Recipe for PHY 107 1. Study hard (use the grade of test 1 as a gauge) 2. Come to class 3. Do the homework (and more) 4. Do not stay behind 5. If you have questions get them answered 6. If you have a problem tell me about it. PHY 107 Home page:
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Recipe for PHY 107
1. Study hard (use the grade of test 1 as a gauge)
2. Come to class
3. Do the homework (and more)
4. Do not stay behind
5. If you have questions get them answered
6. If you have a problem tell me about it
PHY 107 Home page:
Name: Surajit Sen
Office: 325 Fronczak
Telephone: 645-2017 ext.193
Office Hours: Mondays/Tuesdays 9-10 am and By Appointment
Extra help for engineering majors:
Begin at the engineering home page: www.eng.buffalo.edu
From there click on “Freshman Programs:
Then on “Small Groups”
Click on “submit” to sign up
If you cannot sign up contact Bill Wild at: email@example.com
“Physics for scientists and Engineers” Vol.1, 3rd edition, by Fishbane, Gasiorowicz and Thornton (Prentice Hall)
“Student Solution Manual” for the textbook above. This contains worked solutions to selected odd-numbered problems.
Chapter 1 Tooling Up
In this chapter we shall introduce the following concepts which will be used throughout this semester (and beyond)
1.Units and systems of units
2.Uncertainties in measurements, propagation of errors
3.Vectors (vector addition, subtraction, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, decomposition of a vector into components)
Classical (before 1900) (PHY 107, PHY 108)
Modern (after 1900) (PHY 207)
Example: Ohm’s law The ratio V/I for a conductor is a constant known as the resistance R
We must measure !
Example: I step on my bathroom scale and it reads 150
150 what? 150 lb? 150 kg?
For each measurement we need units.
Do we have to define arbitrarily units for each and every physical parameter?
The answer is no. We need only define arbitrarily units for the following four parameters:
Length, Mass , Time , Electric Current
In PHY 107 we will need only units for the first three. We will define the units for electric current in PHY 108 (1, 4)
In this course we shall use the SI (systeme internationale) system of units as follows:
All other units follow from the arbitrarily defined four units listed above
Note: SI used to be called the “MKSA” system of units
1 meter AB/107
The standard meter
It is a bar of Platinum-Iridium kept at a constant temperature The meter is defined as the distance between the two scratch marks
The kilogram (kg)
It is defined as the mass equal to the mass of a cylinder made of platinum-iridium made by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. All other standards are made as copies of this cylinder
The second (s)
The second is defined as the duration of the mean solar day divided by 86400
The mean solar day is the average time it takes the earth to complete one revolution around its axis
Where does the 86400 come from?
1 day = 24 hours 1 hour = 60 minutes 1 minute = 60 seconds Thus: 1 day 24 60 60 = 86400 s
10-12 please correct!
Examples: 1 km = 1000 m 1 ms = 10-3 s
Question:How do we define all other units?
Answer: Using an equation that connects the parameter whose units we wish to define with other parameters whose units are known.
Example 1: Find the units of acceleration
h = gt2/2 Solve this equation for g
g = 2h/t2
Units of left Units of right hand side hand side
Units (g) = units (2h/t2) = m/s2
Note: The number 2 has no units (1-11)
Example 2:Find the units of force
Newton’s second law
F = ma
Units of left Units of right hand side hand side
Units(F) = units(m) units(a) = kg.m/s2
Note:We call the SI unit of force the “Newton” in honor of Isaac Newton who formulated the three laws of motion in mechanics. Symbol: N(1-12)
Uncertainty in Measurement (1-13)
There is no such thing as a perfectly accurate measurement. Each and every measurement has an uncertainty due to: 1. the observer, 2.the instrument, and 3. the procedure used How do we express the uncertainty in a measurement? Assume that we are asked to measure the length L of an object with the ruler shown on page (1-14). The smallest division on this ruler is 1 mm. The uncertainty L in L using that particular ruler is 1 mm. (If one is careful one can reduce it to 0.5 mm). If L is found to be 21.6 cm we write this as: L = (21.6 0.1)cm This simply means that the real value is somewhere between 21.5 cm and 21.7 cm. We can give L using three significant figures
The smallest division of this ruler is equal to 1 mm
We are given the ruler shown on page (1-14) and are asked to measure the width L1 and height L2 of the rectangle shown L1 = (21.6 0.1) cm L2 = (27.9 0.1) cm Area A = L1L2 = 21.627.9 = 602.6 cm2
The uncertainties L1 and L2 in the measurement of L1 and L2 will results in an error A in the calculated value of the rectangle area A. This is known as error propagation.
The dimensional analysis of a physical parameter such as velocity v, acceleration a , etc expresses the parameter as an algebraic combination of length [L], mass [M], and time [T]. This is because all measurements in mechanics can be ultimately be reduced to the measurement of length, mass , and time. [L], [M], and [T] are known as primary dimensions
How do we derive the dimensions of a parameter? We use an equation that involves the particular parameter we are interested in. For example: v = x/t . In every equation
[Left Hand Side] = [Right Hand Side]
Thus: [v] = [L]/[T] = [L][T]-1(1-16)
Note: The dimensions of a parameter such as velocity does not depend on the units. [v] = [L][T]-1 whether v is expressed in m/s, cm/s, or miles/hour
Dimensional analysis can be used to detect errors in equations Example:
h = gt2/2 [LHS] = [RHS]
[LHS] = [h] = [L]
[RHS] = [gt2/2] = [g][t2] = [L][T]-2[T]2 = [L]
Indeed [LHS] = [RHS] = [L] as might be expected from the equation h = gt2/2 which we know to be true.
Note 1: If an equation is found to be dimensionally incorrect then it is incorrect
Note 2: If an equation is dimensionally correct it does not necessarily means that the equation is correct.
Example: Lets try the (incorrect) equation
h = gt2/3 [LHS] = [L]
[RHS] = [g][t2] = [L]
Even though [LHS] = [RHS] equation
h = gt2/3 is wrong!
1. A vector is denoted either by an arrow on top or by bold print. Example: The vector of acceleration a is
written either as: or as: a Both methods are used
2. The magnitude of a vector is denoted either by the symbol: or by the symbol of the vector written with regular type. Example: the magnitude of the
acceleration vector can be written either as:or as: a
3. A vector is represented by an arrow whose length is proportional to the vector’s magnitude. The arrow has the same direction as the vector
A + B
B + A
Negative of a vector
We are given vector B and are asked to determine –B
1.Vector –B has the same magnitude as B
2.Vector –B has the opposite direction
Unit vector is defined as any vector whose magnitude is equal to unity
We are given a vector U and are asked to determine a unit
vector u which is parallel to U
Recipe: u = U/|U|
Vectors U and u are parallel
Any vector V in the xy-planecan be written as a sum of two other vectors, one along the x-axis and the other along the y-axis. These are called the components of V
V = Vxi + Vyj Here i and j are the unit vectors along the x- and y-axes, respectively
Vx is the projection of V along the x-axis
Vy is the projection of V along the y-axis
We wish to express Vx and Vy in terms of V and and vice versa i.e. express V and in terms of Vx and Vy
Consider triangle ABC:
Vx = Vcos and Vy = Vsin
Also: V = [ Vx2 + Vy2 ]1/2 and tan = Vy/Vx
Vector addition (algebraic method)
Vector subtraction (algebraic method)
xyz is a right handed coordinate system