Nevertheless, The Skeptic’s intuition is this target has not yet been achieved. By default this is of course not a claim about reality. While the Skeptic can harbor the notion the Dogmatist target might eventually be attainted, the Dogmatist can never claim that the Skeptic has done
This skepticism gives no foundation on knowledge, as not only knowledge cannot be derived by reason, but also senses experiences are not reliable – it often deceives us. Kant’s Transcendental Philosophy The mention of Kant’s epistemology is necessary as his idea is revolutionary. Since Descartes’ “Cogito, Ergo Sum”, modern philosophy has shifted its approach to subjectivity, and the trend reaches its peak in Kant’s philosophy. To what he called “Copernican Revolution” – from concerning the objectivity of knowledge to subject’s cognitive ability. In Kant’s view, human are not born as blank sheet, but was given the concept of time, space, causality, etc.
In realising he is a ‘thing that thinks’, he is discovering an ontological truth – his model of knowledge fails when applied to others. He cannot proof someone else’s existence because he thinks, and whether or not they think is irrelevant because he cannot project thought from their perspective. Truth is only known to Descartes because he concluded it in his own conscious mind and this subjective reality does not lead to objective reality beyond his own mind. His claim for self-realization proves little to some other self-conscious being. To say “I think, therefore, I am’, cannot be proven my anyone other than him.
As stated before, propaganda is used to manipulate people in order to get them to act a certain way, and in the case of World War II, it was used for anti-Semitism purposes. Anti-Semitism was, and still is, the term used to describe the belief in hostile treatment towards Jews just because they are Jews. This term was introduced by Wilhelm Marr to designate anti-Jewish campaigns back in 1879, and it resurfaced when Hitler took over Germany. Adolf Hitler believed, as stated in his book “Mein Kampf”, that Jews were
Philosophers such as Albert Camus and Thomas Nagel believe in the ideology that life is absurd. In his publication “The Absurd” Nagel, questioned why sometimes people feel that life is absurd and how should we respond once we are aware of life’s absurdity. Throughout this essay we will discuss what Nagel believes is the best way to answer these questions. To begins his argument, Nagel explains how sometimes people believe that ‘what we do now will not matter in a million years’ which he states is a poor argument because he believes that if our present actions are absurd then their mattering in the distant future can hardly give them meaning. Because if something is to matter in the future it should must be important enough for it to matter now.
Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf is a window into anti-Semitic Nazism, into the political and social life during the third Reich of 1930 Provincial Germany, and into the aggressive methods of argumentation used by the dictator. The first section of the book, Nation and Race, aims at formulating justifications for Nazism while reflecting on anthropological theories such as extreme Ethnocentrism, biological references such as “survival of the fittest” and human intelligence, political theories of fascism, fundamentalism and nationalism. Understanding Hitler’s arguments requires knowledge about the modern historical background of Germany, of Europe as a whole, and a thorough differentiation between fascism, nazism and communism. Providing a brief overview of the text, one could depict Hitler’s thesis seeing that it is easily stated in a few of his propositions. According to him, the existence of a Superior race (which is the Aryan race) is a way of Nature, implying that Domination itself is natural and is the way of God.
The beginning of knowledge emanates from metaphysics, theological and positivism. And these put much on a critical stance in the discourse of method. Little (2011), explains that method is a prescriptive body of doctrines to guide inquiry. The ideal of understanding social world underlies in whether to embrace and use principles and guiding procedures of the natural world where positivism dominates in the epistemological deliberation. Atkinson & Hammersley (2007), explain that this method has a considerable influence onto social scientist, in promoting the status of survey research and the quantitative analysis According to Bryman (2002), Bryman and Bell (2003) positivism is an epistemological position which calls for the application of the
After the First World War, writers, known as idealists’ theorists, were trying to understand the cause of war and its existence in international politics. According to realists, the ideologies of idealists were flawed because they ignored the role that power has in international politics, they overestimated the rationality of Human beings, had an assumption that nation states shared a common interest, and they thought that humankind could put an end to war (Dunne and Schmidt, 2008: 92). The outbreak of the Second World War emphasized the above flaws of idealists, which resulted in idealism being replaced with realism. Realist writers then emphasized the power dynamics of states and the competitive nature which they hold in the international
The reason philosophers write truth statements this way is to give sense to the idea that a statement about the world could be wrong or, more accurately, false (philosophers refer to the part in quotes as a statement or proposition). Perhaps you can now see why beliefs are different than truth statements. When you believe something, you hold that or accept that a statement or proposition is true. It could be false that’s why your belief may not “match up” with the way the world really
Critical realism refers to a philosophical approach that incorporates a general philosophy of science with that of social science to illustrate an interface amongst social and natural world. Interpretivism depends upon both the prepared analyst and the human subject as the instruments to gauge a few phenomenon. Research philosophy will be helpful