Richard (1 March 2018). "Millennials projected to overtake Baby Boomers as America's largest generation". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- "The Whys and Hows of Generations Research". Pew Research Center. 3 September 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- Rauch, Jonathan (November 2018). "Generation next, Millennials will outnumber baby-boomers in 2019". The Economist. Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- Yarvin, Jessica (15 February 2019). "The game for 2020 Democrats: wooing millennials". PBS. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- Picchi, Aimee (1 February 2019). "How marriage became a status symbol for millennials". CBS. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- "Would you take a pay cut to work at an environmentally responsible company?". ABC Australia. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- Van Dam, Andrew (16 March 2019). "Millennials really are special, data show". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
- Boylan, Dan (14 March 2019). "Census Bureau's first-ever online headcount designed to reach millennials likely to miss mark". The Washington Times. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
- Jarvie, Jenny (3 April 2018). "Parkland highlights political potential of millennials. The question now is if they'll vote". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- Dimock, Michael (17 January 2019). "Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- Langone, Alix (1 March 2018). "The One Way to Know If You're Officially a Millennial — Whether You Like It or Not". Time. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- Strauss, Valerie (5 November 2018). "Americans: Get ready for the post-millennial generation. They have a lot to say". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- Randall, David (12 June 2018). "As millennials age, more U.S. companies look ahead to Generation Z". Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- "Black Male Millennial: Unemployment and Mental Health" (PDF). American Psychological Association. August 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- "Consumer & Community Context" (PDF). Federal Reserve. January 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
- "Americas retail report: Redefining loyalty for retail" (PDF). www.ey.com. EY. June 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
- Esipova, Neli; Pugliese, Anita; Ray, Julie (18 December 2018). "Revisiting the Most- and Least-Accepting Countries for Migrants". Gallup. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
- Inc., Gallup. "Millennial Banking Customers: Two Myths, One Fact". Gallup.com. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
- Inc., Gallup. "Insurance Companies Have a Big Problem With Millennials". Gallup.com. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
- "Igniting Millennial Engagement: Supervising Similarities, Distinctions, and Realities" (PDF). Dale Carnegie Training. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
- Ahmed, Kamal (17 April 2018). "Up to a third of millennials 'face renting their entire life'". BBC. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
- PwC (2017). "Engaging a cross-generational volunteer force" (PDF). PwC. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
- "MILLENNIALS ON MILLENNIALS: IN THE KNOW…ON THE GO!". Nielsen. 10 September 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- Gonzalez, Guadalupe (27 February 2019). "How the Country's Biggest Business Lobbying Group Wants to Reel In More Millennial Members". Inc. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
- "Shattering Glass: From the Playing Field to the C-Suite". U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation. 10 September 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
- "Millennials Drive Less". US PIRG. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
- "Millennnials Shift Away from Driving". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
- "Why are Millennials Forgoing Driving". Christian Science Monitor. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
- Bureau, US Census. "Millennials Outnumber Baby Boomers and Are Far More Diverse".
- Vespa, Jonathan (April 2017). "The Changing Economics and Demographics of Young Adulthood: 1975–2016" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- Bump, Philip (25 March 2014). "Here Is When Each Generation Begins and Ends, According to Facts". The Atlantic. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- Bump, Philip (25 June 2015). "Here's how the Census Bureau fooled you on 'millennials'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- Colby, Sandra. "Talkin' 'Bout Our Generations: Will Millennials Have a Similar Impact on America's Institutions as the Baby Boomers?". U.S. Census Bureau Blogs. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- Generations Defined. Mark McCrindle
- Howe, Neil (27 October 2014). "Introducing the Homeland Generation (Part 1 of 2)". Forbes. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
- Ingraham, Christopher (5 May 2015). "Five really good reasons to hate millennials". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- Mukherji, Rohini (29 July 2014). "X or Y: A View from the Cusp". www.apexpr.com. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- Epstein, Leonora (17 July 2013). "22 Signs You're Stuck Between Gen X And Millennials". www.buzzfeed.com. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- Garvey, Ana (5 May 2015). "The Biggest (And Best) Difference Between Millennial and My Generation". Huffington Post. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- Fogarty, Lisa (7 January 2016). "3 Signs you're stuck between Gen X & Millennials". www.sheknows.com. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- Shafrir, Doree (28 March 2016). "Generation Catalano". Slate. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
- Stankorb, Sarah (25 September 2014). "Reasonable People Disagree about the Post-Gen X, Pre-Millennial Generation". Huffington Post. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- Garvey, Anna. "Why '80s Babies Are Different Than Other Millennials".
- "Eventbrite study shows millennials choose music events based on more than just the music". Music Week. 21 June 2017.
- Twenge, Jean M. (2006). Generation Me. New York: Free Press (Simon & Schuster). ISBN 978-0743276979.
- Twenge, Jean M. (2007). Generation me: Why today's young Americans are more confident, assertive, entitled – and more miserable than ever before. ISBN 978-0743276986.
- Twenge, JM; Campbell, WK; Freeman, EC (2012). "Generational Differences in Young Adults' Life Goals, Concern for Others, and Civic Orientation, 1966–2009" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 102 (5): 1045–1062. doi:10.1037/a0027408. PMID 22390226.
- Quenqua, Douglas (5 August 2013). "Seeing Narcissists Everywhere". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- Jarret, Christian (17 November 2017). "Millennials are narcissistic? The evidence is not so simple". BBC. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
- Wetzel, Eunike; Brown, Anna; Hill, Patrick L.; Chung, Joanne M.; Robbins, Richard W.; Roberts, Brent W. (24 October 2017). "The Narcissism Epidemic Is Dead; Long Live the Narcissism Epidemic". Psychological Science. doi:10.1177/0956797617724208. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
- Newman, Kira M. (17 January 2018). "The Surprisingly Boring Truth about Millennials and Narcissism". Greater Good Magazine, Science-Based Insights for a Meaningful Life. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
- Healy, Michelle (15 March 2012). "Millennials might not be so special after all, study finds". USA Today. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- Galston, William A. (31 July 2017). "Millennials will soon be the largest voting bloc in America".
- "Majority Now Supports Legalizing Marijuana". Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 4 April 2013.
- "Most Millennials Resist the 'Millennial' Label". Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- "Millennials: Bet for the future". www.eurekalert.org. EurekAlert! Science News. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- "Millennials in Adulthood – Detached from Institutions, Networked with Friends" (PDF).
- "Millennials in Adulthood". Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project. 7 March 2014.
- Hoover, Eric (11 October 2009). "The Millennial Muddle: How stereotyping students became a thriving industry and a bundle of contradictions". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- Burstein, David (2013). Fast Future: How the Millennial Generation is Shaping Our World. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 3
- Prensky, M. (2001). "Digital natives, digital immigrants": Part 1. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1–6.
- Venter, Elza (2017). "Bridging the communication gap between Generation y and the Baby Boomer generation". International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. 22 (4): 497–507. doi:10.1080/02673843.2016.1267022.
- "We are wrong about millennials; they ARE sports fans". www.sportsbusinessdaily.com. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- Singer, Dan (October 2017). "We are wrong about millennial sports fans". McKinsey & Company. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- "Shifting interest by age, gender gives MMA a fighting chance". www.sportsbusinessdaily.com. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- "Millennials and Major League Soccer". 23 February 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- Serrano, Adam (9 January 2018). "Gallup poll says soccer's popularity on the rise as sport closes in on top three big U.S. spectator sports". LA Galaxy. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- "Millennials: the running generation". National Post. 17 March 2016.
- "2018 Participation Report" (PDF). Physical Activity Council. 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- "Why millennials are more fit than any other generation". 10 June 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- "Millennials Lead All Physical Activity Categories in Recent PAC Study". 30 March 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
- "Millennials top obesity chart before reaching middle age". Cancer Research UK. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
- Campbell, Denise (26 February 2018). "Millennials set to be the fattest generation of Britons, research shows". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
- "Millennials 'set to be fattest generation'". BBC. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
- Huyler, Debaro; Pierre, Yselande; Ding, Wei; Norelus, Adly. "Millennials in the Workplace: Positioning Companies for Future Success".
- Bondar, Kateryna (29 November 2017). "Challenges of the Work of the Future". InnovaCima. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
- Myers, Karen K.; Sadaghiani, Kamyab (1 January 2010). "Millennials in the Workplace: A Communication Perspective on Millennials' Organizational Relationships and Performance". Journal of Business and Psychology. 25 (2): 225–238. doi:10.1007/s10869-010-9172-7. JSTOR 40605781. PMC 2868990. PMID 20502509.
- Hershatter, Andrea; Epstein, Molly (1 January 2010). "Millennials and the World of Work: An Organization and Management Perspective". Journal of Business and Psychology. 25 (2): 211–223. doi:10.1007/s10869-010-9160-y. JSTOR 40605780.
- Winograd, Morley; Hais, Michael (30 November 2001). "How Millennials Could Upend Wall Street and Corporate America | Brookings Institution". Brookings. Brookings Institution.
- Alsop, Ron (2008). The Trophy Kids Grow Up: How the Millennial Generation is Shaking Up the Workplace. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-470-22954-5. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- Alsop, Ron (21 October 2008). "The Trophy Kids Go to Work". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
- Kunreuther, Frances; Kim, Helen & Rodriguez, Robby (2009). Working Across Generations, San Francisco, CA.[ISBN missing]
- Singal, Jesse (24 April 2017). "Don't Call Me a Millennial – I'm an Old Millennial". NYMAG.com. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
- Meriac, John P.; Woehr, David J.; Banister, Christina (1 January 2010). "Generational Differences in Work Ethic: An Examination of Measurement Equivalence Across Three Cohorts". Journal of Business and Psychology. 25 (2): 315–324. doi:10.1007/s10869-010-9164-7. JSTOR 40605789.
- Costanza, David P.; Badger, Jessica M.; Fraser, Rebecca L.; Severt, Jamie B.; Gade, Paul A. (1 January 2012). "Generational Differences in Work-Related Attitudes: A Meta-analysis". Journal of Business and Psychology. 27 (4): 375–394. doi:10.1007/s10869-012-9259-4. JSTOR 41682990.
- Roberts, Karen (8 April 2015). "Millennial Workers Want Free Meals and Flex Time".
- "Myths, Exaggerations and Uncomfortable Truths – The Real Story Behind Millennials in the Workplace" (PDF). Public.DHE.IBM.com. IBM.
- "Generation Boris". The Economist.
- Gallup, Inc. "Older Americans' Moral Attitudes Changing". Gallup.
- Blake, Aaron (20 June 2016). "More young people voted for Bernie Sanders than Trump and Clinton combined — by a lot". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- Ehrenfreund, Max (26 April 2016). "Bernie Sanders is profoundly changing how millennials think about politics, poll shows". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- Goyal, Nikhil (19 April 2016). "The Real Reason Millennials Love Bernie Sanders". Time. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- CBS This Morning (14 November 2016). "Bernie Sanders on how Donald Trump won presidency" – via YouTube.[better source needed]
- "Millennials Are Social Liberals, Fiscal Centrists". Reason.com. 17 July 2014.
- "How Millennials voted this election". www.brookings.edu. Brookings Institution. 21 November 2016.
- Kottasova, Ivana (24 June 2016). "British Millennials: You've stolen our future". CNN. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- Boult, Adam (24 June 2016). "Millennials' 'fury' over baby boomers' vote for Brexit". The Telegraph. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- Valinsky, Jordan (24 June 2016). "Comment on FT's website goes viral after Brexit vote". Digiday.
- ""A vote for selfishness": The battle of millennials and Brexit-voting boomers". Thejournal.ie. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- Zak, Dan (29 June 2016). "Baby boomers are the zombie invasion we've feared". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
- La Roche, Julie (24 June 2016). "British Millennials have themselves to blame for what happened". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
- Smith, Alexander (25 June 2016). "Britain's Brexit: How Baby Boomers Defeated Millennials in Historic Vote". NBC News. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
- Parkinson, Hannah Jane (28 June 2016). "Young people are so bad at voting – I'm disappointed in my peers". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- Khalaf, Roula (29 June 2016). "Young people feel betrayed by Brexit but gave up their voice". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- Howe, Neil (16 November 2015). "Why Do Millennials Love Political Correctness? Generational Values". Forbes. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
- Poushter, Jacob (20 November 2015). "40% of Millennials OK with limiting speech offensive to minorities". Pew Research. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
- Lukianoff, Gregg (September 2015). "The Coddling of the American Mind". The Atlantic. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
- Halls, Eleanor (12 May 2016). "MILLENNIALS. STOP BEING OFFENDED BY, LIKE, LITERALLY EVERYTHING". GQ. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
- O'Brien, Kathleen (1 August 2014). "After Combat, These Veterans Are Trying to Fit in With Their Generation". Nation Swell. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- Dixon, David (16 February 2016). "Millennials: Understanding This Generation and the Military". Association of the United States Army. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- Kunzig, Rob (18 July 2014). "On Campus, Young Veterans Are Learning How to Be Millennials". The Atlantic. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
Baab, Luke (1 October 2016). "The surprising truth: Millennials are a war generation". Richmand Times-Dispatch. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- Colford, Matthew; Sugarman, Alec J. (2 August 2016). "Millennials and the Military". Defining Ideas. Hoover Institute. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
Hyler, Jeremy N. (March 2013). Millennial Generation Opinions of the Military: A Case Study (PDF) (Master's Thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved 11 May 2019 – via Defense Technical Information Center.
- Cavanaugh, ML (3 August 2017). "Abundant Vulnerability: Why Military Millennials Might Be America's Achilles' Heel". Modern War Institute. United States Military Academy. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
Forsling, Carl (15 August 2016). "Military Millennials' Bad Reputation is Undeserved". Task & Purpose. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
Cunningham, Darcie (August 2014). "New Hear This - Millennials Bring a New Mentality: Does It Fit?". Proceedings. Vol. 140 no. 8. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- "Holocaust study: Two-thirds of millennials don't know what Auschwitz is". The Washington Post. 12 April 2018.
- "4 in 10 millennials don't know 6 million Jews were killed in Holocaust, study shows". CBS News. 12 April 2018.
- Greene, Richard Allen (November 2018). "CNN poll reveals depth of anti-Semitism in Europe". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018.
- "Holocaust Knowledge and Awareness Study" (PDF). www.claimscon.org. Schoen Consulting.
- "New Survey by Claims Conference Finds Significant Lack of Holocaust Knowledge in the United States". Claims Conference. 2018. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018.
- Astor, Maggie (12 April 2018). "Holocaust Is Fading From Memory, Survey Finds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018.
- "Poll: Millennials desperately need to bone up on the history of communism". MarketWatch. 21 October 2016.
- "Poll Finds Young Americans More Open to Socialist Ideas". VOA News. 23 October 2016.
- Switzer, Tom (23 February 2019). "Opinion: Why Millennials are embracing socialism". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069. Harper Perennial. 1991. ISBN 9780688119126.p. 336
- Howe, Neil. "The Millennial Generation, "Keep Calm and Carry On"". Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- Dan Schawbel (29 March 2012). "Millennials vs. Baby Boomers: Who Would You Rather Hire?". Time Magazine. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- Bureau, US Census. "Millennials Outnumber Baby Boomers and Are Far More Diverse". www.census.gov. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
- Fry, Richard (1 March 2018). "Millennials projected to overtake Baby Boomers as America's largest generation". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
- "How Millennials today compare with their grandparents 50 years ago". Pew Research Center. 16 March 2018.
- Smith, C. Brian (2018). "A Millennial Veteran Takes On The Notion That His Generation Isn't Man Enough". Mel Magazine. Los Angeles: Dollar Shave Club. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- Arens, Bob (4 April 2016). "What percentage of veterans are Millennials?". Medium. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- Tilghman, Andrew (9 July 2016). "The Pentagon keeps data on millennials. This is what it says". Military Times. Virginia. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- Frey, William (January 2018). "The millennial generation: A demographic bridge to America's diverse future". The Brookings Institute. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- "How We Survive: The Recession Generation" Making Contact, produced by National Radio Project. 23 November 2010.
- Yen, Hope (22 September 2011). "Census: Recession Turning Young Adults Into Lost Generation". Huffington Post. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
- Chohan, Usman W. "Young people worldwide fear a lack of opportunities, it's easy to see why" The Conversation. 13 September 2016.
- Scott, Mark (24 July 2009). "Jobless Youth: Will Europe's Gen Y Be Lost?". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- Stephen Burgen (30 August 2013). "Spain youth unemployment reaches record 56.1%". The Guardian.
- F. Q. (31 July 2015). "Disoccupazione giovanile, nuovo record: è al 44,2%. In Italia senza lavoro il 12,7%". Il Fatto Quotidiano.
- Travis, Alan (12 August 2009). "Youth unemployment figures raise spectre of Thatcher's Britain". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- Annie Lowrey (13 July 2009). "Europe's New Lost Generation". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- "Employment and Unemployment Among Youth Summary" (Press release). U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 27 August 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- "Youth unemployment highest in 11 years: StatsCan". CBC.ca. 10 July 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
- Thompson, Derek (22 September 2011). "Are today's Youth Really a Lost Generation?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- Altavena, Lily (27 April 2012). "One in Two New College Graduates is Jobless or Unemployed". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- Serchuk, Dave. "Move over Boomers!". Forbes. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- "Generation Threat: Why the Youth of America Are Occupying the Nation". Logos Journal.
- Itano, Nicole (14 May 2009). "In Greece, education isn't the answer". Global Post. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- "Γενιά των 600 € και "αγανακτισμένοι" της Μαδρίτης – βίοι παράλληλοι; – Πολιτική". Deutsche Welle. 30 May 2011.
- Pérez-Lanzac, Carmen (12 March 2012). "1,000 euros a month? Dream on…". El Pais. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- Emma Dayson (5 May 2014). "La génération Y existe-t-elle vraiment ?". Midiformations Actualités.
- "Tired, poor, huddled millennials of New York earn 20% less than prior generation". The Guardian. The Guardian. 25 April 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- York, Chris (18 July 2016). "Millennials 'Will Earn Less Than Generation X', And They'll Spend Far More On Rent". Huffington Post. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- Gardiner, Laura (18 July 2016). "Stagnation Generation: the case for renewing the intergenerational contract". Resolution Foundation. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- Safian, Robert (9 January 2012). "This Is Generation Flux: Meet The Pioneers Of The New (And Chaotic) Frontier Of Business". fastcompany.com. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- Deresiewicz, William (11 December 2011). "The Entrepreneurial Generation". The New York Times. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- Goudreau, Jenna. "7 Surprising Ways To Motivate Millennial Workers".
- "Great Expectations: Managing Generation Y, 2011". I-l-m.com. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- Smith, Elliot Blair. "American Dream Fades for Generation Y Professionals." Bloomberg L.P. 20 December 2012
- Armour, Stephanie (8 November 2005). "Generation Y: They've arrived at work with a new attitude". USA Today. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- "Millennials: Confident. Connected. Open to Change". Pew Research Center. 24 February 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
- Shaputis, Kathleen (2004). The Crowded Nest Syndrome: Surviving the Return of Adult Children. Clutter Fairy Publishing, ISBN 978-0972672702
- Palmer, Kimberly (12 December 2007). "The New Parent Trap: More Boomers Help Adult Kids out Financially". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- Brittani Lusk (5 December 2007). "Study Finds Kids Take Longer to Reach Adulthood". Provo Daily Herald. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- "Love and work don't always work for working class in America, study shows". American Association for the Advancement of Science. 13 August 2013.
- "US millennials feel more working class than any other generation". The Guardian. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
- Luhby, Tami (30 July 2014). "When it comes to marriage, Millennials are saying "I don't."". CNN Money. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- Martin, Steven (29 April 2014). "Fewer Marriages, More Divergence: Marriage Projections for Millennials to Age 40". Urban Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
- "More young adults live with parents than partners, a first". Los Angeles Times. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
- Fry, Richard (24 May 2016). "For First Time in Modern Era, Living With Parents Edges Out Other Living Arrangements for 18- to 34-Year-Olds". Pew Research. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
- "Life Interests Of Wharton Students". Work/Life Integration Project. University of Pennsylvania. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- Anderson, Kare (5 October 2013). "Baby Bust: Millennials' View Of Family, Work, Friendship And Doing Well". Forbes. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- Assimon, Jessie. "Millennials Aren't Planning on Having Children. Should We Worry?". Parents. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- Twenge, Jean M. "The Least Religious Generation". San Diego State University. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
- ""Nones" on the Rise". Pew Research. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
- "Poll: One In Five Americans Aren't Religious – A Huge Spike". TPM. 2012.
- "Generation Y embraces choice, redefines religion". Washington Times. 12 April 2005. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
- "Religion Among the millennials". Pew Research Center. 17 February 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- "YouGov / The Sun Youth Survey Results" (PDF). Retrieved 26 July 2013.
- "Latest British Social Attitudes reveals 71% of young adults are non-religious, just 3% are Church of England". Humanists UK. 4 September 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
- Junco, Reynol; Mastrodicasa, Jeanna (2007). Connecting to the Net.Generation: What Higher Education Professionals Need to Know About Today's Students. National Association of Student Personnel Administrators. ISBN 978-0-931654-48-0. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- Berk, Ronald A. (2009). "How Do You Leverage the Latest Technologies, including Web 2.0 Tools, in Your Classroom?" (PDF). International Journal of Technology in Teaching and Learning. 6 (1): 4. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
- "The Challenge and Promise of "Generation I"" (Press release). Microsoft. 28 October 1999. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
- John M. Grohol (1 August 2012). "The Death of TV: 5 Reasons People Are Fleeing Traditional TV". World of Psychology. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
- Cabral, J. (2010). "Is Generation Y Addicted to Social Media". The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communication, 2(1), 5–13.
- Prensky, Marc. "Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants" (PDF). MCB University Press. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
- Woodman, Dan (2015). Youth and Generation. London: Sage Publications Ltd. p. 132. ISBN 978-1446259054.
- Generation Like PBS Film 18 February 2014
- Howe, Neil, Strauss, William Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation, p. 352.
- Ryder, Ulli K. (20 February 2011). "The President, the Census and the Multiracial 'Community'". Open Salon. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
- Espinoza, Chip (10 July 2012). "Millennials: The Most Diverse Generation". News Room. CNN. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- Phillips, Martin. "Future's bright: Young Brits upbeat over working lives". The Sun. London. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
- Anderson, Kurt (5 August 2009). "Pop Culture in the Age of Obama". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- "The Sound of a Generation". NPR. 5 June 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- Gundersen, Edna (30 December 2009). "The decade in music: Sales slide, pirates, digital rise". USA Today. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- Espinoza, Chip; Mick Ukleja, Craig Rusch (2010). Managing the Millennials: Discover the Core Competencies for Managing Today's Workforce. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 172. ISBN 978-0470563939.
- Espinoza, Chip (2012). Millennial Integration: Challenges Millennials Face in the Workplace and What They Can Do About Them. Yellow Springs. OH: Antioch University and OhioLINK. p. 151.
- Gardner, Stephanie F. (15 August 2006). "Preparing for the Nexters". American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 70 (4): 87. doi:10.5688/aj700487. PMC 1636975. PMID 17136206.
born between 1983 and 1994
- Furlong, Andy.Youth Studies: An Introduction. New York: Routlege, 2013.[ISBN missing]
- DeChane, Darrin J. (2014). "How to Explain the Millennial Generation? Understand the Context". Student Pulse. 6 (3): 16.
- Baird, Carolyn (2015), Myths, exaggerations and uncomfortable truths: The real story behind millennials in the workplace, IBM Institute for Business Value