| name,country,iso3,lat,lon,group,stones,status,description,coordinate_quality,coordinate_precision_deg,notes,sources,erebaur_url |
| Catoca,Angola,AGO,-9.4,20.3,diamond,Diamond,active,"Large kimberlite mine in Lunda Sul; Endiama 59%, Omani investor 41% since 2024",approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Catoca |
| Argyle,Australia,AUS,-16.71,128.4,diamond,"Diamond (pink, brown, white)",closed,"Rio Tinto, 1985–2020; supplied over 90% of the world’s pink diamonds",approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Argyle |
| Jwaneng,Botswana,BWA,-24.52,24.7,diamond,Diamond,active,"Debswana open pit, opened 1982; mining at about 452 m and planned to reach 816 m by 2034",approximate,,,https://www.debswana.com/jwaneng/,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Jwaneng |
| Karowe,Botswana,BWA,-21.51,25.47,diamond,Diamond (large type IIa),active,"Lucara open pit on the AK6 pipe, producing since 2012; source of the 1,109 ct Lesedi La Rona (2015) and the 2,488 ct Motswedi (2024)",operator_stated,,Coordinate stated by the operator.,https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2225-62532016000800004 | https://lucaradiamond.com/newsroom/news-releases/lucara-makes-diamond-history-recovers-1-111-carat-diamond-122558/,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Karowe |
| Orapa,Botswana,BWA,-21.31,25.37,diamond,Diamond,active,Debswana mine opened in 1971; largest diamond mine by area,approximate,,“Largest by area” is the operator’s own characterization.,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Orapa |
| Diavik,Canada,CAN,64.5,-110.27,diamond,Diamond,closed,Rio Tinto mine under Lac de Gras; final production March 2026 after more than 150 million ct,approximate,,,https://www.riotinto.com/en/news/releases/2026/rio-tintos-diavik-diamond-mine-delivers-its-final-production,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Diavik |
| Ekati,Canada,CAN,64.71,-110.62,diamond,Diamond,closed,"Canada’s first diamond mine (1998); receivership on 14 July 2026 ended mining as a going concern; wind-down of about five weeks, now care and maintenance",approximate,,In care and maintenance under a court-appointed receiver; no permanent closure declared as of 15 September 2026.,https://www.pwc.com/ca/en/services/insolvency-assignments/arctic-canada-diamond-company.html,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Ekati |
| Gahcho Kué,Canada,CAN,63.43,-109.19,diamond,Diamond,active,"De Beers 51%, Mountain Province 49%; opened 2016, production expected to end in late 2027",approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Gahcho%20Ku%C3%A9 |
| Mbuji-Mayi,DR Congo,COD,-6.15,23.6,diamond,Diamond (much industrial grade),artisanal,Kasai diamond fields developed by MIBA; widely worked by artisanal diggers,approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Mbuji-Mayi |
| Kollur (Golconda workings),India,IND,16.72,80.03,diamond,Diamond,historic,"Alluvial workings of the Golconda group on the Krishna; Indian output peaked in the 1600s, and Brazilian finds of the early 1700s ended its lead",approximate,0.1,"Mindat’s point for the Kollur Mine, about 2 km north of the Krishna, while the workings are described on the south bank.",https://www.gia.edu/diamonds-ancient-india-reading-list,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Kollur%20(Golconda%20workings) |
| Letseng,Lesotho,LSO,-29,28.86,diamond,Diamond,active,"Gem Diamonds 70%, Lesotho 30%; the highest diamond mine at about 3,100 m, worked for large high-value stones",approximate,,,https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2015-letseng-unique-diamond-proposition,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Letseng |
| Namibian marine fields,Namibia,NAM,-28.2,15.4,diamond,Diamond,active,Debmarine Namibia’s Atlantic 1 license; seabed gravels mined at 90–140 m depth (approximate center),weak,,Estimated center of the Atlantic 1 license area. The 90–140 m mining depth is not confirmed from a primary source.,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Namibian%20marine%20fields |
| Jubilee (Yubileynaya),Russia,RUS,66,111.23,diamond,Diamond,active,"Alrosa open pit about 20 km from Aikhal, Yakutia",approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Jubilee%20(Yubileynaya) |
| Mir,Russia,RUS,62.53,113.98,diamond,Diamond,closed,"Alrosa pipe at Mirny, Yakutia; open pit ended 2001, underground mine flooded in 2017; a separate deeper mine is being sunk on the site",approximate,,"Mining has not resumed. A separate, deeper mine is being sunk on the site; its timetable rests on news wires, so no date is given.",https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Mir |
| Udachny,Russia,RUS,66.43,112.32,diamond,Diamond,active,"Alrosa pipe in Yakutia; open pit about 640 m deep, now mined underground",approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Udachny |
| Koidu,Sierra Leone,SLE,8.64,-10.97,diamond,Diamond,closed,Kimberlite mine in Kono district; operations halted in 2025 after a labor dispute,approximate,,"The 2025 halt rests on a trade-press report (MINING.COM), the chapter’s only trade-press source.",https://www.mining.com/web/sierra-leones-largest-diamond-miner-shuts-down-laying-off-more-than-1000-workers/,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Koidu |
| Cullinan,South Africa,ZAF,-25.67,28.52,diamond,Diamond (including blue type IIb),active,"Petra Diamonds; source of the 3,106.75 ct Cullinan diamond (1905)",approximate,,,https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2225-62532016000800005,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Cullinan |
| Finsch,South Africa,ZAF,-28.36,23.44,diamond,Diamond,closed,"Petra Diamonds kimberlite mine at Lime Acres, Northern Cape; in business rescue, production suspended on 10 June 2026",approximate,0.05,"The Lime Acres point. In business rescue, production suspended on 10 June 2026. The chapter has no separate citation for this yet.",https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Finsch |
| Kimberley (Big Hole),South Africa,ZAF,-28.74,24.76,diamond,Diamond,historic,Worked 1871–1914 to 240 m; about 14.5 million ct recovered,approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Kimberley%20(Big%20Hole) |
| Venetia,South Africa,ZAF,-22.43,29.31,diamond,Diamond,active,De Beers mine in Limpopo; moved from open pit to underground mining,approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Venetia |
| Williamson (Mwadui),Tanzania,TZA,-3.52,33.61,diamond,Diamond (including pink),active,"Mwadui pipe, about 146 ha at surface; source of the Williamson Pink (1947); Petra sold its stake in May 2025",approximate,,Production after Petra’s May 2025 sale is not confirmed by an institutional source.,https://wp-petra-diamonds-2023.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/media/2025/10/25106-Petra_Diamonds-AR-2025-13.pdf,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Williamson%20(Mwadui) |
| Marange (Chiadzwa),Zimbabwe,ZWE,-19.58,32.35,diamond,Diamond (much near-gem and industrial),active,"Diamonds in weathered Umkondo conglomerate, rushed from 2006; operators folded into the state company ZCDC in 2016",weak,0.1,Chiadzwa point. “Active” rests on ZCDC’s own description of its operations.,https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2018-black-diamonds-from-marange-zimbabwe-a-result-of-natural-irradiation-and-graphite-inclusions,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Marange%20(Chiadzwa) |
| Anakie gemfields,Australia,AUS,-23.5,147.65,corundum,Sapphire,artisanal,"Central Queensland alluvial field around Sapphire, Rubyvale and Anakie",weak,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Anakie%20gemfields |
| Pailin,Cambodia,KHM,12.85,102.61,corundum,"Sapphire, ruby",historic,Gem fields once a leading sapphire source; exploited by the Khmer Rouge,weak,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Pailin |
| Kashmir (Padar),India,IND,33.16,76.09,corundum,Sapphire,historic,"Mines at about 4,600 m near Sumjam; main output 1882–1887 (point marks the Padar District)",weak,,"Padar District point, not the Sumjam mine.",https://cms.gia.edu/dam/jcr:14ffa273-3244-4c28-a324-3f0ff388c57e/Kashmir-Sapphire.pdf,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Kashmir%20(Padar) |
| Ilakaka,Madagascar,MDG,-22.69,45.21,corundum,Sapphire,artisanal,Alluvial sapphire rush after a 1998 discovery,weak,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Ilakaka |
| Montepuez,Mozambique,MOZ,-13.12,39,corundum,Ruby,active,"Gemfields 75%, Mwiriti 25%; 33,600 ha concession near Montepuez town, mining since 2012",weak,,Town point; the mine lies to the east.,https://gemfields.com/about/our-mines-and-brands/montepuez-ruby-mine/,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Montepuez |
| Mogok,Myanmar,MMR,22.92,96.5,corundum,"Ruby, sapphire, spinel, peridot",artisanal,The classic ruby district; held by TNLA rebels from July 2024 to October 2025,approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Mogok |
| Mong Hsu,Myanmar,MMR,21.9,98.36,corundum,Ruby,artisanal,"Shan State, about 250 km southeast of Mogok; marble-hosted ruby with violet cores, on the Bangkok market from 1992",weak,,Township node. Current output is undocumented; “artisanal” is a judgment.,https://www.gia.edu/doc/Rubies-from-Mong-Hsu.pdf,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Mong%20Hsu |
| Ratnapura,Sri Lanka,LKA,6.68,80.4,corundum,"Sapphire, ruby, spinel, chrysoberyl",artisanal,Gem gravels worked from hand-dug pits 10–50 m deep,approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Ratnapura |
| Chanthaburi,Thailand,THA,12.61,102.27,corundum,"Ruby, sapphire",historic,"Basalt-related gem gravels, now far less productive; major gem-trading town",approximate,,Its role as a current trading center is unverified.,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Chanthaburi |
| Yogo Gulch,United States,USA,46.85,-110.31,corundum,Sapphire,artisanal,"Montana; unheated cornflower-blue sapphire mined from 1895, now mostly hobby mining",approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Yogo%20Gulch |
| Luc Yen,Vietnam,VNM,22.11,104.72,corundum,"Ruby, sapphire, spinel, tourmaline",artisanal,"Yen Bai province; gems found in placers in 1987 and mined from 1988, now worked by small groups of local miners",weak,,District centroid.,https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/wn13-long-gemstone-mining-vietnam,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Luc%20Yen |
| Panjshir Valley (Khenj),Afghanistan,AFG,35.43,69.74,emerald,Emerald,artisanal,"Informal mines at about 2,100–4,400 m; the village of Khenj lies about 113 km northeast of Kabul",approximate,,"The chapter’s editorial record gives elevations of about 2,100 to 4,300 m from GIA (Spring 1991); the description here says 4,400 m.",https://www.gia.edu/dam/jcr:86a21be8-7615-40d2-a4c1-b7c70c07d8a4/SP91A2.pdf,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Panjshir%20Valley%20(Khenj) |
| Belmont,Brazil,BRA,-19.7,-43.14,emerald,Emerald,active,"Open pit and underground mine 13 km southeast of Itabira, worked since 1978; the largest colored-stone operation in Minas Gerais",weak,,Computed from Itabira plus the 13 km southeast that GIA gives.,https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2012-brazil-emerald-lucas,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Belmont |
| Chivor,Colombia,COL,4.88,-73.37,emerald,Emerald,active,"Reached by the Spanish in 1537, abandoned, and reopened in the late 19th century",approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Chivor |
| Coscuez,Colombia,COL,5.75,-74.08,emerald,Emerald,active,"Emerald district in San Pablo de Borbur municipality, western Boyacá",weak,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Coscuez |
| Muzo,Colombia,COL,5.53,-74.11,emerald,Emerald,active,"Western Boyacá; worked by the Muzo people before the Spanish, who took over from the 1540s",approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Muzo |
| Shakiso,Ethiopia,ETH,5.75,38.92,emerald,Emerald,artisanal,Emeralds mined near Kenticha reached world markets in late 2016 (point marks the trading town),weak,,"Trading town, not the mines near Kenticha.",https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2019-land-of-origins-gemological-expedition-ethiopia,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Shakiso |
| Swat valley (Mingora),Pakistan,PAK,34.77,72.36,emerald,Emerald,active,"Emerald in talc-carbonate rock of the Indus suture; Mingora opened in 1958, with Gujar Kili now the leading producer",approximate,,,https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2020-trace-element-characteristics-emeralds,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Swat%20valley%20(Mingora) |
| Malysheva (Mariinsky mine),Russia,RUS,57.12,61.4,emerald,"Emerald, alexandrite",active,"Mine in the Ural emerald belt at Malyshevo; emerald and alexandrite come from the same schists, worked since the 1830s",approximate,0.03,Town node from OpenStreetMap (Nominatim).,https://www.gia.edu/doc/Fall-2010-Gems-Gemology-Diamond-Colored-Stone-Localities.pdf,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Malysheva%20(Mariinsky%20mine) |
| Kagem,Zambia,ZMB,-13.09,27.92,emerald,Emerald,active,"Open pit in the Ndola Rural Emerald Restricted Area, Copperbelt; Gemfields 75%, IDC 25%",weak,,,https://www.gemfieldsgroup.com/assets/kagem-mining-limited-emerald-mines/,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Kagem |
| Sar-e-Sang,Afghanistan,AFG,36.21,70.79,other,Lapis lazuli,active,"Kokcha valley, Badakhshan; lapis source of the ancient world",approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Sar-e-Sang |
| Coober Pedy,Australia,AUS,-29.01,134.76,other,Opal,artisanal,"South Australia; opal found in 1915, more than 70 opal fields",approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Coober%20Pedy |
| Lightning Ridge,Australia,AUS,-29.43,147.97,other,Black opal,artisanal,New South Wales black opal field; first shafts sunk in 1905,approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Lightning%20Ridge |
| Capão mine (Ouro Preto),Brazil,BRA,-20.42,-43.64,other,Imperial topaz,active,"Minas Gerais; mechanised mine 3 km west of Rodrigo Silva, in the Ouro Preto district, the only known source of imperial topaz since the 1700s",approximate,0.03,"Rodrigo Silva node from OpenStreetMap (Nominatim), moved 3 km west, the distance GIA gives. “Active” is judged, not sourced; the newest institutional confirmation is GIA, Winter 1996.",https://www.gia.edu/doc/Fall-2010-Gems-Gemology-Diamond-Colored-Stone-Localities.pdf,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Cap%C3%A3o%20mine%20(Ouro%20Preto) |
| São José da Batalha,Brazil,BRA,-7,-36.85,other,Copper-bearing (Paraíba) tourmaline,artisanal,"Source of the first Paraíba tourmaline, which reached the gem market in 1989 (approximate location)",weak,,,https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1990-tourmaline-brazil-fritsch,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=S%C3%A3o%20Jos%C3%A9%20da%20Batalha |
| Teófilo Otoni district,Brazil,BRA,-17.86,-41.51,other,"Aquamarine, topaz, tourmaline, quartz",artisanal,Gem-trading city for the pegmatite fields of northeastern Minas Gerais,approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Te%C3%B3filo%20Otoni%20district |
| Zabargad (St John’s Island),Egypt,EGY,23.6,36.19,other,Peridot,historic,"Red Sea island 3.2 by 2.4 km, worked for peridot since antiquity; commercial mining ran from about 1906 until nationalisation in 1958",published_coordinate,0.01,"Coordinate printed by Gems & Gemology (Spring 1981); good to about 0.01 degrees. “Historic” rather than “closed”: nationalised in 1958 and later abandoned, with no closing date recorded.",https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1981-zabargad-peridot-gubelin,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Zabargad%20(St%20John%E2%80%99s%20Island) |
| Wegel Tena (Wollo),Ethiopia,ETH,11.59,39.21,other,Play-of-color opal,artisanal,"Precious opal found in 2008 in volcanic rock at about 3,000 m, worked from hand-dug tunnels by crews of 10 to 20 miners",approximate,,,https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2010-opal-ethiopia-rondeau,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Wegel%20Tena%20(Wollo) |
| Motagua valley,Guatemala,GTM,15,-89.81,other,Jadeite,artisanal,"The Mesoamerican jadeite source, rediscovered in 1952; jadeitite runs about 110 km along the north side of the valley, Baja Verapaz to Zacapa",approximate,0.15,"Usumatlán node from OpenStreetMap (Nominatim), a district point on the north side of the valley. “Artisanal” is judged, not sourced.",https://www.gia.edu/doc/Fall-2010-Gems-Gemology-Diamond-Colored-Stone-Localities.pdf,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Motagua%20valley |
| Nishapur turquoise mines,Iran,IRN,36.48,58.41,other,Turquoise,active,"Ancient mines at Ma’dan, about 50 km northwest of Nishapur, still worked",approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Nishapur%20turquoise%20mines |
| Ago Bay,Japan,JPN,34.3,136.8,other,Akoya cultured pearl,active,Mie prefecture; Mikimoto’s experiments began here about 1890 and produced the first cultured pearls in 1893,approximate,0.03,"Bay center about 2 km southwest of Kashikojima, from OpenStreetMap (Nominatim). “Active” is judged, not sourced, from continued Japanese akoya output.",https://www.gia.edu/japanese-cultured-pearls-reading-list,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Ago%20Bay |
| Hpakant,Myanmar,MMR,25.61,96.31,other,Jadeite,active,"Kachin State; the world’s main source of gem jadeite, worked in open pits through boulder-bearing conglomerate",approximate,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Hpakant |
| Yantarny (Primorskoye),Russia,RUS,54.87,19.94,other,Amber,active,"Kaliningrad amber combine; open pit worked since 1976 on the largest known amber deposit, 627 t produced in 2024",approximate,,,https://rostec.ru/en/media/news/the-amber-combine-resumed-mining-at-the-world-s-largest-amber-field/,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Yantarny%20(Primorskoye) |
| Mahenge (Epanko),Tanzania,TZA,-8.73,36.68,other,Spinel,artisanal,"Pinkish red spinel crystals up to 54 kg found at Epanko in August 2007, a few kilometers southwest of Mahenge town",approximate,,,https://gem-a.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/JoG2023_38_5_Krzemnicki-annotated-v.2.pdf,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Mahenge%20(Epanko) |
| Merelani Hills,Tanzania,TZA,-3.55,37,other,Tanzanite,active,"Only commercial tanzanite source, about 7 × 2 km, enclosed by a 24 km wall",weak,,,https://erebaur.com/chapters/mining/#sources,https://erebaur.com/atlas/?site=Merelani%20Hills |
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