••••• PREFACE---------------------- Teaching of English as a second language in Indiahas assured an important place. Now, English is one of themost widely used International language. The bookintroduces some of the main areas that students andteachers of English in India understand in order to followa scientific approach. The book covers many topics thatfind place in the syllabi of universities of India. There is nodoubt that this book will prove useful to students, teachersand scholar in Indian Universities. We express our sense of gratitude to Dr. V.S. Patel,Principal, Sflri oc 3mt. P.K. Kotawala Arts College, Patan;Dr. J.H. Pancholi, Principal, B.Ed. College, Patan; Dr. B.S.Patel, Principal, B.Ed. College, Daramali and Dr. S.S. Jain,Principal, B.Ed. College, Vijaynagar for their constantencouragement to complete our work. We are thankful to the Trustee Shri M.N. Patel andHonourable Secretary, Shri H.M. Patel of Rajpur KelavaniMandaI, Rajpur for their positive attitude and conduciveatmosphere for our work. We are thankful to our colleagues Shri J.M. Purohit,Department of English; Shri B.N. Patel, Department of
Physical Education, Art College, Vijaynagar and ShriJitendrakumaT J. Patel, Shri Deepak Pandya, Shri AkhileshJO,shi, Department of Education, REd. College, Vijaynagarfor their inspiration and encouragement to produce a bookof such a literary calibre. We are thankful to the librarian, Shri A.P. Palat,Vijaynagar Arts College for helping us in providing thebooks that we needed for our work. We also take this opportunity to express our thanksto Shri Jitendra Gupta, Sunrise Publishers and Distributors,Jaipur, India for his promptness in bringing out this bookin a very short time. Authors
••••• CONTENTS----------------------• Preface v1. The Place of English In Indian Education 12. Foreign Language Learning 253. Instructional Material and Text Book 574. Methods 715. Approaches 896. Oral Work 1027. Reading 1138. Writing and Composition 1259. Teaching of Prose, Poetry and Grammar 13310. Skills and Competencies of English Teacher 145
..... 1THE PLACE OF ENGLISH IN INDIAN EDUCATION---------------------- PIIIIElI... ,.. . . . . . . I 1 It is not taught as compulsory subject It is taught o n : ] English It is not compul~ory atl-- It is taught at upper Examination English Level It is taught as It is not compulsory I Second Language for Eng lis h I
2 The Place of English in Indian EducationIntroduction: English plays a key role in our educational systemand national life. The British introduced English in oureducational system in order to produce cheap clerks fortheir colonial administration and to produce, what LordMacaulay called: a class of people, Indian in blood and Ucolour, but English in taste~ in opinions, in morals and inintellect." So long as the British ruled over India, Englishcould not be displaced from the position of predominancegiven it by Lord Macaulay. British came here as tradersand their first,attention was on trade. At first they did notconcentrate their attention on teaching of English. Englishhelped the growth of nationalism which ultimately freedIndia from foreign fetters. English is rich in literature and culture. English servedas a great unifying force in Indias freedom struggle. Englishis a link language. It has greatly contributed to theadvancement of learning. It reflects in our ways and views.After independence, the English spread like water in Indiaand it became very essential for India to have a nationallanguage. The teaching of English should be made morepractical and language-oriented. English is to be taught aslanguage of comprehension rather than as literarylanguage. The role of English within a nations daily life isinfluenced by geographical, cultural and political factors.The role of English at a given point in time must affectboth the way it is taught and the resultant impact on thedaily life and growth of the individual.Position of English: English is the language that is found in all comers ofIndia. English is the language of the global village. It is alanguage of trade and industry. English is full of knowledgeand information. English is the language that is used for
The Place of English in Indian Education 3 IMPORTANCE OF SECOND AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE ~ 1 INTERNATIONAL LANGUGE I " J ., LmERARY IMPORTANCE I .1 NATIONAL IMPORTANCE l I .1 RECREATIONAL IMPORT ANCI!: I " .I EDUCATIONAL IMPORTANCE I J I CULTURAL IMPORTANCE I , VOCATIONAL IMPORTANCE 1 I
4 The Place of English in Indian Educationconnecting peoples having different tongues. Championhas said: In considering the position of English language in India, the outstanding consideration in the English is the language of the government public administration, the legislature and law courts. It is the language of commerce and business. It is the medium of communication between two persons and between various language areas. When India became independent then a controversybegan about the place, importance and study of the English.People like Rajgopal Chari favoured its importance andplace. But who were nationalist, they did not support theview of Rajgopal Chari and said that British should leavethis place early with English. They declared that studentscan express their ideas and thought in their mother tonguelanguage. Other causes responsible for revolt againstEnglish were lack of use of English in every day life,defective method of teaching of English and British policyof preserve clerks. But we can ignore that by learning and speaking forthe last 150 years, English has become the language ofIndians to a great extent. This language has taught themto love freedom and democratic way of life. It has knit theminto one unit. It has made them capable to take anadvantage of western scientific researches and inventions.We should give the Hindi place of national language. Butwe should not forget that English is too important for us soit should not be completely removed from the Indiancurriculum.
The Place of English in Indian Education 5(1) Place of English in Curriculum of State: It is misfortune of Gujarat people that GujaratGovernment has not decided its language teaching policyand in clear terms. It runs without visualizing the benefitsand advantage of English language from students pointof view, from national point of view and the statedevelopment point of view. The place and position of English can be summarizedas under: • English is not being taught as a compulsory subject at lower primary level. It is taught only in some private school. • English is taught as a compulsory subject at upper primary level in class V, VI and VII. But there are no enough qualified teachers of English. • It is being taught as a compulsory subject at secondary level in class VIII, IX and X. It is not compulsory at H.5.C. Examination. • In higher secondary level, it is being taught as compulsory subject in class- XI. • It is also being taught as compulsory subject at college level. Students passed H.S.C. Exam without English are allowed offering English at college level in some universities and they have to study English compulsory. Thus indefinite English language teaching policy ofGujarat state has become the main reason for low educationstandard and poor performance of Gujarati students atnational and international level.
6 The Place of English in Indian Education(2) Importance of Second and Foreign LanguageTeaching: English is the language of the world and theknowledge of the language makes a person, a citizen ofthe world. Pandit Nehru has said "English is a big key onthe modern world." Its importance as internationallanguage can be denied by none. For this ours reasons areas follows:1. International Language : English is the international language. InternationalEnglish is the concept of the English language as a globalmeans of communication in numerous dialects, and alsothe movement towards an international standard for thelanguage. It is spoken all over the world. This language ismother tongue of nearly 320 million people and another200 million people use it as second language. So it is varyuseful to establish international relation for communicationpurpose and for the exchange of views with differentqmntries of the world. It is also referred to as Global English,World English, Common English, or General English.Sometimes these terms refer simply to the array of varietiesof English spoken throughout the world. The English language evolved from a set of WestGermanic dialects spoken by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes,who arrived from the Continent in the 5th Century. ThusEnglish is more closely related to West Frisian than to anyother modern language, although less than a quarter ofthe vocabulary of Modern English is shared with WestFrisian or other West Germanic languages because ofextensive borrowings from Norse, Norman French, Latin,and other languages. The establishment of the first permanent English-speaking colony in North America in 1607 was a major
The Place of English in Indian Education 7step towards the globalization of the language. BritishEnglish was only partially standardized when theAmerican colonies were established. Isolated from eachother by the Atlantic Ocean, the dialects in England andthe colonies began evolving independently. In the 19thcentury, the standardization of British English was moresettled than it had been in the previous century, and thisrelatively well-established English was brought to Africa,Asia and Oceania. It developed both as the language ofEnglish-speaking settlers from Britain and Ireland, and asthe administrative language imposed on speakers of otherlanguages in the various parts of the British Empire. Thefirst form can be seen in New Zealand English, and thelatter in Indian English. In Europe English received a morecentral role particularly since 1919, when the Treaty ofVersailles was composed not only in French, the commonlanguage of diplomacy at the time, but also in English. English as an additional language (EAL) usually isbased on the standards of either American English orBritish English. English as an international language (ElL)is EAL with emphasis on learning different major dialectforms; in particular, it aims to equip students with thelinguistic tools to communicate internationally. Roger Nunnconsiders different types of competence in relation to theteaching of English as an International Language, arguingthat linguistic competence has yet to be adequatelyaddressed in recent considerations of ElL. International English sometimes refers to English asit is actually being used and developed in the world; as alanguage owned not just by native speakers, but by all thosewho come to use it. It especially means English words and phrasesgenerally understood throughout the English-speakingworld as opposed to localisms. The importance of non-
8 The Place of English in Indian Educationnative English language skills can be recognized behindthe long-standing joke that the international language ofscience and technology is broken English. InternationalEnglish reaches towards cultural neutrality. This has apractical use: What could be better than a type of English that saves you from having to re-edit publications for individual regional markets! Teachers and learners of English as a second language also find. it an attractive idea - both often concerned that their English should be neutral, without American or British or Canadian or Australian coloring. Any regional variety of English has a set of political, social and cultural connotations attached to it, even the so-called standard forms.- Peters (2004, International English) According to this viewpoint, International English isa concept of English that minimizes the aspects defined byeither the colonial imperialism of Victorian Britain or theso-called "cultural imperialism" of the 20th century UnitedStates. While British colonialism laid the foundation forEnglish over much of the world, International English is aproduct of an emerging world culture, very muchattributable to the influence of the United States as well,but conceptually based on a far greater degree of cross-talk and linguistic transculturation, which tends to mitigateboth U.S. influence and British colonial influence. The development of International English oftencenters around academic and scientific communities, where
The Place of English in Indian Education 9formal English usage is prevalent, and creative use of thelanguage is at a minimum. This formal International Englishallows entry into Western culture as whole and Westerncultural values in general.2. Library Importance : The Kothari Commission suggested that English bestudied as a library language with the aim of getting theknowledge of science and technology, commerce and tradeby reading standard books in English. The Commission saidthat no student be deemed qualified for a Masters Degreeunless he has acquired a reasonable proficiency in Englishor in some other library language. In view of the fact thatthe medium of instruction even at the Post Graduate stageis the regional language in many Universities (only theProfessional courses are taught through English medium),the Commissions recommendation would imply thatteachers at Post Graduate level should be essentiallybilingual, that is they should be able to teach in the regionallanguage as well as English. English is a key to the store house of the knowledge.The books on all branches of knowledge are written intoEnglish language. The importance of English as a librarylanguage nicely described by the Radha- Krishnancommission in the following words: English however must continue to be studied. It is a language which is rich in literature, humanistic, scientific and technical. If under sentimental we give up English, we could cut ourselves from the living stream of ever growing knowledge. The use of English as a library language also implifsthat among the language skills of speaking, reading and
10 The Place of English in Indian Educationwriting, the reading skill is the most important and it shouldbe developed in the students to a high degree so that theywill be able to read all reference material, general andtechnical, which is in the English, make notes and use itfor their purposes. Students develop the ability to read fastand with understanding. The skill of getting the summeryof books and periodicals in English quickly and properly isthe most useful in modern life. This is the essence of usingas a library language. Even with the growth of Indianlanguages English continues to be the link languagebetween the States and the Centre and also between themultilingual Indian communities, apart from its being avaluable link with the world organizations and with thegrowing knowledge in science and technology and trade.English is a window on the world, opening up a vast vistaof knowledge and scholarship, literature and art.3. National Importance: The English language is the window which opens upthe vast prospect of human achievement. The more effectivegrasp of English in all its diversities of speech, vocabulary,structure and meaning, the more will be benefit personallyand contribute to the growth of our country as a modernnation of the 21 st century. The chairman of the University EducationCommission Dr. Radhakrishnans (1948) words on theimportance of English to India needs repetition: It (English) is a language, which is rich in literature - humanistic, scientific and technical. If, under sentimental urges we give up English, we would cut ourselves off from the living stream of ever growing knowledge.
The Place of English in Indian Education 11 In India, English is the link language, serving toconnect people of various regions and diverse backgrounds.English is the lingua franca of the people from the South,North, East and West of India. English is the officiallanguage, being the language used for communicationamong the Central and State Governments. English has also its national importance because it isused as inter state communication language and in centrealso. In India it is used as link language so that people couldexpress their ideas easily. It is useful for both official andprivate communication between many parts of the countryand thus it serves as a link language in the nation itself.Pandit Nehrus words bear repetition about the invaluablelinking role of English in the country and across the world: The language link is a greater link between Us and the English speaking people than any political link or Commonwealth link or anything else ... If you push out English, does Hindi fully take its place? I hope it will. I am sure it will. But I wish to avoid the danger of one unifying factor being pushed out without another unifying factor fully taking its place. In that event there will be a gap, a hiatus. The creation of any such hiatus or gap must be avoided at all costs. It is very vital to do so in the interest of the unity of the country. It is this that leads me to the conclusion that English is likely to have an important place in the foreseeable future.
12 The Place of English in Indian Education IMPORTANCE OF MOTHER TONGUE IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVATION I LEARNING BY IMITATION 1 MAXIMUM OPPORTUNITIES I LEARNING BY SITUATION I
The Place of English in Indian Education 13 Thus English helps us to keep pace with the explosionof knowledge and scientific and technologicaladvancement. English has one of the richest literatures inthe world. India has gained immensely from its contactwith English linguistically, scientifically, politically,administratively and in all spheres of modern activity.English is the worlds widely used language. It is useful todistinguish three primary categories of use: 1. As a native language, 2. As a second language and 3. As a foreign language4. Recreational Importance:- English is one of the five languages of the UnitedStates. It is the first language in UK, USA, Canada andAustralia. English is a source of recreation and usefulemployment of leisure. Person who knows English can takeenjoy the best stories, dramas, novels etc. written in Englishlanguage. It is also the language of world sports, radio ardtelevision, telecommunication and internet, fashion andglamour.5. Educational Importance : Education systems around the world give specialattention to teaching of English. The main aims of teachingEnglish are language development and librarydevelopment. It enables students to understand spokenEnglish, speak English, read English and write perfect. TheEnglish system of education was introduced in India in1835 by the British. It was the language used by the Britishadministrators. The English was politically imposed on theIndian education system. The University EducationCommission (1948) headed by Dr. Radhakrishnanrecommended:
14 The Place of English in Indian Education English is studied in high schools and universities in order that we may keep in touch with the living stream of ever growing knowledge. This would prevent our isolation from the world, and help us take advantage of th~ wider reach of the English langu~ge. English is a direct medium of acquiring knowledge ofmodem arts, science, technology and Humanities. It is alsoimportant for politician, scientist, doctors, engineers,educationists, businessmen and research workers. Theyincrease their knowledge and experience by reading booksavailable only in English language. Almost all our greatleaders, well-known scientists, renowned philosophers andfamous writers are the product of English education.6. Cultural Importance: English widens ones cultural and intellectual horizon.It develops commercial, scientific, technological relationwith other countries. English enriches knowledge of foreignculture.7. Vocational Importance : English offers opportunities many and variedvocational like diplomatic and foreign services, business,commerce, medicine, teaching law etc. all over the world.(3) Importance of the Mother Tongue Language and Habit: According to Mahatma Gandhi: "The mother tongueis as natural for the development of the mans mind asmothers milk is for the development of the infants body."It helps child in all kinds thinking. As Ryburn remarks inhis book- The teaching of English:
The Place of English in Indian Education 15 Mother tongue is the basis of the all works. Mother tongue learning begins from infancy. Child learns mother tongue naturally. When he comes at the age of youth, unconsciously he has learnt the mother tongue and he can express his ideas, feelings, and thoughts and he can understands their. It is quite right that mother tongue is not taught but it is caught and foreign language is first taught and after caught. The teaching of English through mother tongue is notnew. In earlier the third language Sanskrit was learntthrough mother tongue. English was also learnt with thehelp of mother tongue language in the later half of the 19thcentury. Justifying the use of mother tongue in the teachingof English language, Ryburn remarked: If sufficient attention of teaching of mother tongue and if it is well taught, habit may be formed in the class room which will be of greatest value in connection with the learning English.Importance of Mother Tongue in Teaching of English :1. Importance of Motivation : Teacher should try always to motivate students tolearning the foreign language because motivation providesthe necessary encouragement for learning. In beginningthe child is motivated by his parents to use mother tongueto express his thought, ideas and feelings and in same way
16 The Place of English in Indian Educationif a child is motivated by his teacher to learn English withthe help of mother tongue, he can easily learn English. Astudents of correctly motivated to learn foreign languagecan himself manage to learn the language.2. Learning by Imitation : Traditionally basic emphasis in learning has beenplaced on seeing, doing, hearing, and saying. Language isstill largely learned by imitation, and good language islargely judged by its sound. A child learns his mothertongue by imitation. When family member pronounce anyword the child imitate that word and learn to speak bymother tongue. On the same principle the English can belearnt by imitation in class. Teacher should pronounce theword or sentence and ask students to pronounce it. Thusstudent can learn English easily by imitation.3. Maximum Opportunities : In class room the teacher should use mother tonguelanguage in teaching learning process. Because we knowthat in India many people can not understand and learnEnglish directly so teacher should use mother tongue mostso that students could understand it easily. Teacher shouldgive opportunities to students to learn foreign languagewith the help of mother tongue.4. Learning by Situation : While learning his mother tongue, the child forms aconcept and grasps the situation. He tries to associatecertain symbols with the objects. While teaching new wordsand structure of the foreign language should createappropriate situation, for teaching them, in the class room.So that the students may exchange with each other theirideas and concepts already learnt by them in the processof learning their own mother tongue. In this contextDodson has rightly remarked:
The Place of English in Indian Education 17 The best and perhaps the only way in which a humanbeing learns a second language is for him to have themaximum numbers of meaningful and purposeful contactwith this language in useful environments and situations.How the Mother Tongue helps in Teaching of English:1. The Teaching of Grammar : Grammar is an attempt to develop concepts,principles and rules relating to usage and to the structureof language. Grammar provides a stock of ideas andunderstandings that help to make language intelligible, togive some insight into its structure, to supply some help inthe use of language forms and in the correction of errors. We know that student use grammar unconsciouslyin his talking. The learnt by a child of his mother tongueforms the back ground of the English language. If thestudents has a good knowledge of grammar, he will veryeasily learnt English. Thomas and Wyatt remarks: If the grammar of the mother tongue is well known, it forms a back ground of knowledge to which new grammar may be liked either by similarity or by difference. Ryburn has correctly evaluated the importance ofmother tongue in the teaching of grammar by saying: If pupils were given a through grounding in the grammar of their mother tongue, it would make things much easier for the English teacher. So the teacher can explain the five points of grammarin better way by using mother tongue. He can with a viewto make the concept clear also present comparison and
18 The Place of English in Indian Educationcontrast between the grammatical forms of their mothertongue.2. Composition : Composition in any ability of collecting andorganizing different ideas. An English teacher can not speakthroughout in English because of the existing level ofknowledge of his students and if he does so student willnot be able to understand him. In beginning students areneither expected trained nor to think in English. The topicalready attempted by the student for composition in theirmother tongue lesson of the students. The well gradedpractice of mother tongue can be attempted easily forcomposition in English subject matter for writtencomposition in English can be borrowed from the mothertongue lesson of the students. The well graded practice ofmother tongue acquired by the students will help them inarranging all the ideas, thoughts and information in Englishalso.3. Oral Work: Oral expression in English depends also upon the oralexpression in the mother tongue. So before le:lrning English,a student must be well conversant to express himself freelyin his own mother tongue. Before they are expected tonarrate their ideas English. They must be able to narratethem in their mother tongue. R Gurry is quite right whenhe remarks: If a speaker talks freely and fluency in his ownlanguage he can soon learn to speak well and easily inmother tongue.4. Translation: "Translation of passage has as its object the securingof an exact parallel in the mother tongue of a passage in
The Place of English in Indian Education 19 PROBLEM FACED IN SPEAKING LEATING LINGUISTIC PROBLEM SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PROBLEM PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEM
20 The Place of English in Indian EducationEnglish. Its aim is to ascertain to what degree of perfectionthe art of paralleling has been persuading." Translationfrom and mother tongue occupies a very important placein learning English language. Translation imparts thestudent sufficient practice in expressing them in English,as they are given various fresh passage in their mothertongue which the students are required to translate it intoEnglish and vice versa English passage into mother tongue.5. Use in Pronunciation: If pupils pronunciation in his mother tongue is clear,his pronunciation in English will be also clear. English is aforeign language and has a very complex system of vowels,specially the dip-thongs which do not have any sound inany Indian language.6. Reading: Reading is a complex skill involving a number ofsimultaneous operations. Reading has been divided intotwo parts: 1. Reading aloud 2. Silent Reading These two parts of reading in the mother tongueprovides sufficient help in reading aloud and silent readingin English. Reading aloud is helpful in developing speechhabit and silent reading develops power of expression inwriting and quick comprehension. Silent reading is themore efficient way of reading and more useful in life. Silentreading means reading completely silently, without evenmoving the lips. The importance of silent reading does notreduce the importance of oral reading at the initial stagesof language learning. A teacher can develop reading habitamong his students through reading exercise in the mothertongue. P Gurry remarks:
The Place of En/dish in Indian Education 21 Children who have taught to read in their mother tongue well can quickly learn to read English after one or two years of oral English. In Indian condition, pupil may take more time. Butultimately reading habit can be developed in them throughreading exercises in their mother tongue. Extensive reading helps in supplying new vocabulary,new ideas, new sentence- pattern and new thoughts. Itshould be properly done in the class room and properattention should be paid to it. It should be started with thehelp of mother tongue. The use of mother tongue will helpthe pupil in creating interest in the reading of additionalmaterial in English.(4) Problem faced by Gujarati speaking learner in Learning Foreign Language We know that Gujarati is second language for thosewho have brought up in the Gujarat. It is taught as secondlanguage in Gujarat state. It has been observed from thesociety of Gujarat that the people or Gujarati learner findthis language very difficult. Why, the Gujarati learner feelsit too difficult. Naturally to learn English needs a boost, aninternal motivation to learn another language. As we knowthat first language is learnt naturally. No any specialtraining is given to learn mother tongue while to learnsecond or foreign language the special training is given toGujarati speaking learner. The important question is thatwhy Gujarati speaking learner of English find it difficult tolearn English. Gujarati speaking learner are learning almost invacuum. The Gujarat is one of a state of India. Gujarati isspoken in Gujarat. It is used every where, in all governmentdepartment and other department. The Gujarati is widely
22 The Place of English in Indian Educationspoken and there are many dialectical varieties within. Thecode in Gujarati is based on Indian language, Sanskrit. Fromthe through out studies in the field of linguistic Sanskrit isfound the most scientific language. So naturally the Gujaratiis also one of scientific language of the world. The Gujaratihas its own speech and script and Gujarati speaking peoplehave mastered it. It is very difficult to find the subsidiaryenvironment using another language among Gujaratis.Now we see that which difficulties are faced by Gujaratispeaking learner. 1. Linguistic Problem 2. Social and Political Problem 3. Pedagogical Problem1. Linguistic Problem: • Gujarati is syllable rhymed language while English is stressed rhymed language. • In Gujarati, the spoken language is closed to its script whereas in English, spoken language differ in it form. • The word order in both language differ in form; in Gujarati it is SCV, SOY, or SAV whereas in English SVO, SVC, SVA. • The Gujarati is scientific language while English is not because in Gujarati there is one to one correspondence between sound and its letters, in English 26 letters represent 44 sounds. • Syllabic formation in Gujarati is different from English. In Gujarati it is V, CV, CVC, CCVC, CCCVCC, etc. So Syllables are not easily recognized by learner.2. Social and Political Problem: In Gujarat the English teaching has been considereda problem because there is no clear policy about teaching
The Place of English in Indian Education 23of English in college and school. There is no perfect sequenceof teaching English in school and college. In this category,the social and political problems are included: • We know that Gujarati is basically a business community. The society has been divided into two parts. Rural and Urban. In both these stream, people like to live in there respective community. Rural want to live with rural people while urban like to live with urban. They dont like to live together so they did not need any other language to communicate. The elite class is too small; they prefer English but the greatest mass neglect learning 3econd language. • In school there is no importance of teaching or learning English. We know that there is no clear policy of teaching English in colleges and schools. English is taught but without having goal of acquiring skill of using English. • The some of the groups advocating learning in vernacular language oppose almost policies on this issue. So English medium institutes are mushrooming like anything and teaching English as second or foreign language is neglected in school where Gujarati is the medium of instruction. • The language teaching is based on recommendation of Dr. Kothari Commission. The Government of Gujarat has accepted his formula of teaching three languages in secondary schools. English has been found a compulsory component in very short period of school education 2 to 4 years. The policy makers are still in dilemma to make it compulsory from lower primary.
24 The Place of English in Indian Education3. Pedagogical Problem: The way of teaching first language is different fromthe way of teaching second language. The way teaching offirst language in teaching English, one can not teachEnglish. In pedagogical problem the teacher is not onlyresponsible but also those are also responsible who areengaged in language teaching at whatever leveL Now wesee the problems which Gujarati speaking learners face: • There are lack of good English teacher • Little knowledge of linguistic • No good methods are practiced • Lack of the knowledge of how languages are acquired and learned • Lack of resources like authentic material and software. • Objectives should be based on psychomotor domain. • The language teaching should be task based, • The language teaching should be communicative. • The teacher must have liberty of deciding language activities and materiaL • The school must have technological resources. • The grammar teaching should be moderate and language oriented. +++++
2 +++++ FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING---------------------- (1) The Psychology of Foreign Language Learning Many branches of language emerged from philosophy.Psychology is one of them. The development of psychologyin the field of philosophy has made teaching and learningvery effective and scientific. First the education was inshadow of teacher. They were the master of education andwhat they spoke was next to God. The education was slaveof teacher. They have no any role in teaching learningprocess. Whole teaching learning process was teachercentred. Teacher teaches in his own way. He did not thinkthe mental condition of child. The psychology has madeus eligible for think minutely understanding teaching morescientifically. It has provided the way of teaching andlearning both teacher and students have got this advantagefrom the psychology. The psychology has helped "How toteach language and "How it may be useful in teachinglearning process."Language: The different languages are spoken in the world. Thedifferent languages are used all over the world. There aremany varieties within the language. How these languages
26 Foreign Language teaming CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE l Language is cultured based Language is unique system Language is social behave Language is medium of instruction Language is structural system Language is made up habit "
Foreign Language Leaming 27are originated, it is very difficult to know. It is believed thatpeople started conveying message quest, signals, postures,gestures and sign etc. The Researcher has made it clearthat the language is a medium through which a one canexpress his ideas, thought, feeling and message. Robinsrightly points out those definitions tend to be trivial anduninformative but he does list and discuss a number ofsilent facts that must be taken into account in any seriouslyintended study of language. He notes: Language is a symbol system based on pure arbitrary conventions ... infinitely extendable and modifiable according to the changing needs and conditions of the speakers. Every language choices some symbols from thealphabet of the language and joins in different combinationsto form meaningful words. Language conventions are noteasily changed. Language is extendable and modifiable.Language is the method of human communication. EdwardSapir quotes: Language is purely human and non- instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols. In their Outline of Linguistic Analysis Block andTrager wrote: A language is a system of arbitery vocal /Isymbols by means of which a social group co-operates./ICollins Cobuld Essential English Dictionaries defineslanguage as: Language is a system of communication through which
28 Foreign Language Learning consists of a set of sounds and written symbols which are used by the people of a particular country for talking or writing. Darbyshire noted: "Language is undoubtedly a kindof means of communication among human beings. Itconsists primarily of vocal sounds. It is articulatory,systematic and arbitrary." Language is a fully developedmeans of communication. Language has changed the entiregamut of human relations and made it possible for humanbeings to grow into a human community on this world.Cambridge International Dictionary of English (1995:795)defines the term "language" as: ... a system of communication consisting of small parts and a set of rules which decide the ways in which these parts can be combined to produce messages that have meaning. Noam Chomsky Syntactic Structures observes: "Alanguage is a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finitein length and constructed out of a finite set of elements."The Cambridge Concise Encyclopaedia defines the term"language" as: A species-specific communicative ability, restricted to humans, which involves the use of sounds, grammar, and vocabulary, according to a system of rules. Though other animals can communicate vocally and by gestures, they are restricted to a participate set of messages,
Foreign Language Learning 29 genetically given, which cannot be creatively varied. In his Essays on Language Hall notes: "Language isthe institution whereby humans communicate and interactwith one another by means of habitually used oral auditoryarbitrary symbols." Encyclopaedia Britannica comments: Language is a system of conventional spoken or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, communicate. The teaching of language is basically conditioned bythe nature of the subject. Language is the manipulation ofexperience by the use of symbols. The concept of languageas a learning task is a complex of interrelated andinterdependent experiences and elements, in which growthproceeds simultaneously but in varying degrees, dependenton points or emphasis and interest. The primary functions of language arecommunication, self-expression and thinking. Theexpression of feeling and meaning becomes more exact.The command of words and groups of words grows withpractise and with the complexity of ideas and reactions tobe expressed. The communication function is obvious. Theuse of language as a means of clarifying ideas and feelingsis equally real. Language is a means of clarifying perceptionof discovering likeness and differences in thing observed,of forming general ideas, and of discovering relationships. It has been observed in the first place that language isa vital part of the growth process. Language is a social act,a means of adjustment to control over other people. Theentire process of socialization is largely a process oflanguage development.
30 Foreign Language Learning LANGUAGE l F. L. s..... F. L. is acquired S. L. is learnt It is acquired It is learnt through naturally practice ISe4:0nd~
Foreign Language Learning 31 In the second place, it has been noted that, nativeequipment gives potentialities of growth. It is a vital partof the process of adjusting to life, physical and social.Language is a means of gaining control of people andthought. It is a means of bringing order into a bewilderingworld. Command of language is an important factor inthe development of total personality of the child. Commandof language gives a feeling of confidence, satisfaction andsecurity. Such mastery is a wholesome influence that affectsthe whole life of the child. Language is purposeful, not a mechanical. Thepurpose is largely utilitarian. The fourth importantimplication is that language develops as a whole. The fifthprinciple relates to grading and sequence. Language is used to communicate our thoughts andideas. Language is essential for our survival anddevelopment as human being. Language is a result ofcultural experience. Language is also a system of phonetics,grammar and vocabulary. English Language has a set ofsounds peculiar to it. Language is learnt by imitation. Withpatience and time, every language can be mastered. Nolanguage is inferior or superior. Every language representsits culture in the best possible way. Few characteristics aregiven of Language: • Language is a very important means of communication • Language is symbolic • Language is dynamic • Language is structured system • Language is unique system • Language is a carrier of civilization and culture • Language is a form of social behaviour
32 Foreign Language Learning rOREIGN LANGUAGE [CHARACTERISTICS Different sound pattern Different words Little 0 de structure Different meaning
Foreign Language Learning 33 • Language is arbitrary • Language is medium of instruction • Language is made up of habits • Language is a symbol of system • Language is as important as the air we breathe • Language is the most valuable passion of man • Language is an inseparable part of human body.First Language : There are many states in our country. Every state hasits own language like Gujarat, Tamil, Rajasthan and otherstate. These languages may first for one state anQ for otherstate second language. When a language is learnt naturallyor without training than it is called first language. Forexample a child of Gujarat learns Gujarati naturallybecause he has natural environment of Gujarati in house,in society and many places. It is routine language for him,so he speaks Gujarati without any problem. Thus Gujaratiis first language for him. The first language is used to learnsecond language in many states. The first language can bedefined as under: It is the language that an individual has acquired when he was child as a part of natural process of acquiring language without any formal training.Second Language : There are different kinds of languages are spoken inIndia. All languages are different in nature. Diversity isfeatures of Indian but they have unique identity. In theworld several languages are used and they are differs fromeach other. They are different in way of script, rhythms
34 Foreign Language Learning PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING ~ 1 Behaviorism Cognitivism ~ 1 Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning . Sounds of bell / ~~ (C onditioning Stimulus) Come larva from mouth of dog (Conditioning Food ~ response) (~~ Stimulus) , I Give ReWfo:rcement r rre~~ food trigger to get f-----Jo Give resporue Resporue is to Get Food 1
Foreign Language Learning 35and sounds. Some time we find numbers of varieties withinlanguage. For example: In Gujarat, Gujarati is first language forGujarati people because it is learnt without any particulartraining. But in Rajasthan it is not first language because itis not learnt in routine in environment. In school andcolleges and other places the only Hindi is used so Hindi isfirst language and Rajasthani may be second language. Tolearn Rajasthani we need special training. In south India the Hindi is Second language becausethe Hindi is not used as routine language. The Tamil is Firstlanguage for them. They use it as first language. The termsecond language can be defined in these words: When a child learns a language systematically or he is given particular training for it then it is called second language.Foreign Language : It is the language which is used by the people of othercountry or society. For example Russian, Chin and othercountry also use these languages. These are foreignlanguage because they have different sound pattern,different words, little ode structure and entirely differentmeaning. The term "Foreign language" has been definedas: Foreign language is the language where the secondaryenvironment is not observed and the people of linguisticallyforeign societies use such language.Difference between Acquisition and Learning :Acquisition : Many languages are used in our country or societies.When languages are learnt without any practice it is called
36 Foreign Language Learningfirst language. Child learns first language without anyproblem and practice. He learns FL naturally. Whenlanguage is learnt naturally and without any systematicpractice then it is called Acquisition. The language when itis learnt in primary environment or learnt without practiceit is Acquisition. Language acquisition is the process by which a childacquires its mother tongue. The acquisition of a firstlanguage is the most wonderful feat we perform in ourwhole life; we do it at an age when we can hardly doanything else. Language acquisition is an active process.Children take the clues available to them and use theseclues to construct their own grammatical rules, rules whichgrow in sophistication as acquisition proceeds.Learning: Learning a language requires the operation of aninnate capacity possessed by all human beings. In ourschools many subjects are taught. English taught as secondlanguage because particular practice is given to the studentsto learn English. To learn English, the help of mother tongueis taken. The term "Learning" can be defined as: The way through which the art of using skill andpractice is given to learn it than it is learning.Psychology of Learning : 1. Behaviourism 2. Cognitivism1. Behaviourism: This school of psychology has been established byRussian Psychologist Pavlov and American PsychologistB.F. Skinner. Behaviourism is the theory that psychologyshould invoke only observable and measurable phenomena.
Foreign Language Learning 37Behaviourism originated as a healthy reaction to this stateof affairs. The early behaviourists wanted to sweep awaywhat they saw as empty speculation and the endlesspostulation of undetectable concepts. Behaviourismexercised great influence over the linguist LeonaldBloomfield and the American structuralists who followedhim. In 1957 the American Psychologist B.P. Skinnerpublished Verbal Behaviour. It was an attempt atinterpreting language acquisition strictly in terms ofBehaviourism. It was the most radical attempt ever treatinglanguage in a behaviourist framework. A behaviouristmethod of language teaching should embody at least thefollowing principles. It should be firmly anchored in spokenlanguage. Pavlov has given theory of classical conditioningand B.F. Skinner has given the theory of Operant Condition. Classical Conditioning: This theory is based on thehabit formation. Pavlov says that human or any creaturegives response due to stimulus. Stimulus are that thingswhich create excitation in creature. It means that humanlearn due to stimulus. Pavlov has done one experiment ona dog. In which when at first Pavlov rings a bell before dogand dog hears it. With it, it is given food then it drops larva.Just after he rings bell then it drops larva after again foodis given. In this condition we look that dog is given stimulusand it gives response. Thus student can also be taughtaccording of this theory. Operant Conditioning: This theory is also based onthe habit formation. B.F. Skinner says that human or anycreature gives response due to Reinforcement. He wantsto say that human or creature learns due to reinforcement.B.P. Skinner has done experiment on Pigeons and Rats.When they are reinforced they get their target or food. Itmeans student can be taught very effectively if they aregiven proper reinforcement.
38 Foreign Language Learning The structuralists believe in the pattern of practice.They say that teacher should motivate to their student sothat he could get his all desired objectives. The motivatedlearner learns fast and effectively. Few Essential Points : 1. Language is learnt only through practice. The more the learner is exposed to the use of language, the better chance of learning it. 2. Producing the correct linguistic response to a stimulus requires efforts. If the learner is not called upon to make this effort there is no learning. 3. Producing correct response also requires attention. 4. -The spoken language comes earlier than the written and the passive experience of language is necessary before any productive (active) use can begin. 5. Learning takes place fast if a correct response is given t the students. The learner must know at once if his effort is right or wrong. 6. Every new item must be learnt by reinforcement by further practice before further learning begins.2. Cognitivism : Cognitivism is the doctrine that the mind can beinvoked in scientific investigation and even be made theobject of study itself. Today most psychologists,philosophers and linguists, are preferably happy to invokeinvisible things like minds and purposes and even to makemind itself the object of study. This approach is calledCognitivism.
Foreign Language Learning 39 COGNITIVES ~ Cognitive emphasizes the importance ofthn!e things Meaning 1 Understanding Cognitive says that the language acquisition can be automadcaBy attained
40 Foreign Language Learning This theory is based on the developmentally readinessof learner. The psychologist Piaget says when child is readyto learn then he can be taught. He learns naturally. Thisidea can be regarded as a starting point of the cognitivistidea. The psychologist emphasizes the importance of threethings: 1. Meaning 2. Knowing 3. And understanding According them learning is a meaningful process of"relating new events or item to already existing alreadycognitive concept." And it is thought to involve internalrepresentations that guide performance. In the case oflanguage acquisition, these representations are based onlanguage system. That involves procedure for selectingappropriate vocabulary, grammatical rules and pragmaticconventions governing language use. David Ausubel has criticized the popular audiolingual method for its theory based on reinforcement andconditioning. Adult learning a second language could profitfrom certain grammatical explanation. Though childrendo not use deductive method of grammar and they do nothave superior cognitive capacities. They acquire mothertongue quietly. In short, the cognitivists say that language acquisition can be automatically attained. Behaviourists favour the view that language is behaviour is one sided and some what superficial. According to Cognitivists there is some thing,. which mediates between the stimulus and the response, and the cognitive function. A learner just does not behave in a mechanical manner. He uses his mind also. He not only perceives the whole phenomena but also develops in insight through which he solves a problem.
Foreign Language Learning 41 (2) Use of Motivation, Attention, Reinforcement, Habit Formation, understanding and Memory in teaching EnglishMotivation : We know that first language is acquired and secondlanguage is learnt. To learn first language we need not tomotivate the child, he is internally motivated and heacquires first language. To learn second language studentsare given systematic practice, it means he is motivated tolearn second language. Without motivation he can not learnsecond language. Motivation is a term which occurs indiscussion of second rather than first language learning. Itis through speech that a child learns to organize hisperception and regulate his behaviour and mental activities.Faced with problems and needs, the child wills merely lookfor outside assistance. The word "Motivation" has beendefined as: Motivation is considered with the arousal of the interest in learning and to the extent is basic to learning. Motivation is the central factor in the effective management of process of learning. Some types of motivation must be presented in learning. Motivation is an energy change within a person characterized effective arousal and anticipatory goal reaction.Importance of Motivation : 1. Man became civilized from uncivilized man. It is only due to motivation.
42 Foreign Language Learning 2. Motivation makes expected change in human. Human can adjust himself with society. Motivation plays main role to encourage people. 3. Motivation makes learning and teaching effective. 4. Motivation creates teaching atmosphere in class room. 5. Motivation makes students active and creative. They desire to do some thing new. 6. Motivation creates interest for self studies in students. So that the atmosphere of motivated situations could be created. 7. Motivation makes students to identify themselves. Motivated students can move their limitation by using their powers and ambitions. 8. Motivation inspires students to become active and regular in their work and start their work. 9. Motivation inspires students to prove their goal and objectives.Reinforcement : When you go to any shop. Do you think that if youdont give charge of any goods? Will shopkeeper givesomething to you? No he will give nothing to you withoutany charge. Thus reinforcement is goods which can beobtained by giving some thing right. The reinforcement hasbeen defined as: Any environmental event that is programmed as consequence of a response that can increase that rate of responding is called reinforcement. Which makes any response powerful is called reinforcement.
Foreign Language Learning 43 r- KINDS OF REINFORCER l Positive Rein- Negative rein- forcer forcer IPunishment Primary Rein-forcer Secondary Rein-forcer IReputation II Get Wealth !Post or Seat I
44 Foreign Language Learning When an award or punishment is given to make response powerful is called rein-forcer.Kinds of Rein-forcer : 1. Positive Rein~forcer 2. Negative Rein-forcer 3. Punishment 4. Primary Rein-forcer 5. Secondary Rein-forcerAttention: Attention plays important role in teaching learningprocess. Attention is a mental process of students whichdecides the role of students involvement in teachinglearning process. When we say that, this student is notintelligent. It means that he does not draw his attention inteaching learning process. Inattentive students can neverperceive knowledge. He disturbs whole teaching learningprocess. The teacher should follow the simple rules forstretching their attention till at the end of the class: 1. The teacher should be live in his presentation. 2. The stimulus variation technique should be used in class room teaching. 3. The learning material and content must be interesting. ~ 4. The teacher should held enjoyable activities.Memory : You have listened about computer. In computer wecan store data on large scale. Why, the computer hasmemory power which remembers whole data till long time.Just like it human also has brain which have memory
Foreign Language Learning 45 STAGES OF PROCESS OF MEMORIZATION RE GIS lER 1 RETAINING I I RECOGNITION RECALLING
46 Foreign Language Learningcapacity. Human brain is store house of memory. Humanperforms several tasks which remembrance is stored inmemory system. There are stages in the process ofmemorization. They are registering, retaining, recalling andrecognizing. If the learners can not fix the concept aboutthe language, they can not use. The learners have fixed theideas and when they need, they should recognize and recallthe retained information. The teacher should try to maketeaching so simple and lucid for better retention. If not, thelearner will not be able to fix and recall.Habit Formation : We know that practice plays important role inteaching Learning process. If sufficient practice is given tothe students to perform task, he will learn language easily.According to behaviourists psychologist the habit isconditioned behaviour. So learning a language meansforming habit of using language. If we want to learnlanguage we should take it in practice. Acquiring new habitis the result of learning. Learning a second language meansforming the habit of using English. Now we take theexample: at first child forms the habit of producing soundin English. They have learnt it, later they form the habit offorming words, letter and passage and then talking. In thisprocess the learner are acquiring these skills by modifyingtheir acquired behaviours in their respective mother tongue.Communication skills are nothing but habit formation. Thelearners have to form the habit of behaving in the mannerof English. Almost all kinds of primary or motor skilllearning is kind of habit formation. The teacher of Englishshould form following habit in order to attaining secondor foreign language: 1. Better articulation 2. Good acceptable rhythm 3. Better intonation and pronunciation
Foreign Language Learning 47 r------.---J>I c ! Better articulation I I--------J>II Good acceptable rhythm I I I--------J>II Better intonation and pronunciation I I 1-------.j.1 Using English manner I I J ---------.II Speaking and writing I ~--------------~
48 Foreign Language Learning 4. Using English manner S. Speaking and writing(3) Aims and Objectives of Teaching English at School level in Term of language Point and SkillIntroduction : We know that man performs several tasks. He isalways active. We study in our life. I dont think that aman performs a task without any purpose. There is alwaysaim or purpose behind any task. Thus we can say that atask without any purpose or objectives or aim is wasteful.There is no meaning of that task. There should always bepurpose behind the task. Now we come to the point,teaching of English. Is there any purpose or aim of teachingEnglish at school Level? Yes, there are aims and objectivesof teaching English at school Level. There are general andspecific objectives of teaching English. What are generaland specific objectives of teaching English? How can wedefine general and specific objectives? We take an exampleof a teacher who teaches English in class room. Supposehe is teaching the unit "Mahatma Gandhi". What will begeneral and specific objectives of this unit? Generalobjectives of this unit are: 1. To enable the student to speak English correctly. 2. To enable student to understand topic correctly. 3. To enable student to read English with ease. 4. To enable student to listen English with ease. 5. To enable student to write English correctly. General objectives are those which are obtained atthe end the year. Specific objectives are of this unit: 1. To enable students to develop quality of Mahatma Gandhi.
Foreign Language Leaming 49 OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING ENGLISH GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES Those am got after the Those am got after the end of the )iarofihe ending ofihe Wlit course I TG uruhDtmd ~ (cxn:edly TG enable sIu.d.fnU ~ d.evt!k>p quality d faaifke. I TG nad J!n&Wh Wih. eue
50 Foreign Language Learning ENGLISH TEACHING Develop taste for English English should be taught literature as languaIJ! not m Develop interest in English literature becalR on tlIis literature st¥. students do not understand tIE literary Develop transJating ability sense of English. At this st¥ language Understanding of critical value development should be chief objectives. Drawing aesthetic pleasure
Foreign Language Learning 51 2. To enable students to develop the quality of sacrifice. 3. To enable student to develop the quality of loyalty for our country. 4. To enable student to develop the quality of high thinking and simple living. Thus we can say that the general objectives are thosewhich are got after the end of the year course and specificobjectives are those which are got after the ending of unit.Now we take two types of objectives of teaching ofEnglish which are limited to particular class V to VIIIand IX to XII: 1. Language Development 2. Literary Development1. Language Development: It is only for the students of class V to VIII. Duringthis stage the main aim of English teaching is only languagedevelopment of child. It means that English should betaught only as language not as literature because on thisstage, student does not understand the literary sense ofEnglish. We can say that teacher should not care aboutpronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and structure oflanguage but he should think only about the languagedevelopment of students. According to above opinions,student starts the learning the language on this stage. Sofirst, they should have a good command over the language.At this stage, language development should be chiefobjective. According to P. Gurry, It is necessary that the Indian people should not only understand English when it is spoken or written but also
52 Foreign Language LearningGENERAL OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING ENGLISH l To enable the students to understand the spoken I---~~~_ _ _ _ _ _.___mn_~ ge _ _ _ _ _ _~ ______-. j.~l__T_o_e_na_b_le_the_stu_d_e_nts_t_o_sp_e_ak_E_D_gIis_"_h_c_orr_e_ct_-l mn~ge___~.I T ••nab" ............. to write "" language prop." I___ ~.I T. enabm "" .tnd_ t ....ad .... _ with """.
Foreign Language Learning 53 he should himself be able to speak and to write it.2. Literary Development: This objective is for the stage of senior class studentsfrom IX to XII. On this stage the ability of reading, listening,speaking and the writing and understanding should bedeveloped in the students. Literary development is animportant objective at higher secondary stage. Literarydevelopment to means to develop: 1. A taste for English literature by reading prose, poetry, story etc. 2. Develop interest in English literaturE 3. Development of translating ability 4. understanding the critical value 5. Drawing aesthetic pleasure, from reading English literatureGeneral objectives of Teaching English : General objectives are global and long term goals.Genera.l objectives state what to achieve at the end of thecourse of the year. They are : 1. To enable students to understand spoken or written language. 2. To enable students to speak simple English correct language. 3. To enable the student to write the language properly. 4. To enable the students to read the language with ease.Specific objectives of Teaching English : Specific objectives are short term goals. Specificobjectives state what to achieve at the end of the unit.
54 Foreign Language LearningSpecific objectives are based on the above sub skills orgeneral objectives. • To enable the students to understand spoken language. To enable student to ....... . 1. Differentiate sounds of English words and sounds of words of mother tongue. 2. Recognize the sounds of English. 3. Associate ideas with pictures, chart or object during oral presentation. 4. Carry out oral instruction. 5. Follow the meaning of words, phrases and structure in their context. 6. Establishment of chronological order of statement narration, maintaining a continuity of thoughts. 7. Get main idea of the narration, talk and discussion. 8. Point out the missing point in oral presentation. 9. Understand the purpose of the speaker by noting his stresses and intonation pattern. 10. Follow the typical usage of the spoken form of language. • To enable students to speak simple English correct language To enable students to ........ . 1. Pronounce the sounds of English letters and words correctly. 2. Speak sentence with proper stresses, pauses and intonation pattern. 3. Use appropriate words and sentence pattern.
Foreign Language Learning 55 4. Answer the, questions. 5. Speak without any reversion. 6. Speak without using any meaningless and unnecessary words. 7. Put ideas in proper sequence. 8. Speak with confidence. 9. Acquiring skill of effective communication. 10. Acquire active vocabulary. • To enable the student to write the language properly To enable the students to .... l. Write the letter correctly. 2. Shape the letter correctly. 3. Write words with proper spacing between letters. 4. Write sentence with proper spacing between words. 5. Use capital letters in writing. 6. Use appropriate words, phrase and sentence pattern. 7. Use punctuation correctly. 8. Spell the word correctly. 9. Write different types of compositions. 10. Write answer keeping in mind the format of questions. • To enable the students to read the language with ease To enable the students to .......... . 1. Recognise words of English.
56 Foreign Language Learning 2. Follow the meaning of words, phrases and structure in their context. 3. Recognise different shades and meaning of words. 4. Note and keep in view the punctuation mark while reading. 5. Associate ideas of reading material with a picture or a chart. 6. Read with the correct pronunciation and clear expression. 7. Find out appropriate answer to question based on reading material. 8. Locate key word, phrases and sentence. 9. Give the list of content material read. 10. Locate the sequence of ideas and facts. 11. Read with ease and appropriate speed. +++++
3 .......... INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL AND TEXT BOOK---------------------- (1) Use and selection of Instructional Material and Teaching AidsIntroduction : We know that teaching and learning is process.Teacher teaches and students learn from teacher. In processof teaching learning process teacher uses some thing tomake his teaching learning process effective. The materialand aids which are used by teacher to make his teachingvery effective is called teaching aids and instructionalmaterial. The language teaching is not a static process butit is a dynamic process. We know the general objectives and specific objectivesof teaching English. Teacher should select teaching materialand instructional according the objectives decided byteachers so that skill of reading, understanding, writingand speaking and sub skills of skills could be developed instudents. We know that English is second or foreign language.So the teaching material and instructional material play
58 Instructional Material and Text Book TEACHING AIDS CompWir &sisud L~ LemUr!g (C.ALL) v.c.P. - -_ _ Ra._dW_--..." V. C. D. I TdeWion I HIm Pr(lj edflr Slide Proj edu O.H.P.
Instructional Material and Text Book 59important role in teaching learning process. Thus we cansay that use and selection of teaching aids must be verycarefully.Types of Teaching and Instructional Material : • Visual aids : 1. Boards: Blackboard, Flannel boards, soft boards. 2. Charts, Maps, Pictures, Drawings. 3. Static and Working Modal 4. Film strip, Slide Projector, OHP, Transparencies and Episcope. • Audio aids : 1. Audio Cassette Player 2. Radio • Audio Visual aids : 1. Video Cassette player 2. Video Compact Disc Player 3. Television 4. Film Projector • Language Laboratory • Computer Assisted LearningVisual Aids : 1. Boards: Blackboard, Flannel boards, softboards: These boards are used to display different typesof display material. There are kinds of display boards usedto display charts, maps, tables etc. 2. Charts, Maps, Pictures and Drawings: Theseteaching aids play main role in teaching learning process.
60 Instructional Material and Text BookThey interest in students. They prepare students mentallyand motivate for further preparation. Teachers can preparethese aids himself of readymade. But he should himself bea creative person so that student could follow him. Chartsmay be written or drawn on thick coloured papers andcan be hanged or displayed by using any of the boards.Pictures can also be displayed by using any of the boards.Maps can be either hanged or displayed by using any ofthe display boards. The teacher can draw picture or anysketch ar,y item also to be displayed with the help of displayboard. 3. Static and Working Modal: Models playimportant role in teaching learning process. Teacher canuse models to make his teaching very effective. For example,teacher wants to teach the topic elephant. He can use boththe static and working model. Working model of elephantcreates primary interest in students. Static modal can beused if working model is not available. If models are notavailable he can use charts, pictures or drawing. 4. Film strip, Slide Projector, OHP,Transparencies and Episcope : The teacher can use filmstrip and slide projector to make his teaching too effective.These aids make students to draw their attention verycarefully toward teaching. Slides are available in the marketand teacher can use them according to need of content.Over Head Projector : OHP is the hardware used to project thetransparencies. The transparency is plastic sheet which onwhich teacher can develop his own material to bepresented. Use of OHP by teacher is good practical thathelp him to make his teaching very interested and effective.Episcope: Episcope is also known as Epidiascope. The materialon opaque sheet is projected with the help of this hardware.
Instructional Material and Text Book 61The teacher can project any material developed on simpleplain paper sheet. Small size of picture can be projectedthrough this instructional materiaLAudio Aids: 1. Audio Cassette Player: We all are introducedof tape recorder or audio cassette player. We use it in ourhouses and shop to listen song. It is also used in teachinglearning process by teacher. It makes teaching very scientificand effective. In this process the subject matter is recordedas audio cassette and played on this machine. The studentsrepeat that subject matter and learn. The learners have anaccess to native language and they better drill the patternin its required form. The teaching activities become moreand more effective and alive. 2. Radio: The radio was very famous medium ofmass media before three decades. It was first attempt toteach English with the help of radio. In this source theteacher has no criteria to select the learning materialbecause whatever aired is the source. Radio must appeal to every type and level of taste.But there is room on the air for instrumental and vocalmusic, both classical and popular, addresses, forums,debates, sports events, mysteries, religious broadcasts, quizprogrammes, variety programmes. It should be possible forthe listener to make a free selection from among many ofthese kinds of programmes both during the day and in theevening. The first of the objectives of the study of radio insecondary schools arises from the nature of the control ofthe industry. In a democracy the best defence againstmonopoly in the field of communication is an enlightenedpublic; and the schools have a major responsibility forproviding enlightenment.
62 Instructional Material and Text Book The second important objective of the schools in thearea of radio study is the elevation of the listeners taste.The third and perhaps the most important objective forthe radio study in secondary schools is the development ofthe ability to evaluate news reports and communication asthe air. The method of improving young peoples tastes inradio is not the method of coercion. William Levensondeclares: Enduring standards and tastes cannot be imposed from without, but must be developed from within. A genuine continuous growth begins first with an understanding of the levels at which tastes exist. Consequently, as applied to radio, before the teacher attempts an abstract discussion of comparative standards, it is well to know to what programmes the children are listening. What programmes are available in the community? When do they listen? Such a simple survey of the listening habits of the class is a good preliminary step in guidance. It will not only provide the teacher with the information she seeks, but if parents reactions are solicited also, the enterprise can serve to promote further interest in parental guidance at home. ( Teaching Through Radio, New York, Rinehart & Company, Inc., 1945:474) Audio Visual Aids : In the twentieth century technology was advancedat the highest pace. In the beginning of the year there were
Instructional Material and Text Book 63 CHARACTRISTICS OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL 1 Supplement of oral Teaching As Motivators Prevent indiscipline and monotony Make learning permanent Save time and energy Provide direct experience
64 Instructional Material and Text Booklimited resources available but in the end of the options aremany. It is believed that audio visual aids may create interestand motivation at the highest degree because through thisteaching aid learners both eye and ear become active sothey are widely used in teaching of language. Audio andvisual both media have high impact on the mind oflearners. 1. Video Cassette Player: We have seen manyfilms on video. How we see this film on video. Throughwhich tool we take enjoy of film? That is video cassettewhich enable us to take enjoy of film. This material isrecorded in the video cassette and we look film. Thus inteaching learning process teacher uses this VCP to makehis teaching effective and alive. Teaching materialsavailable on the video tape are played by this machine VCP. 2. Video Compact Disc Player: Now we can takethe help of VCD to make teaching effective so to view thematerial the VCD is played on this machine. It is the latestaudio visual aid. The programmes record on the videocasse~te can be transferred into compact disk. 3. Television: We all know about televisionbecause rather it is available at every house in India. Ontelevision we take enjoy of film, serials, and otherprogrammes. Television is instrument through which onecan view educational programme. The educationalprogrammes are also aired from respective TV programmesproduction centre. They are as good as radio programmeswhich teacher can not select.Film Projector : Before the introduction of TV and other mediaresources, the film was very famous media. Theprogrammes which are recorded on film are projected withthe help of film projectors.
Instructional Material and Text Book 65 CRITERIAL OF GOOD TEXT BOOK ~ The book should be accorclingthe individual cUfference of students The book should be accorclingthe objectives of teaching English The subject matter should he well graded Exercise work and practical work should be given at the end of the chapter It must develop moral qualities in the students. There should he no printing mistake It must not he very costly The paper should he qualitative The cover should he attractive and qualitative
66 Instructional Material and Text BookLanguage Laboratory : Language laboratory is the place where the learnershave to listen on headphone. The language labs are set upwith a view to provide listening activities in order to makethem developing good speech habit. The learning materialare recorded on audiotapes which are played back byteacher is to be drilled and the same is monitored by thementor. Leamer himself records his practice and listens toit.Computer Assisted Language Learning: Computer Assisted Language Learning means is topresent teaching material trough computer. To use ofcomputer in teaching learning process is innovation ineducational circle. The computer technology has broughtmultimedia package means the programme is developedwith all kinds of media available for presentation. In thispresentation, texts, graphics, audio and video are available.The computer is multi media system. It is VCD, DVD, VCR,Slide projector and Film projector. (2) Characteristics of Various types of Instructional Material used in the class room Instruction:Supplement Oral Teaching : We know that most of class room teaching is verbalwhich can not make teaching learning effective: The verbalstatements made by teacher do not help to clarify the viewpoints. At such a stage audio visual aids help to clarify theview of teacher.Audio Visual Aids as Motivator : Audio visual aids work as motivators in teachinglearning process. Without use of these aids the teachingbecomes alive less. While teacher uses teaching aids to clear
Instructional Material and Text Book 67his content then students take more interest in thatteaching. They mentally prepare for further teaching. Theyare motivated to work more and effectively. Motivation, inother words, is the preparatory. phase for all acts oflearning. Audio visual aids are helpful in establishingmotivation.Prevent Indiscipline and Monotony : Teacher uses teaching aids to make his teachingeffective and alive. Use of aids prevents monotony andindiscipline of student because it creates interest in studentto know something. Thus it is helpful to make teachingvery interesting.Make Learning Permanent : Audio Visual aids involve more than one sensoryorgans of the 1earner which improve retentiveness andmake learning permanent. In audio visual aids, seeing andhearing go together which play extraordinary roles inlearning. The aids appeals to those senses that can respondadequately.Save Time and Energy : When teacher clear his content verbally or withoutany teaching aid, it takes more time for students tounderstand that content. But when it is cleared by usingaudio visual aids, it takes lees time and makes students tounderstand very easily. It saves more time of and energy ofteacher and students.Provide direct Experience : There are aids that provide direct learning experienceto students. Under this category, educational tours, visit tozoo, and museums, taking the students into thecommunity- resources etc. are some of the sources that
68 Instructional Material and Text Bookprovide first hand knowledge and serve as important aidsfor learning. (3) Requisite and Evaluation of Good Text Book Text book is the area in which the language materialis presented prescribed for teaching and learning English.The textbook boards of respective state develop the materialrequired. In Gujarat, the Gujarat state textbook board ispublishing books for teaching and learning English.Criteria of the Selection of Good Text book: Keeping in view the significance of text book oneshould keep in his mind while selecting a text book thosebelow mentioned points: 1. According the age, interest and individual differences should be kept in mind of selector. He should select on the base of this criteria. Selector should keep himself away from the influence of out ward agencies and use his own directional only. 2. The subject ~atter should be well graded in text book and lit should be directly related to the interest and life of the interest. 3. Text book should cover the objectives of the English teaching. 4. Exercise work and practical work should be given to the students at the end the chapter. S. The teacher should select those books which help to produce moral qualities in students. 6. There should be no any printing mistake and it should be attractive and illustrative. 7. Language should be according the age and interest of the students in the textbook.
Instructional Material and Text Book 69 8. The book should be not very costly so that every student could purchase that could develop his qualities. 9. The paper which is used in text book should be white and durable. 10. The cover should be attractive and qualitative.Characteristics of Good text books : A good text books not only teaches but it also tests. Afew essential characteristics of good text books are givenbelow: 1. The words and structure are carefully graded. 2. No difficult words and new words are given in good text book. 3. The words and structure already learnt are repeated in the coming pages so that the students could revise them making them stable in their memory. 4. The size of text book should be handy for the students. 5. The binding should be proper and strong. 6. The subject matter should be printed on good quality paper. 7. Heading and subheading should be printed on title page in bold form. 8. Illustration should be attractive. For every young pupil, the picture should, be well drawn and realistically coloured and not in black and white. 9. Clear and unambiguous instruction should be given along side the test and practice and exercise.
70 Instructional Material and Text Book 10. There should be both practice and text exercise at the end of the chapter. 11. The subject matter of text book should provide new information so that students could get new knowledge. 12. The practice should be low which the majority of students could solve them easily. 13. The introduction at the beginning and conclusion at the end of the chapter should be given in the text book. 14. A list of related books should be given at the end of the lesson for the further study. 15. Textbook should cover whole syllabus. 16. Textbook must contain the lesson of national integration, world peace, love and co-operation among people without the distinction of caste, sex and race . ..........
4 ••••• METHODS----------------------Introduction : In India English is taught in each and every statesschool. English teaching is very complicate task in India.The way of teaching English is very different in differentpart of India. We know that English is taught as a secondlanguage in our country. We know that when any languageis taught as second language, it becomes very necessary toknow for teacher "How and what to teach to students"because it is very difficult for teacher to use suitable method.Indian classes have their own problem and one of them isteaching methodology. There is no single method that is tobe considered effective and accepted by all. Methodology is systematic and scientific way ofteaching any subject. It guides teacher "How to teach" and"How his teaching may be effective". It is very necessaryfor teacher to know various types of methods andtechniques of teaching English. Method may also be definedas: "The process of planning, selection and gradinglanguage materials and items, techniques of teaching, etc."Anthony (1963) defines the term Method as: It is aparticular trick, strategy or contrivance used to accomplish