Rosario Castellanos, (born May 25, 1925, Mexico City, Mexico—died August 7, 1974, Tel Aviv, Israel), novelist, short-story writer, poet, essayist, and diplomat who was probably the most important Mexican woman writer of the 20th century. Her 1950 master’s thesis, Sobre cultura femenina (“On Feminine Culture”), became a turning point for modern Mexican women writers, who found in it a profound call to self-awareness.
Castellanos was the daughter of landowners from Chiapas and spent her formative years on a ranch near the Guatemalan border. She received an excellent education in Mexico and Europe. From 1960 to 1966 she was press director for the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Afterward, she held several visiting professorships in the United States and then returned to Mexico to accept the chair in comparative literature at the National Autonomous University. In 1971 Castellanos became Mexico’s ambassador to Israel, and she died there three years later, accidentally electrocuted in her Tel Aviv home.
Castellanos was passionately interested in the works of two women writers: Saint Teresa of Ávila, the Spanish 16th-century religious activist and author, and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, the Mexican nun-poet of the 17th century. Profoundly Catholic, her own verse also recalls the poetry of Saint John of the Cross. It expresses at once indignation at social injustice and ecstasy before the beauty of creation. Castellanos’s poetry is as powerful and original as that of her contemporary Octavio Paz, although she is best known for her prose works. Her most famous novel, Oficio de tinieblas (1962; The Book of Lamentations), re-creates an Indian rebellion that occurred in the city of San Cristóbal de las Casas in the 19th century, but Castellanos sets it in the 1930s, when her own family suffered from the reforms brought about by Lázaro Cárdenas del Rio in the wake of the Mexican Revolution. Castellanos donated the land she inherited to the destitute Indians of Chiapas.
In 1972 Castellanos published her collected poetry in a volume entitled Poesía no eres tú (“Poetry Is Not You”; Eng. trans., The Selected Poems, by Magda Bogin), a polemical allusion to a well-known verse by Spanish Romantic poet Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, in which he tells his beloved that she is poetry.