African-American presidents of the United States in popular culture
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Before and after the election of Barack Obama as the first African American President of the United States in 2008, the idea of a black president has been explored by various writers in novels (including science fiction), movies and television, as well as other media. Numerous actors have portrayed a black president. Such portrayals have occurred in both serious works and comedies.
Effect of media depictions
As writers and directors cast blacks as president in several memorable portrayals, depictions of fictional black presidents may have accustomed Americans to accept a black man as president. Actor Dennis Haysbert who played a black president on the hit show 24, said the portrayal “may have opened the eyes, the minds and the hearts of people because the character was so well liked." The show also raised the issue of whether television series "like political trial ballons, can ready the populace for change." 
After Barack Obama's election, the television show the Cosby Show was cited for what has been termed the “Huxtable effect” for the influence of its "warmhearted" portrayal, "free of street conflicts and ghetto stereotypes - that broke ground for its depiction of an upwardly mobile black family." The show has even been cited by some observers as a factor in Obama's victory.
In 1964 Irving Wallace published The Man, a popular novel addressing the idea of a black president, named Douglas Dillman in the book. Recently a critic described it as a window into "Kennedy-era racial pathologies", despite the author's liberal attitude. It included the portrayal of attractive multiracial or "mulatto" women who could pass for white, as does the hero Dillman's own light-skinned daughter. The Man—which was made into a 1972 movie starring James Earl Jones as Dillman—noted factors against a black president being elected in America, and Dillman's coming to power through an unlikely series of circumstances of succession.
Other novels featuring a first black president include Philip K. Dick's The Crack in Space (1966), T. Ernesto Bethancourt's young adult novel The Tomorrow Connection  (1984) and T.D. Walters' self-published thriller The Race (2007).
After civil rights and voting rights legislation was passed in 1964 and 1965, the move of blacks into full political participation began. Portrayals of blacks as president began to appear in comedians' routines. In the early years of his career in the 1960s, comedian Bill Cosby frequently told jokes along racial lines, including one about an imaginary first black president. He stopped when he decided to reach a wider audience.
In 1983 at age 22, Eddie Murphy (who was born the same year as Obama) enacted a parody of a black president in one of his stand-up routines, Eddie Murphy Delirious, filmed in Washington, D.C..
Movies and television
Writers and directors have featured a black man as president in several memorable portrayals. There have been film and television proposals based on the idea, as well. The first movie portrayal of a black American president was probably that of Sammy Davis Jr. in the 1933 film Rufus Jones for President. In this short musical comedy, the 7-year-old Davis is told by his mother, portrayed by Ethel Waters, that "anyone can become president, and later dreams of his own inauguration". Outside the dreams, the film reflects contemporary racist attitudes.
"When Rod Serling adapted Irving Wallace's "The Man" to the screen in 1972—it was a joint production of Paramount Pictures and ABC Circle Films, originally intended to air on ABC's made-for-television Movie of the Week series, but the network chose not to air it, prompting Paramount to release the film to theaters instead—the political climate had changed sufficiently that he could promote Douglass Dilman from survivor to competitor—a genuine leader who, after standing up to his white rivals, vows to win the presidency through "legitimate" electoral means." With James Earl Jones starring in 1972, the film version had a heroic black man as president, who ended the film in a position of moral authority.
In the 1993 science-fiction series SeaQuest DSV, the unnamed President of the United States featured in the first season episode "Better Than Martians" is portrayed by African-American actor Steven Williams.
In the 1997 science-fiction film The Fifth Element, character actor Tom Lister, Jr. played President Lindberg, the commander-in-chief of not just the United States of America but the planet Earth. His competence to lead is not questioned due to his race. In fact, his skin color is never mentioned.
A generation after The Man, the 1998 science fiction film Deep Impact featured black actor Morgan Freeman as president Tom Beck. Critic Louis Bayard noticed that Dennis Haysbert seemed to adopt Freeman's cadences for his own role as president.
In the hit show 24, a television precedent was set when Dennis Haysbert portrayed a lead character, David Palmer, and successful president who fought terrorism. Critic Charles Taylor described him as showing "the determination of magnetism, brains, resolve, compassion and willingness to make tough calls we dream of in a president." After the show portrayed the assassination of Palmer, his brother Wayne, played by D.B. Woodside, was also elected president. The Jerusalem Post speculated in June 2008 that television ratings "may have predicted Obama's primary victory over Hillary Clinton, as the most recent female television president appears to have been less popular than the black leaders of 24." 
Chris Rock wrote, directed, and starred as presidential candidate Mays Gilliam in the 2003 comedy Head of State, described as "undernourished." The movie's tagline was "The only thing white is the house". Another critic described Rock as in way over his head, and found it "depressing to see Rock pander to the most reactionary elements of the black audience." He also was surprised at some of the settings. "Rock doesn't seem to know much about contemporary America; when his character travels to Memphis (a majority-black city with a black mayor) we see only white people."
In 2004, a sketch on Chappelle's Show called "Black Bush" featured Dave Chappelle as an African-American "interpretation" of then President George W. Bush and his administration. It was controversial due to its set-up segment (which had Chappelle mocking fellow comedian Dennis Miller over the comedian's infamous "free pass" comment regarding not saying anything bad about George W. Bush) and its overall theme that if Bush and his top aides were black, that the public would be more willing to be critical of the President and his decisions. The sketch also features cameo appearances by actor Jamie Foxx, who appears as "Black Tony Blair" and Mos Def as "Black Head of the CIA" holding "Yellowcake from Africa" (Anthony Berry's character warns the other not to "drop that shit", though it is clearly just yellow cake).
Louis Gossett Jr. played the President in two different movies in 2005 — in the Christian movie Left Behind: World at War he played President Gerald Fitzhugh and in the direct-to-DVD Solar Attack he played President Ryan Gordon.
Mike Judge's 2006 Idiocracy featured President Dwayne Elizondo Mountain Dew Herbert Camacho as a former porn star and champion wrestler played by erstwhile NFL defensive end Terry Alan Crews. Critic Bayard thought it odd that the lead character seemed so little advanced from earlier 20th century caricatures. The "joke is essentially unchanged from the days of Rufus Jones: These are the last guys in the world -- or any world -- you'd want to vote for."
In 1983, R&B artist Blowfly released a track entitled "The first black president", a conversation between President Blowfly and his assistant over hip hop music.
The music video accompanying N.W.A's "Express Yourself" featured a shot of the White House with the caption, "Live from the Black House", followed by one of Dr. Dre swiveling a chair in what is apparently meant to represent the Oval Office. Several more shots in the video continue the same scene.
Rap artist Nas was inspired by the Obama campaign to write a song entitled "Black President", which includes quotations from Obama. The track samples Tupac Shakur with a modified lyric saying, "And although it seems heaven sent, we ain't ready to have a black president."
When he appeared in speaking roles on Snoop Dogg's album No Limit Top Dogg, actor Rudy Ray Moore joked that he would run for president with two priorities - painting the White House black and legalizing just about everything.
An unnamed black president played a major role in the 2000 first-person shooter Nintendo 64 video game Perfect Dark. The player must prevent his assassination and lead him to the escape pod on a futuristic rendition of Air Force One.
Effect of Obama's presidency on television
The Obama presidency has potential to affect television shows, but people have differing reactions to that. The comedian and actor Bill Cosby said he is "not all that optimistic that Obama’s presidency will make a major difference in terms of onscreen diversity," saying "they would die before putting another show on about a black family and black pride." 
Pastor T.D. Jakes noted the portrayal on television of "middle-class African-Americans who are articulate, intelligent and thoughtful." He hoped the new president would make a difference in encouraging those types of depictions. "The Obama effect might even go beyond bolstering the presence of blacks on television and actually bring about a tonal change in programming," according to Brok Akil. She wrote a script based on a book called Making Friends With Black People, a buddy comedy that focuses on the state of race relations in the U.S. She added that, "In our pitch to NBC, we referenced Obama." She also said, "We talked about how he has gotten us to the table to talk about race in a meaningful way and it’s time to continue the discussion. So our new president has already had an impact." 
- List of Presidents of the United States
- Lists of fictional presidents of the United States
- African-American candidates for President of the United States
- African-American heritage of presidents of the United States
- Female president of the United States in popular culture
- Israel, Solomon (June 4, 2008). "Precedent for black president in US film and TV". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
As Barack Obama clears yet another obstacle to becoming America's first black president, he can look for inspiration to a tradition of black American presidents before him - in American film and television. ... If life truly does imitate art, Barack Obama can rest assured that the long-standing American tradition of black presidents on both the big and little screens has accustomed Americans to the idea of an African-American leader. As the presidential campaign moves into its next phase, Obama's operatives can only hope that American voters will choose to identify him with their favorite film and television presidents - and turn out to vote as faithfully as they tune in to watch.[permanent dead link]
- Tony Norman A black president? Only on television February 11, 2003 Opinion Column Post-Gazette (Pittsburgh) http://www.post-gazette.com/columnists/20030211tony0211p1.asp
- "Rather fittingly, it was Hollywood that first dabbled with the subject. In fact, you could say it was America's dream factory - a major contributor to Obama's campaign - that first prepared Americans, and the rest of us, for the possibility." A black president: From fantasy to fact: Obama is the personification of a powerful idea. Now the hard work starts November 04, 2008 Opinion Column Vancouver Sun "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2009-01-28.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
- "President David Palmer’s term in office lasted only a few seasons on the Fox series “24.” But the image of a black president may have helped pave the way for Barack Obama’s historic election, according to the actor who portrayed the popular character." Bill Burke Did Dennis Haysbert’s ‘24’ president pave the way for our 44th?: A leading role January 20, 2009 http://www.bostonherald.com/entertainment/television/general/view.bg?articleid=1146411
- " '24' could become a natural talking point and cultural reference... it brings up this notion of whether television series, like political trial balloons, can ready the populace for change, soften up the collective conscience to accept an idea it has not acted on, truly, in the history of the country." Tim Goodman, '24' reflects post-September 11 mind-set January 8, 2007, San Francisco Chronicle http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/01/08/DDG3SND9CA1.DTL
- Maureen Callahan, "A president in real-time, did '24' help Obama's candidacy?", February 24, 2008, NY Post http://www.nypost.com/seven/02242008/postopinion/opedcolumnists/a_president_in_real_time_98988.htm
- Joel Stein A black president? Seen a few "Hollywood has warmed us up already, namely with Morgan Freeman in 'Deep Impact' and Dennis Haysbert in '24.'" January 11, 2008 Opinion, Los Angeles Times http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-stein11jan11,0,1716590.column?coll=la-opinion-rightrail
- Chuck Barney, "Will the ‘Obama effect' bring change to TV?" 26 January 2009, Contra Costa Times
- Louis Bayard (3 November 2008). "Black presidents we have known". Salon.
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- Manohla Dargis and A. O. Scott, "How the Movies Made a President", January 16, 2009, The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/18/movies/18darg.html
- Carter, Matt (January 19, 2009). "Online guide to the inauguration". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
Decades before Obama was elected, Eddie Murphy (warning: explicit language) and Richard Pryor imagined what it would mean to be the first black president.
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- Wiltz, Teresa (2009-01-17). "Hollywood's Leading Man". The Root. Archived from the original on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2009-01-21.
- Dennis, J. P. (2007). We Boys Together: Teenagers in Love Before Girl-craziness. Vanderbilt University Press.
Babes on Broadway features another minstrel show, with Judy Garland again in black male drag singing "Franklin Delano Jones," about the first black president of the United States ...
- Scott, A. O.; Manohla Dargis (January 16, 2009). "How the Movies Made a President". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
Of course, we had seen several black presidents already, not in the real White House but in the virtual America of movies and television. The presidencies of James Earl Jones in The Man, Morgan Freeman in Deep Impact, Chris Rock in Head of State and Dennis Haysbert in 24 helped the United States imagine Mr. Obama’s transformative breakthrough before it occurred. In a modest way, they also hastened its arrival.
- Osnes, B. and Gill, S. (2001) Acting: An Encyclopedia of Traditional Culture. ABC-CLIO. p 167.
- Alexander, E. (2004) The Black Interior: Essays, Graywolf Press. p 94.
- Spiral-Zone.com Episode Guide: #12 - The "Imposter" Archived April 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- Black Presidents in the Movies
- Charles Taylor (28 March 2003). "Head of State". Salon.
- "Although some may question Obama's credentials when it comes to fighting terror, fictional president David Palmer, played by African-American actor Dennis Haysbert on the national security-themed thriller show 24, confronted terror during his administration - until he was assassinated." Solomon Israel, "Precedent for black president in US film and TV", Une 4, 2008 Jerusalem Post
- "Later in the series, Palmer's brother Wayne (played by D.B. Woodside) was elected as yet another black president, setting a television precedent for an African-American leader of the free world." Solomon Israel, Precedent for black president in US film and TV Une 4, 2008 Jerusalem Post
- Solomon Israel, Precedent for black president in US film and TV June 4, 2008 Jerusalem Post
- Hirschberg, Lynn (September 3, 2000). "How Black Comedy Got The Last Laugh". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
Clinton was in Los Angeles, as he has often been, for a frenetic round of fund-raising, but he managed to clear some time for Tucker, who is not a major Democratic donor but a very funny comic film actor with a notion of writing, directing, producing and starring in a movie about the first black president of the United States.
- Moring, Mark (February 23, 2011). "A Healing Journey". Christianity Today.
- "State of Affairs TV show on NBC: cancelled, no season 2". Tvseriesfinale.com. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
- (June 4, 2008) "Diddy, Young Jeezy, Respond To Barack Obama's Historic Nomination; Check Out Nas' New Song: 'Black President'." MTV News. Retrieved 1/21/09.
- "Some believe that impact (of having a black president and first family) will take on additional power as the nation - including Hollywood - is exposed to countless images of Obama along with wife Michelle and daughters Malia and Sasha as they hold court in the White House." Chuck Barney, "Will the ‘Obama effect' bring change to TV?" 26 January 2009, Contra Costa Times