When I first starting researching my father’s family I hit a blank wall. I had even tried searching the name in the Dutch online database, Genlias, without success. Then through searches on Google and Ancestry, I verified my suspicion that our family surname had been changed to Reyst once my great-grandfather and his family arrived in the United States.
Our real Dutch family surname is Reijst, and generations before my great-grandfather it was Rijst. A quick study of the Dutch alphabet revealed that although “y” does exist in the Dutch language it is seldom used as a vowel, and was not even used in older records. Instead the digraph (a pair of characters written to represent one sound) “ij” is considered a single letter in the Dutch language and represents the sixth vowel. Often writers failed to dot the i and j, so written in cursive it looked like a “y”. This explains why on the Obdam manifest, the surname appears to be Reyst, whereas the first US Census record of 1900 that my great-grandfather participated in lists his surname as Reijst. Between 1890 and 1900, my great-grandfather used both variations of the surname, but thereafter the family’s surname was identified as Reyst.
So why the change in spelling? It likely has a lot to do with where my great-grandparents chose to settle down once arriving in the United States. Many Dutch immigrants settled in Michigan from 1840 to 1900, especially on the western side of the state around Grand Rapids. Many of the Dutch Protestant families continued to cling to their native traditions, and most surnames found in city directories of these western Michigan towns and cities resemble those in their native provinces of the Netherlands. Most familiar is Frederik Meijer, the founder of the grocery business that has now grown into a major superstore chain that still bears his name. But my great-grandfather, Johannes Reijst, decided to migrate to the growing metropolis of Detroit, Michigan, which was quickly becoming an important emerging industrial center of the Midwest. Detroit was growing from an influx of people from various origins and cultures, from southern United States and both Eastern and Western European countries, and economic opportunities were likely greater for those who assimilated into this new culture. So either by design or by accident due to misinterpretation, the “ij” in Johannes’ surname was replaced with a “y”. The family even took this assimilation into American culture a step further by converting their given names to more familiar Americanized names. So Johannes became known as John and Helena as Lena; even the family given name of Cornelis, now would be written as Cornelius.
The Reyst (or Reijst or Rijst) surname probably dates back to no later than 1811. Prior to 1811 very few Dutch families had surnames, except nobility. But in 1811 under Napoleonic rule of the Netherlands, all families were required to register and choose a surname. Among the rural population of the Netherlands the use of patronymics was common practice before 1811 to identify an individual, with the oldest form using the possessive of the father’s name along with the word for son or daughter. Other forms used a person’s occupation, place of residence, or personal characteristic. So many patronymics became permanent surnames, like Jansen (son of Jan), Visser (the fisherman), Van Dijk (one living along the dike), and Reus (nickname for big man). So what does the name Rijst or Reijst represent? Unfortunately, I have not been able to find any citation that gives the meaning of either of these spellings. But I have found out that the Dutch word “rijst” means rice (as a noun) or to lift, mount or heave (as a verb). So it is possible that the chosen surname may have referred to being someone who does manual labor as I don’t think it referred to growing or processing of rice. Also the Dutch word for the Rhine River is “rijn”, so maybe the surname has some connection to living along the Rhine.
Today in the United States individuals with the surname of Reyst are mostly located throughout Michigan. However, you will also find some possible relatives in Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Texas, Virginia, and Washington.