It’s springtime at Louisiana’s Lake Martin. The air is filled with the chattering of wading birds in the trees that ring the shoreline as they build their nests and prepare to lay eggs. An alligator lies submerged, its body just barely breaching the surface. A snowy egret spots a good-looking stick floating on the water. It would make a fine addition to her nest, so she swoops down to snatch it up. Bad idea. The stick was perfectly perched on the alligator’s snout, just inches from his razor-sharp teeth. With one well-timed snap of his jaws, the alligator makes quick work of the bird and enjoys his lunch, beak and feathers and all.
Jane Goodall first described chimpanzees using sticks as tools in 1964. Prior to that, it was had been thought that tool use was exclusive to our species. In the decades since, the club of tool users has expanded to include other big-brained mammals such as apes, elephants and dolphins, such clever birds as crows, ravens and jays, and even the octopus. Now it turns out that crocodilians, animals once thought of as stupid, may use tools, too.
Vladimir Dinets, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Tennessee and an author of a new study describing this hunting technique, first saw a hint that crocodilians — which include crocodiles, alligators, and caimans — might use sticks as a lure in 2007. Doing research in India, he watched as a mugger crocodile lay motionless in shallow water with an array of sticks and twigs laid across its snout. When an egret flew by to grab the stick, the crocodile snapped and the bird narrowly escaped. Dinets had heard stories of similar crafty behavior by animals at Florida’s St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoo.
But these were just isolated anecdotes, not subject to the rigors of scientific observation. “We needed to prove convincingly that the use of sticks was intentional,” Dinets said. He started spending his weekends at two Louisiana lakes and discovered that the use of sticks as bait by wild alligators there was not haphazard. Alligators living beneath bird rookeries used them, while others didn’t. Because the trees near the lakes don’t regularly shed branches or twigs, this suggests that the gators were intentionally searching out sticks to use.
More significant, the alligators only used twigs as bait during the time of year that the wading birds were busy collecting twigs for their nests, from late March through early June.
This is the first report of a predator synchronizing the use of hunting lures to the seasonal behavior of its prey. And if tool use is rare in the animal kingdom, the use of objects as bait is even more rare. Until now, it has only ever been seen in capuchin monkeys, a few bird species and one insect.
Nathan Emery, a bird cognition researcher at Queen Mary University of London, isn’t quite convinced. If the alligators “had detached the sticks from trees themselves, this would be considered true tool use,” he says. “They need to do some experimental manipulation to go further in explaining what’s driving this.” For example, if the alligators were purposely choosing the best sticks and discarding others, that might be sufficient to qualify as true tool use.
Given that tool use might now occur in crocodilians and birds, both of which descend from dinosaurs, might dinosaurs themselves have used tools? According to Dinets, it is “very likely that at least some of the thousands of non-avian dinosaur species used tools as well,” but he admits that this is at best an educated guess.
The new study adds to evidence suggesting that alligators, crocodiles and other reptiles are highly social, clever animals, not the plodding dullards of their image. They care for their young and have sophisticated mating rituals, and they might hunt cooperatively. “I do think that we have vastly underestimated the abilities of reptiles,” Emery says. “but I don’t think we’ve really got into their heads in the same way that we’ve been able to with birds and mammals.”
Goldman is a freelance science writer for Scientific American and other publications and has a PhD in psychology.