|Born||October 20, 1866
|Died||November 9, 1914 (aged 48)
|Religion||Twelver Shi'a Islam|
|Children||Yadollah, Soltan, Masoumeh|
Sattar Khan (Persian/Azerbaijani: ستارخان, IPA: [sætːɒːɾ xɒn]; October 20, 1866 – November 17, 1914), honorarily titled Sardār-e Melli (Persian: سردار ملی meaning National Commander) was a pivotal figure in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution and is considered by many Iranians to be a national hero.
Sattar Khan was born in the village of Janali or Tabriz, of Azerbaijani origin, in the Iranian province of Azerbaijan, some time in 1868. He was the third son of Haj Hasan Bazzaz, from the Qaradağ. While he was still a child, his eldest brother, who had become a highway robber, was executed by the authorities.
The family later moved to Tabriz where Sattar himself came into conflict with the law when he tried to find a hideout for two Caucasian fugitives to whom his father had given shelter. He was incarcerated for two years in Narin Qalʿa, a notorious local prison. Afterwards he too became a brigand and was subsequently imprisoned again. He also served in the gendarmerie controlling the main road between Khoy and Marand, and for a while found employment as part of the armed escort to the crown prince Mozaffar-al-Din Mirza and was given the title of "khan" (which means "sir" in the Persian language). Khan/ Kahn (Mongolian: хаан, xaan; Middle Mongolian: ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ, qaγan; Turkish: kağan or hakan; Azerbaijani:xan; Ottoman: han; Old Turkic: Old Turkic letter N1.svgOld Turkic letter G1.svgOld Turkic letter Q.svg, kaγan; Chinese: 可汗, kèhán) Persian: خان, is an originally Mongolic and subsequently Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler, widely used by medieval nomadic Turko-Mongol tribes living to the north of China Female version is Khatum or Khanum.
Sattar Khan rose from obscurity to head Constitutionalist rebels from the Amirkhiz district of Tabriz. By 1907, he had become a favored leader of the rebels. After shelling the Majles (parliament) of Iran in the capital Tehran, 40 thousand of Mohammad Ali Shah's soldiers were ordered to attack Tabriz, where Constitutional rebels were holding out. In June 1908, under the leadership of Sattar Khan, a High Military Council was established.
Sattar Khan was appointed the Commander in chief of High Council, Bagher Khan as his deputy, and Ali Musyo, Haji Ali and Seyed Hashem Khan as other notable members.
By April 1909, the Tabriz rebels had lost a large number of their fighters in driving out royalist forces from the city. Taking into account Sattar Khan and Bagher Khan's heroism during the battle, Sattar Khan was honored by the title of "Sardar-e Melli" (National General) and Bagir khan "Salar-e Melli" (National Leader) by the order of the Assembly.
The early victories of the rebels in Tabriz greatly influenced other Constitutionalists across Iran. Special committees with the name of "Sattar Khan" were established in Tehran, Rasht, Qazvin, Esfahan and other cities. Sattar Khan's reputation also led to the powerful Bakhtiyari tribal leaders to throw in their lot with the Tabriz rebels.
Most of the cities of Azarbaijan province were cleared of royalist military forces by October 1908. Mohammad Ali Shah authorized the reopening of the Majles in Tehran in order to try and placate the opposition.
The Second Majles was held in December 1908. It ordered a plaque of honor with images of Sattar Khan and Bagher Khan carved on it in gold as a token of appreciation for their services.
The strengthening of revolutionary power in the wake of the Tabriz victory frightened not only the Qajar Shah but also his allies, Russia and Great Britain. In March 1910, Sattar Khan and Bagher Khan set out for the capital Tehran with 300 soldiers, where they were greeted by large numbers of supporters April 3, 1910.
The Sattarxan and his warrior camped out in Atabey Park, where they refused to obey the Shah's order to disarm. The Shah's troops and police forces led by Yeprem Khan (Davidyans), head of Tehran police, launched a brief but violent confrontation on the night of August 7, 1910, and succeeded in surrounding and disarming Sattar Khan's forces. About 30 warriors were killed and Sattar Khan was wounded in his leg - remaining disabled until his death at the age 48, on November 9, 1914. He was buried in the famous Shah-Abdol-Azim shrine cemetery in Shahr-e Ray, just outside Tehran.
Sattar Khan is remembered in Iran as heroic leader of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution and is the subject of poems and songs.
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- Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Facts on File, Incorporated, 2009 p.78
- The Turks in World History, by Carter Vaughn Findley - Professor of History Ohio State University, 2004, p.146
- Arash Khazeni, Tribes & empire on the margins of nineteenth-century Iran, University of Washington Press, 2009. (p. 172)
- Houri Berberian, Armenians and the Iranian constitutional revolution of 1905-1911: "the love for freedom has no fatherland", Westview Press, 2001. (p. 154).
- Sattar Khan, Encyclopædia Iranica