Calcification is one of the most common issues that arise concerning biocompatibility, known to affect many systems in the body. It is often associated with an increase in free phosphate and calcium particles in the serum that leads to mineral deposition. Calcification is problematic both in the naturally occurring state of the body, as well as when it exists as result of biomaterial implants. While calcification is prominent in many different forms, not all mechanisms and processes associated with the phenomenon are completely understood. In this chapter, materials affected by calcification, potential mechanisms of action, and potential treatments will be discussed. Both bioprosthetic and polymer heart valves and urinary implants will be evaluated for material composition, application, and failure. Current research on the assessment of these materials will be reported, with the associated chemical and biological mechanisms explained. The chapter will also detail diseased states of the arteries that induce calcification and what treatments can be used for both arterial and bioprosthetic calcification. Finally, the chapter will conclude by detailing future designs for biomaterials to prevent and treat calcification in both natural and synthetic applications.
Part of the book: Biomaterials