Genitive: Canis Majoris
Size ranking: 43rd
Origin: One of the 48 Greek constellations listed by Ptolemy in the Almagest
Greek name: Κύων (Kyon)
Four dogs are to be found among the constellations: Canis Major, Canis Minor, and the two hunting dogs, Canes Venatici, but Canis Major is undoubtedly the top dog. Indeed, Ptolemy in the Almagest called it simply Κύων (Kyon), the Dog. Canis Major is dominated by Sirius, popularly termed the Dog Star, the most brilliant star in the entire night sky; almost certainly the constellation originated with this star alone.
Aratus referred to Canis Major as the guard-dog of Orion, following on the heels of its master and standing on its hind legs with Sirius carried in its jaws. Manilius called it ‘the dog with the blazing face’. Canis Major seems to cross the sky in pursuit of the hare, represented by the constellation Lepus under Orion’s feet. To the north of it scampers Canis Minor, the smaller dog, either having lost the scent or sniffing out different prey.
Canis Major on Chart XVIII of Johann Bode’s Uranographia (1801).
Bode depicted the dog with Sirius marking its snout. Classical Greek
descriptions, though, placed Sirius in the dog’s jaws.
Mythologists such as Eratosthenes and Hyginus said that the constellation represented Laelaps, a dog so swift that no prey could outrun it. This dog had a long list of owners, one of them being Procris, daughter of King Erechtheus of Athens and wife of Cephalus, but accounts differ about how she came by it. In one version the dog was given to her by Artemis, goddess of hunting; but a more likely account says that it is the dog given by Zeus to Europa, whose son Minos, King of Crete, passed it on to Procris. The dog was presented to her along with a javelin that could never miss; this turned out to be an unlucky gift, for her husband Cephalus accidentally killed her with it while out hunting.
Cephalus inherited the dog, and took it with him to Thebes (not Thebes in Egypt but a town in Boeotia, north of Athens) where a vicious fox was ravaging the countryside. The fox was so swift of foot that it was destined never to be caught – yet Laelaps the hound was destined to catch whatever it pursued. Off they went, almost faster than the eye could follow, the inescapable dog in pursuit of the uncatchable fox. At one moment the dog would seem to have its prey within grasp, but could only close its jaws on thin air as the fox raced ahead of it again. There could be no resolution of such a paradox, so Zeus turned them both to stone, and the dog he placed in the sky as Canis Major, without the fox.
Sirius, the dazzling dog star
The name of the star Sirius comes from the Greek word seirios (Σείριος) meaning ‘searing’ or ‘scorching’, highly appropriate for something so brilliant. In Greek times its rising at dawn just before the Sun marked the start of the hottest part of the summer, a time that hence became known as the Dog Days. ‘It barks forth flame and doubles the burning heat of the Sun’, said Manilius, expressing a belief held by the Greeks and Romans that the star had a heating effect. The Roman writer Pliny the Elder considered it common knowledge. ‘Who is not aware that the heat of the Sun increases at the rising of the Lesser Dog-star,’ he asked in his Natural History of AD 79. The ancient Greek writer Hesiod wrote of ‘heads and limbs drained dry by Sirius’, and Virgil in the Georgics said that ‘the torrid Dog Star cracks the fields’.
Even though the name Sirius was known as far back as the time of Hesiod, Ptolemy in the Almagest called it Κύων, ‘the Dog’, the same name as for the whole constellation. He described it as ‘the star in the mouth’. However, Johann Bayer in his Uranometria star atlas placed it not in the mouth but on the dog’s snout. Bayer was followed in this by Bode in Uranographia, although not by Hevelius or the classically correct Flamsteed.
Germanicus Caesar specified the effects that the rising of Sirius with the Sun was supposed to have. Healthy crops it strengthens, but those with shrivelled leaves or feeble roots it kills. ‘There is no star the farmer likes more or hates more’, according to Germanicus.
‘Hardly is it inferior to the Sun, save that its abode is far away’, wrote Manilius, anticipating the modern view that stars are bodies like the Sun only vastly more distant. Yet, in contradiction of the supposed heating effects of Sirius, Manilius continued: ‘The beams it launches from its sky-blue face are cold’. That description of the colour of Sirius is in contrast to Ptolemy’s surprising reference to it as reddish, which has caused all manner of arguments.
In fact, Manilius was nearly correct, for Sirius is a blue-white star, even larger and brighter than the Sun. It lies 8.6 light years away, making it one of the Sun’s closest neighbours. It has a white dwarf companion star, visible only through telescopes, that orbits it every 50 years.
In 14th-century Europe, Sirius was also known as Alhabor or Alabor, an Arabic name that can be found on astrolabes of the time. Geoffrey Chaucer used the name Alhabor for Sirius in his celebrated Treatise on the Astrolabe written in or around 1391. He based his description on astrolabes such as this English example which had a dog’s head to indicate the position of the star. However, astronomers eventually settled on the original Greek name in preference to the Arabic alternative.
Beta Canis Majoris, which precedes Sirius across the sky, is known as Mirzam, from the Arabic al-Mirzam. According to the Arabic astronomer al-Sūfī, the Arabs gave this name to any star that preceded a bright star. Hence it was also applied to Beta Canis Minoris, which precedes Procyon, and Gamma Orionis, which precedes Betelgeuse, but it is the attribution to Beta Canis Majoris which has stuck.
Ptolemy listed 11 stars as lying around the constellation but not forming part of it. Of these, nine were later used by Petrus Plancius to create a new constellation, Columba, the dove; one was transferred to Monoceros; and one was eventually incorporated in Canis Major.
Chinese astronomers knew Sirius as Tianlang, ’celestial wolf’, or simply Lang, ‘wolf’; it was said to symbolize invasion and plunder. Other stars of Canis Major provide a good illustration of how Chinese constellations could be remodelled by different astrologer/astronomers. Take Junshi, for example, representing a market for soldiers to buy provisions and barter goods. In one version, this was a ring of 13 stars, including Nu and Xi Canis Majoris, extending into present-day Lepus. At its centre was Yeji, a pheasant, represented by Beta Canis Majoris (Mirzam). But an alternative interpretation identifies the pheasant as Nu-2 Canis Majoris, with Beta one of a ring of 6 stars (rather than 13) making up Junshi.
Similar malleability can be seen in the case of Hushi, the bow and arrow. In one depiction the bow, Hu, was represented by the arc of stars from Kappa via Epsilon, Sigma, Delta, and Tau Canis Majoris to Xi Puppis. A line from Eta via Delta to Omicron-2 Canis Majoris was Shi, an arrow, pointing at Lang in a show of defiance against thieves and raiders. But another version sees the bow as an altogether larger figure, extending well into Puppis and with Delta Canis Majoris as the tip of the arrow. The whole bow-and-arrow figure was sometimes known simply as Hu.
© Ian Ridpath. All rights reserved