Established in 1872, Yellowstone National Park is not only the oldest national park in the United States but also in the world. It is also one of the largest, and probably the best-known, national parks in the United States. It is located principally in northwestern Wyoming and partly in southern Montana and eastern Idaho. The park, which forms a squarelike rectangle, is 63 miles (101 kilometers) from north to south and 54 miles (87 kilometers) from east to west at its widest point; it covers an area of 3,472 square miles (8,992 square kilometers). Grand Teton National Park lies to the south, and on all other sides Yellowstone is surrounded by national forests. Yellowstone’s headquarters are at Mammoth Hot Springs near the northern entrance to the park.
Most of the park consists of broad volcanic plateaus with an average elevation of about 7,875 feet (2,400 meters). Three mountain ranges, each running roughly north to south, protrude into the park: the Gallatin Range in the northwest, the Absaroka Range in the east, and the northern extremity of the Teton Range along the park’s southwestern boundary. The tallest mountains in the park are in the Absarokas, where many summits exceed elevations of 10,000 feet (3,050 meters). The range’s Eagle Peak, on the park’s boundary in the southeast, is the high point, reaching 11,358 feet (3,462 meters). Within its rugged mountains are spectacular deep glacier-carved valleys.
Yellowstone is also known for its many scenic lakes and rivers. The park’s largest body of water is Yellowstone Lake, which has a surface area of 132 square miles (342 square kilometers) and lies at an elevation of 7,730 feet (2,356 meters), making it the highest mountain lake of its size in North America. The Yellowstone River enters at the southeast corner, flows generally northward (including through Yellowstone Lake), and exits near the northwest corner of the park. The river’s Yellowstone Falls, located in the north-central part of the park, descend in two majestic cascades. The falls constitute the western end of the spectacular Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. There the river has cut a gorge 19 miles (30 kilometers) long, between 800 and 1,200 feet (240 and 370 meters) deep, and up to 4,000 feet (1,200 meters) wide. The walls of the canyon are brilliantly colored in hues of red, pink, yellow, buff, lavender, and white.
Yellowstone’s principal attractions, however, are its some 10,000 hydrothermal features, which constitute roughly half of all those known in the world. The region’s deeply fractured crust allows groundwater to seep down to where it makes contact with underlying magma. The superheated and mineral-rich water then returns to the surface as steam vents, fumaroles, colorful hot pools, mud cauldrons, paint pots, hot springs and terraces, hot rivers, and geysers. Of the park’s more than 300 geysers, many erupt to heights of 100 feet (30 meters) or more. Old Faithful, in west-central Yellowstone, the most famous geyser in the park, erupts roughly every 90 minutes. (See also volcano.)
Yellowstone’s other noted geysers and thermal features include Giantess Geyser, with a two- to six-month wait between eruptions; Excelsior Geyser, which rarely erupts but discharges thousands of gallons of boiling water per minute; and the Fountain Paint Pots, with pink, plopping mud geysers, fumaroles, and a blue hot-spring pool. Steamboat Geyser can throw water to heights of 300 feet (90 meters) and higher and is the world’s highest-erupting geyser. Mammoth Hot Springs consists of a broad terraced hillside of travertine (calcium carbonate) deposited there by dozens of hot springs; some of the dazzling white rock is tinted by microorganisms on the rock.
Yellowstone’s climate is influenced by the park’s high average elevation, location deep within the continent, and mountainous terrain. Temperatures almost always decrease with elevation gain. Because of Yellowstone’s large area and variegated topography, weather conditions at different locations within the park can vary widely at any given time. In addition, conditions can change dramatically in a short period of time at one location.
Summer days are warm and relatively sunny, with daytime temperatures reaching about 80° F (27° C) in July at lower elevations before dropping to nighttime lows in the 40s or 50s F (about 10° C); temperatures are usually cooler higher in the mountains. Although precipitation totals in the warm months generally are light, summer afternoon thunderstorms are common. Winters are cold and snowy, as temperatures rarely rise above the mid-20s F (about –4° C) and often drop to 0° F (–18° C) or lower at night. Snowfall is heavy in most areas, especially at higher elevations, and typically begins in early autumn and continues into April or May.
About four-fifths of the park’s area is forested, and the vast majority of the tree growth consists of lodgepole pines. Among the several other conifer species in the park are whitebark pine, found at higher elevations; and Douglas firs, which dominate at lower elevations. Cottonwoods and willows grow along streams, and stands of aspens occur in many sections. A significant event in Yellowstone’s more recent history was the great fire of 1988 that charred some two-fifths of the park’s forestlands. The forests subsequently have recovered, although areas have been subject to damage by insect pests. Hundreds of types of wildflowers thrive in a variety of habitats. Common species include phlox, lupines, cinquefoils, larkspurs, and Indian paintbrushes.
Yellowstone boasts the greatest assemblage of mammals—more than five dozen species—in the United States, outside of Alaska. Bison (buffalo), the largest of the mammals, were brought back from near extinction at the beginning of the 20th century. Other large mammals often seen in Yellowstone include elk (wapiti), mule deer, black bears, foxes, and coyotes. There are smaller populations of brown (grizzly) bears, bighorn sheep, pronghorns, mountain goats, and moose. Bobcats are thought to be present throughout the park, but their numbers are unknown, and there are occasional sightings of lynx and pumas (mountain lions). Common smaller mammals include badgers, martens, weasels, river otters, hares and rabbits, shrews, a variety of bats, and many species of small rodents. Wolves were successfully reintroduced into Yellowstone in 1995 and are now found throughout much of the park. Beavers have also made a significant comeback, and several hundred live along streams and lakes.
More than 300 different species of birds have been identified as living year-round or seasonally in Yellowstone or migrating through the park in spring and autumn. Songbirds and woodpeckers constitute the greatest number of species. Among the permanent residents are jays, chickadees, nuthatches, ravens, and waterfowl such as trumpeter swans and Canada geese. Summer breeders of interest include sandhill cranes, white pelicans, and common loons. The populations of three of the park’s raptors—bald eagles, ospreys, and peregrine falcons—have made significant recoveries after having been severely depleted in the mid-20th century.
Road access to Yellowstone is through entrances in the north, northeast, east, south, and west; a highway also skirts the northwestern portion of the park. The park itself has about 465 miles (750 kilometers) of roads, some two-thirds of which are paved. The road linking the north and northeast entrances stays open year-round, but other park roads close for the winter. Yellowstone has extensive facilities for park goers, including nine visitors’ centers (only one of which, at Mammoth, is open year-round) and nine hotels and lodges. In addition, there are dozens of dining facilities, service stations, and stores—most of them concentrated at Mammoth or at locations along the central loop road. All close for the winter, except for lodging and some other facilities that reopen in the Old Faithful and Mammoth areas for the winter season.
A dozen developed campgrounds in Yellowstone are maintained by the National Park Service or by a private company, and there are more than 300 primitive backcountry campsites that are accessible via the park’s roughly 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) of trails. In addition, some 15 miles (24 kilometers) of boardwalks are maintained that give visitors access to many of the best-known hydrothermal features. Hiking, backpacking, camping, fishing, boating, and wildlife watching are popular outdoor activities, as are cross-country skiing and snowshoeing in winter.
Archaeological evidence recovered in Yellowstone indicates that there has been a sustained human presence in the region since sometime after the end of the last glaciation there (about 13,000 to 14,000 years ago), with the oldest artifacts dating to more than 11,000 years ago. Little is known about those early peoples. Wind River Shoshone (also called Sheep Eaters) are thought to have arrived in the Yellowstone area about ad 1400. Many other groups followed, and those peoples either lived in or near the land now occupied by the park or visited the area to hunt, trade, or conduct ceremonies.
The first person of European ancestry to venture into the Yellowstone region was American trapper and explorer John Colter. He reached the area in 1807–08 after leaving the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1806. The first published account of the region was by Daniel Potts, whose letter to his brother describing Yellowstone Lake and the West Thumb Geyser Basin appeared in a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, newspaper in 1827. Another trapper, Warren Angus Ferris, visited Yellowstone and was the first to use the name geyser for the hydrothermal features there. Ferris, who was a trained surveyor, prepared a map of the Yellowstone area in 1836. An official government party failed to reach Yellowstone in 1860, but well-planned expeditions of 1870 and 1871 undertook thorough surveys of the region.
Proposals for the federal government to protect the Yellowstone region had first been voiced in the mid-1860s. Jay Cooke of the Northern Pacific Railway Company was building a rail line from Lake Superior to the Pacific Northwest that passed just north of Yellowstone. Cooke was informed that Yellowstone was commercially suited only for recreation. Seeing the potential for tourism, he became a strong advocate for the creation of a national park at Yellowstone. The cause was helped significantly by stunning paintings and photographs. The U.S. Congress acted quickly to write a bill authorizing the creation of Yellowstone National Park, which was passed and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872.
Travel to and in the park in those early years was arduous and undertaken by only a small number of hardy adventurers each year. Added to the physical travel challenges at that time was the ongoing fighting between Native Americans and the U.S. government. The Battle of the Little Bighorn (June 1876) had taken place only some 150 miles (240 kilometers) to the northeast of Yellowstone. The following year Chief Joseph and his Nez Percé band traversed Yellowstone in their attempt to evade capture by U.S. troops. They took and briefly held several park visitors hostage before all escaped or were released. (See also Sioux; Cheyenne; George Armstrong Custer.)
By the early 1880s, however, the hostilities had largely ended, and the Northern Pacific had completed its main track to the Pacific. A spur line from it was built southward to near the park’s northern entrance, and the company began heavily promoting tourism to Yellowstone. The first hotel in the park (at Mammoth) opened in 1883. The railway acquired that hotel in 1886 and began building other overnight accommodations in the park. That same year the U.S. Army took over administration of Yellowstone.
The military was able to lessen vandalism and curtail wildlife poachers, notably stopping the slaughter of bison in the park. It also undertook major infrastructure improvements, including the construction of Fort Yellowstone at Mammoth (the structures of which—built between 1890 and 1913—are still used as the park’s headquarters) and much of the park’s road system. The Union Pacific Railroad completed a line to the park’s west entrance in 1907, and the following year visitors began arriving at what became West Yellowstone, Idaho. Private automobiles were first allowed into the park in 1915. Travel to and within Yellowstone improved considerably in the early 20th century, and the number of visitors each year increased steadily. More lodging was built to accommodate them, most notably the magnificent Old Faithful Inn (completed 1904) in the Upper Geyser Basin.
The army relinquished full administration of Yellowstone to the National Park System (NPS) and its newly created ranger force by 1918. The NPS took steps to increase the amount of scientific exploration in the park and to establish education programs for the growing number of tourists. Park attendance exceeded 100,000 for the first time in 1923 and a half million in 1940 before dropping off drastically during the travel-restricted war years. Yellowstone’s boundaries were adjusted twice in that period (1929 and 1932), after which the park reached its present size. Annual visits surpassed one million in 1948 and three million in 1992 and have hovered around the latter mark since then. Yellowstone National Park was designated a UNESCO biosphere reserve in 1976 and a World Heritage site in 1978.