The following words and phrases as used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise indicates, shall have the following meanings.
1. COMMUNICATION COMMON CARRIER. "Communication common carrier" means any telephone or telegraph company.
1-A. ADMINISTRATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE. "Administration of criminal justice" has the same meaning as in Title 16, section 611, subsection 1.
2. CONTENTS. "Contents," when used with respect to any wire or oral communication, means any information concerning the identity of the parties to such communication or the existence, contents, substance, purport or meaning of that communication.
hearing to not better than normal.
C. A person given prior authority by the sender or receiver.
4-A. INVESTIGATIVE OFFICER. "Investigative officer" means an employee of the Department of Corrections designated by the Commissioner of Corrections as having the authority to conduct investigations of offenses relating to the security or orderly management of a facility administered by the department.
4-B. COUNTY JAIL INVESTIGATIVE OFFICER. "County jail investigative officer" means an employee of a county jail designated by the county jail administrator as having the authority to conduct investigations of offenses relating to the security or orderly management of the county jail.
5. ORAL COMMUNICATIONS. "Oral communications" means any oral communications uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that such communication is not subject to interception under circumstances justifying such expectation.
6. PERSON. "Person" means any individual, partnership, association, joint stock company, trust or corporation, or any other legal entity, whether or not any of the foregoing is an officer, agent or employee of the United States, a state or a political subdivision of a state.
7. WIRE COMMUNICATION. "Wire communication" means any communication made in whole or in part through the use of facilities for transmission of communications by the aid of wire, cable or other like connection between the point of origin and the point of reception.
1. INTERCEPTION, ORAL COMMUNICATIONS PROHIBITED. Any person, other than an employee of a common carrier as defined in this chapter, a law enforcement officer or an investigative officer as defined in this chapter, carrying out practices otherwise permitted by this chapter, who intentionally or knowingly intercepts, attempts to intercept or procures any other person to intercept or attempt to intercept, any wire or oral communication is guilty of a Class C crime.
2. EDITING OF TAPE RECORDINGS IN JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS PROHIBITED. Any person who knowingly or intentionally edits, alters or tampers with any tape, transcription or other sound recording, or knows of such editing, altering or tampering, and presents that recording in any judicial proceeding or proceeding under oath, without fully indicating the nature of the changes made and the original state of the recording, is guilty of a Class C crime.
4. DUTY TO REPORT. Any communications common carrier shall promptly report to the Attorney General any facts coming to its attention in the conduct of its business which may indicate a possible violation of this section and such carrier shall adopt reasonable rules to assure compliance with this subsection, provided such carrier shall not be liable to any person who may claim an injury arising out of any such report, if made in good faith. Any person violating this subsection shall be subject to a civil penalty not to exceed $ 5,000, payable to the State, to be recovered in a civil action.
5. POSSESSION OF INTERCEPTION DEVICES PROHIBITED. A person, other than an employee of a common carrier as defined in this chapter, a law enforcement officer or an investigative officer as defined in this chapter, carrying out practices otherwise permitted by this chapter, who has in his possession any device, contrivance, machine or apparatus designed or commonly used for intercepting wire or oral communications defined in this chapter, is guilty of a Class C crime.
6. SALE OF INTERCEPTION DEVICES PROHIBITED. A person who sells, exchanges, delivers, barters, gives or furnishes or possesses with an intent to sell any device, contrivance, machine or apparatus designed or commonly used for the interception of wire or oral communications as defined in this chapter is guilty of a Class B crime. This subsection shall not include devices manufactured under written contract for sale to common carriers, law enforcement agencies and the Department of Corrections, provided that the production of any such device shall not have commenced prior to the signing of the contract by both parties.


According to an article dated November 9, “Vaxxed”, a documentary film accusing vaccination has suddenly been banned. The first tweet says that President Trump also points out that vaccination causes autism spectrum disorder.
The first article below has already been introduced in an article dated June 2. Please read it for details.
According to the second article below, a woman, who founded “Unlocking Autism,” a non-profitable organization studying the association between autism and vaccination, and has a son with autism, was found dead in a canal. According to her son, she was excited about participating in a conference.” It is unlikely that she committed suicide. However, the police reportedly handled the case as suicide.
President Trump seems to go into investigation of the pharmaceutical industry eventually. I think that darkness of vaccination will be exposed before long.
Why don’t media in Japan report this?
Two Italian scientists who allegedly proved that Vaccines contain autism-causing properties, currently not listed as ingredients, have had their home raided by police and equipment sized on a judge's orders.
Scientists Dr. Gatti and Dr. Montanari, discovered that vaccines contain certain contaminants in the form of metals that shouldn't be there. <snip> Lead, stainless-steel, iron particles and other inorganic material were found in a sample of 44 typical vaccines, according to the study by the National Council for Research Study of Italy and the US International Clean Water Institute.
Nevertheless while publicizing the results of their clinical research study, Dr. Gatti and Dr. Montanariattracted the attention of the Italian government that has been rolling out a deeply controversial obligatory vaccination law. Rather than accept the scientific advice, a judge purchased cops to raid the scientists' home and take all proof relating to their research study.
The original English article cannot be found.


I would HIGHLY recommend this tour, Benny and Neil were very knowledgeable and kept the tour fun as well. The best part was seeing the fish market come alive at 1am! I would HIGHLY recommend this tour, Benny and Neil were very knowledgeable and kept the tour fun as well. The best part was seeing the fish market come alive at 1am!


What possible effect can a 14-year-old have on home teaching? I'm just a kid. Who am I to be telling an elder to do his home teaching? Not just an elder, but an elder that I have never met or even seen at church. The only thing I knew about him was his name and that he was an ex-athlete.
I had been called to be a junior home teaching companion three months earlier and still had not visited anyone. It didn't help that my two best friends were already active home teachers. One was assigned with his father and the other to a member of the elders quorum presidency. My own father was in the bishopric and at that time was not assigned as a home teacher. What could a 14-year-old companion do?
My feelings of guilt had to be Brother Jensen's fault, I decided. He had been my deacons quorum adviser who taught us how important home teaching was. He also explained that as a teacher in the Aaronic Priesthood, it was our duty to be faithful home teachers. He had warned us that we might have to remind and encourage a senior companion to do home teaching.
Well, my options were really very simple. I could continue to wait for my senior companion to call and do my best not to feel guilty, or I could go to his house, introduce myself, and arrange to go home teaching.
On the one hand, he was the senior companion. He was supposed to take charge, not me. Wouldn't I be assuming too much authority by contacting him? He might even get offended. Better to wait, I thought. Then Brother Jensen's words would come back to me again.
"If your senior companion doesn't contact you," he said, "then you must contact him and let that brother know you are ready to go home teaching." He explained that if the senior companion still didn't go home teaching, the responsibility would rest on that senior companion. Until we made the effort to go, we had to share in that failure.
I finally committed to go to my companion and introduce myself.
As I went to church that Sunday, I began to feel more and more nervous. What would my companion think? Would he laugh at me? Maybe he would get mad and run me off. I didn't feel I could do it, but I had promised to follow through and make the attempt. If he responded negatively, then I would have at least done my part.
I normally walked home from church, passing my companion's house on the way. As I neared his house, I forced myself up the driveway and said a prayer, very simple, very direct. "Lord, please help me." My fears left me for the moment, and I quickly climbed the steps to the front door and knocked. I knew someone would answer because I could hear what sounded like a party going on inside. The fear was coming back, but it was too late to run. I had already knocked.
The door opened, and a woman asked me what I wanted. She may have been polite, rude, sensitive, or even abrupt. I don't know because I was trying hard to remember what it was I was there for.
"Is Brother Johnson here?" I finally asked, timidly.
"Just a minute, please." I thought I could hear laughter but wasn't sure. I didn't have time to breathe before a very tall man stepped to the door. He seemed none too friendly.
My eyes must have been big enough to cover my face. I'm sure he noticed I was scared because he started to smile a little. I calmed down just enough to utter my little prayer in my mind one last, desperate time.
"My name is John," I began in a voice that didn't sound scared to me, "and I'm your home teaching companion. I was wondering when we could go home teaching?"
I don't know if he was amused or surprised, but he didn't throw me off the porch. Good start, I thought.
He just smiled and said, "Give me your phone number, and I'll call you back."
I went home feeling pretty good. I felt that I had made a good effort, and if he didn't call back, I could say I had tried. When I arrived home, I told my parents what had happened. I don't think they expected me to get a call.
Later that night, I received a call from Brother Johnson, my companion.
"Can you go home teaching Tuesday at seven?" he asked.
"I'll pick you up then. Bye." He hung up.
Tuesday night we went home teaching. I found out later he had called the elders quorum president after I had left his house that Sunday to get the names and phone numbers of the families we were assigned. He then called the families and made appointments.
That became our routine. On the third Sunday I would stop by his house, and then he would set up appointments. We rarely, if ever, missed anyone in the two years we were companions. We also became pretty good friends. Brother Johnson even came to church a couple of times. He said he just wanted to see the quorum president faint.
I learned two very important lessons. First, an Aaronic Priesthood holder can have a positive influence on home teaching. Second, a less-active brother can be the most active home teacher.
As a home teacher, Brother Johnson taught me a lot.


Setting up a new Amazon Echo isn’t difficult, but our guide will explain all you need to know about getting up and running with Alexa and all her Skills.
Alexa is the virtual assistant built into every alexa Amazon Echo setup. And she become even more useful if you add more skills. Alexa can also control many smart home gadgets such as lights, thermostats, switches and more. So if you’ve just got an Echo or you’re looking to learn how to get more from your gadget, read on.
After unboxing your Echo remove the plastic protection from the unit plug its power supply into a wall socket.
You’ll see the LED circling on top and after a short while, Alexa will tell you to use the app to complete the setup. So if you haven’t already done so, install the Amazon Alexa app on your Android, iOS or Amazon tablet.
You will need to sign in with your Amazon account. If you don’t have one, just sign up at www.amazon.co.uk/account. Without this you can’t use your Echo. You don’t need an Amazon Prime subscription, but you’ll miss out on a few features, such as the ability to play music from Amazon’s library.
Next, go to your phone’s settings and the Wi-Fi settings. Look for your new Echo in the list: it’ll appear as ‘Echo-2JZ ‘or similar. Tap on it and it will connect straight away since no password is required.
Now switch back to the Alexa app. If it doesn’t automatically start the process, tap on the three horizontal lines and choose Settings > Set up a new device. You may see existing Amazon devices in the list because Alexa is also available on the Fire TV, some Fire tablets and other devices. including the Amazon Echo Show, reviewed.
When prompted, select your home Wi-Fi network from the list and enter its password. The Echo will now try to connect to your Wi-Fi network. Your phone or tablet should automatically reconnect to the same network as it no longer needs to be connected to the Echo.
Assuming your router has an internet connection, Alexa should announce that she is ready to go. To start, try saying “Alexa, what’s the time?” and she should respond with the current time.
Note: if you have more than one Echo device, each has to be set up individually.
Do I have to say “Alexa”?
No, but the default wake word is Alexa. You can change this to “Amazon”, “Echo” or “Computer” by going into the settings in the Alexa app. You can’t choose your own wake word.
In order to make her useful, you should set your location in the Alexa app. This is again under Settings, and it’s also on this menu page you can change the units of measurement for weather forecasts and distance.
Below Settings you will see a ‘Things To Try’ section which is a good introduction to Alexa’s capabilities. However, for a full guide see How to use Alexa and add Skills.
How do I set up an Echo Spot or Show?
If you have an Echo with a screen, you can set it up without a phone or tablet. Simply connect the power supply and follow the instructions on the screen. It can be a little fiddly to type your email address and password on the Spot’s small display, but it is possible.
Note that you can swipe down from the top of the screen on a Spot or Show to get to the settings and shortcuts. This is the fastest way to update the Wi-Fi password or network if you ever change your router.


Who is the world's biggest patent troll?
Patent trolls come in all shapes and sizes, but until now I didn't think they taught in the classroom.
In two consecutive days, The Wall Street Journal presented two different answers. The first is not surprising: Intellectual Ventures, the brainchild of ex-Microsoft executive Nathan Myhrvold. It's now out "to raise as much as $1 billion to help develop and patent inventions, many of them from universities in Asia." I know I will sleep so much more comfortably knowing that IVL will be out plundering Asia so that it can turn around and plunder the rest of the planet.
In the lucrative world of patents, the University of California is a major player. It receives by far more patents from the U.S. government than any school in the country. And by licensing out its intellectual property, the university has generated about $500 million in revenue in the past five years.
The school also aggressively uses the courts as a sword, and is unafraid to take on big companies. As a plaintiff alleging patent infringement, the school has settled a claim against Genentech Inc. for $200 million, secured a payment of $185 million from Monsanto Co., and won a $30 million settlement from Microsoft Corp.
Yet, when it comes to getting sued for patent infringement, the university, as well as the state of California, are Teflon. A legal doctrine known as sovereign immunity protects states and state institutions from legal liability. Courts have held that participating in the federal patent system doesn't cost a state its immunity. The upshot--states can sue, but effectively can't be sued.
A benevolent troll, perhaps, lovingly educating the nation's children. But one that wields a Teflon fist in a way that no patent holder should.
Some university officials--including those from Stanford and MIT--say they aren't working with (IVL) because they worry it could use its patents for litigation or other purposes that don't promote innovation (gasp!). Myhrvold says their concern is overblown, as his company has numerous deals to buy or license patents with more than 80 universities. He says his firm simply wants to get "fair compensation" for new inventions, and help inventors do the same, and that its goal has always been to create a more liquid IP market.
He truly is a child of Microsoft. The apple doesn't fall too far from the tree.
The underlying problem is that the Supreme Court is applying an antiquated doctrine--the 11th Amendment--to circumstances in which it was never intended to apply. The Framers never contemplated states suing people for patent infringement.
At least IVL doesn't hide behind state sovereignty, though it does hide behind specious arguments as to the good it brings humanity. Something is clearly wrong when a state can stripmine the IP landscape with impunity.
Discuss: Who is the world's biggest patent troll?


The US military is conducting a propaganda campaign to exaggerate the role of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, a leading figure in al-Qaeda in Iraq, the Washington Post newspaper has reported.
The newspaper, citing US military sources, reported that the campaign may have raised al-Zarqawi's profile and overstated his importance.
The reports says the campaign - which includes television reports, newspaper articles and internet postings - aims to turn Iraqis against al-Zarqawi by playing on their perceived dislike of foreigners.
The campaign also included a deliberate leak to a New York Times journalist, although the US military denied that there was an attempt to manipulate the press, the Washington Post said.
The "US home audience" was also a specific target of the campaign, which has been running for two years, the report said.
Colonel Derek Harvey, a military intelligence officer quoted in the report, told fellow officers that "our own focus on Zarqawi has enlarged his caricature, if you will - made him more important than he really is".
"The long-term threat is not Zarqawi or religious extremists but these former regime types and their friends," Harvey said.
Harvey admitted that al-Zarqawi and foreign fighters remained a very small proportion of the Iraqi insurgency, the report said.
According to the report, the US military claimed that the campaign had been successful, noting that Iraqi insurgents had attacked al-Zarqawi's followers.
But an American military spokesman denied that the threat from al-Zarqawi had been deliberately overstated.
"Make no mistake, Zarqawi and Al-Qaeda in Iraq are real threats to the citizens, security and stability of Iraq," General Rick Lynch said.
"We continue to conduct aggressive operations to eliminate the threat they pose not only to Iraq, but also to the rest of the region."
Recent unconfirmed reports said al-Zarqawi had been demoted or replaced as political leader of the Iraqi insurgency.
Al-Zarqawi has recieved three death sentences in his native Jordan for his involvement in attacks there.
The US says he is reponsible for dozens of killings in Iraq and has placed a $25 million price on his head.


The United States is sending ships to evacuate Americans from Liberia because rebel forces are advancing on Monrovia, the capital, Bush Administration officials said tonight.
''The State Department is ordering the departure of non-essential personnel and U.S. Government dependents from the Embassy in Monrovia,'' said a statement by the agency this evening.
The statement said that rebels have taken Buchanan, the second largest city in the nation, 88 miles from the capital, and that atrocities had been committed in Monrovia in recent days. [The Associated Press reported from Monrovia that some rebels had clashed with Government troops 25 miles from the capital.] The United States is ''taking appropriate steps to be able to help American citizens leave Liberia'' while the airport is still open, the statement added.
One Administration official said that three Navy amphibious ships had been sent to Liberia. Officials said there are 102 American officials and dependents and about 1,100 private American citizens in Liberia.
Even though Roberts Field, the international airport 55 miles from Monrovia, is still open, the United States has sent the ships because it is afraid that all of the Americans will not be able to leave the capital by plane in time to avoid possible fighting there. ---- Peace Talks Rejected By KENNETH B. NOBLE MONROVIA, Liberia, May 31 - In a radio interview heard today throughout this West African nation, the leader of rebel forces rejected calls for a negotiated settlement of the conflict.
Charles Taylor, the rebel leader, said in an interview with the British Broadcasting Company that he would not be satisfied until Gen. Samuel K. Doe, the country's president, resigned or was removed from office.
''Doe is in no position to talk peace,'' said Mr. Taylor, who spoke to the BBC by telephone, apparently from Buchanan, the country's second largest city.
Mr. Doe has also repeatedly rejected the idea of negotiations, and talking to diplomats here this morning, he reiterated that he had no intention of resigning. According to a diplomat who attended the meeting, the President said that he would be the ''last person to flee'' in the face of a rebel advance.
However, this capital is increasingly taking on a siege atmosphere, as foreign agencies suspend operations and airline links are cut.
Early today, Air Afrique and Ghana Airways, the two main commercial links between Liberia and the rest of West Africa, announced that they would no longer fly into the country. Swissair also announced that it was canceling tomorrow's flight from Europe, although it might be resumed next week if security conditions improve. Other airlines, including Sabena and British Airways, are continuing their service for the time being.
The United Nations announced that it was ending its emergency food program here for refugees of the civil war, and that its remaining foreign workers were preparing to leave. It took the action after an attack by Government soldiers on the United Nations compound here in which a security guard was killed, and about 40 refugees abducted.
The Standard, a Monrovia newspaper, reported today that 15 unidentified bodies - men, women and children -were found near the place where the refugees were said to have been taken by the soldiers. All those abducted were members of the Gio and Mano tribes, from which rebels are said to draw much of their support.
Earlier this week, the Japanese Embassy, one of Liberia's largest foreign aid donors, also announced that it was closing and urged its citizens to leave.
Despite Mr. Doe's defiant attitude, an unusually large number of officials in his government are reported to be out of the country on official business and the capital abounds with rumors of more fleeing across the borders.
Nearly half of the stores along U.N. Drive, Monrovia's leading commercial strip, are shut, many of them boarded up. The rows of wood stalls in the city's main market are nearly deserted and many Government offices were virtually empty by early afternoon.
By contrast, several downtown hotels, which in recent weeks have been mostly vacant because of the absence of business travelers, are suddenly now filling up with Liberians, many of them Government officials. Some Government officials are said to believe they are safer in the hotels than in their homes.
Mr. Taylor told the BBC that he was calling from Buchanan.
Sketchy accounts from around the town of Kakata, about 45 miles north of Monrovia, say that rebel troops have surrounded the army garrison there and ambushed supply convoys trying to reach them.
It is impossible, however, to determine how close the rebels are to the capital because reporters who have tried to reach the area had been turned back by government troops who say it is too dangerous to proceed further.


2. on the other hand, maths degrees provide the mathematical training but are weak when it comes to learn actual physics (there are only 2 general courses at a basic level of understanding and 2 courses in mathematical physics (mechanics)).
It is, however, possible to take some extra courses (although it is extremely difficult: for example, take special relativity and quantum mechanics as a math degree; or a couple of extra geometry courses as a physics degree. This does not provide complete math training nor complete physics training, though.
That having been said, what kind of degree (maths or physics) is more suitable if one's objective is to do good research in mathematical and theoretical physics?
Dirac studied Electrical Engineering before moving on to Theoretical Physics. In contrast, Harish-Chandra, Dirac's student hated the lack of rigour in Physics and eventually moved on to Mathematics. The key is that courses don't determine your future, it has a lot more to do with what you enjoy and are comfortable doing. Gaps in one's education can always be filled as and when necessary or discovered.
How to Learn Math and Physics by John Baez.
Certainly the advice to learn independent of courses is valuable. Searching out the great texts and studying them will almost always prepare you better than a course. I speak from an American perspective where course evaluations and various other pressures invariably force programs to diverge from what is intellectually optimal. Unless, you are at some elite school... I think this advice applies to both math and physics.
That said, we need to either solve original problems and publish papers of substance or, the more standard path, we earn degrees. My opinion, it is much easier to learn higher math online than physics. The trade craft of physics, it is communicated in person far more effectively. In my experience, the physics I learned in person I probably would not have learned as well from books. Physics has customs and traditions which are easier to absorb when amongst physicists. Mathematics also has such customs, but, I think is better defined.
So, I would advise seeking out physics degrees while studying math in parallel, perhaps partly just as independent study. At some point, you may have to switch to a math degree as you go on, but to begin, I think physics needs some face-to-face interaction.
A bit on my background: I earned a B.S. in math and physics. Then, for graduate school, I found a theory program in physics where I could take a course on string theory. For 2 years I took most graduate physics courses, earned a M.A. in physics, and more importantly, I gained some understanding of physicsy supermath. The thing that really helped me was not a course, rather, I chose to prepare a seminar where there was threat of questions from professors (gulp...) Thankfully, a string theory student who was further along got me started and after a few hundred hours of spinor index calculations I felt like I understood something. I gave the seminar, survived, and as it happens, it served to form the basis for my PhD work in math (which was a lot of fun). There are many paths to take and the possibilities for study seem endless, so, pick something, and enjoy the journey.
You can checkout now how easy you learn from the material freely available on the web. If you cannot grasp a concept or technique from one source, try another one - the same stuff is repeated on the web in different variants over and over again. If you can't follow because terminology is used that you aren't familiar with, pick up another source where the lacking concepts are explained. http://scholar.google.com is an important search tool.
After some experience with this mode of learning you might want to pick for a degree the part that is less easy to learn in this way, since you get extra help. On the other hand, it may be more interesting to pick for a degree the part that you understand more easily, since you'll get further there.
In any case, one learns well only what one is really interested in and where one puts enough effort in.
I studied math because I liked rigor, and learnt all physics from books and papers (not so easily because the lack of rigor makes it often more difficult to interpret); others do it the opposite way.
Thank you for your advice Professor.
I guess this is a problem in some countries. For example in Spain or in Greece undergraduate education is basically 50% mathematics in the first 2 out pf 4/5 years which lasts an undergrad degree. UK's problem is that degrees are too short while USA's problem is that you take many different courses from other subjects. Despite that if one looks at BSc thesis from German or Dutch undergrad students one is amazed by the advanced level of training in just 3 years. This has lead me to conclude that you basically learn what you read and not what you do in your courses.
Personally I have never had a course in Algebraic Topology and I understand it better than my Electrical Circuits course. It is good to have some guidance of course (and this place is a good one to ask for it). I would say that if you want to become a physicist do physics. If you want to become a mathematician do maths. This does not mean you cannot do research in the boundaries of these two fields and alternates slightly between each other.
I had this problem my self too some years ago. I chose physics and I do not regret it. It takes some time and effort but the advanced mathematics come into the game at some point and it is totally rewarding being able to work in the interplay between these two subjects. I just finished my master thesis in AdS/CFT and started, just a week ago, a new project in 2-algebras something completely different and abstract unless you are a mathematical physicist. Anything you choose, I promise it will be a lot of fun!


It was a very nice training . I would like to thank Knowledgehut and our instructor for providing us an environment where we were able to understand the concepts and able to clear the exam successfully.
What is the course all about? This CSD certification in Washington on agile management allows you to learn an incremental, iterative method to build activities. These activities can be involved in business, information technology and engineering as a whole. It is used to provide a new service or product in an interactive manner that is flexible as well. This management style is built on the foundation of successful scrum topics that lead to effective management of a project. The agile approach in this CSD training in Washington allows students to widen their skill set within the broad area of successful management styles. Benefits of this course The training gives you the advantages of being skilled in communication, delivering a working application, collaborating with clients and being iterative in your approach as you build your activity and deliver the product. This Agile manifesto can be used to build activities to develop products out of the information technology sector too, making this online certification even more valuable. The KnowledgeHut Way Doing CSD or Certified Scrum Developer training in Washington by KnowledgeHut allows you to reap the benefits of online learning in the most effective way. With practice sessions along with lectures, this coaching institute gives you the best in the field. The course fee for the CSD course in Washington is affordable and taught by experts in the field, allowing you success to professionals at a low cost. Register for the demo to make sure this course is the right fit for you before you enroll for the certified scrum developer certification.


Instead of always buying 1 XRD for 1 USDT during Stage 1, new investors will buy 1 XRD at a price of Pmin + 0.3. The purchase price for XRD in a given period is called “Pbuy”. The Pbuy price of Pmin + 0.3 will naturally increase as Pmin increases each period. In addition, the Genesis investors (and Radix team) will receive 104 million XRD instead of 79 million, but will start out with 10 million and the rest will vest over 5 years.
This model was inspired in part by @tesslerc who proposed a different adaptive model.
The Adaptive Pbuy With Vesting model increases the Pmin value much more quickly as compared to the original model. It also provides better returns for new investors, and less risk (due to the higher Pmin). These improvements will give new investors more incentive to invest in the Radix network. Otherwise, the new model is very similar to the original model.
What Problems Does This Approach Solve?
In the original model, Pmin does not increase very quickly, especially if the amount of investment is not very high in some periods.
The Adaptive Pbuy with Vesting model increases Pmin more quickly even for lower amounts of investment.
This reduces risk for new investors, encouraging more to invest.
Increasing Pmin more quickly during Stage 1 will mean reaching 0.9 more quickly in Stage 2.
In the original model, Stage 1 investors are quickly diluted and do not see a significant return relative to their risk.
The Adaptive Pbuy with Vesting model provides investors with more Radix for the same fiat, as compared to the current model. This results in a better return on investment for new investors.
In the original model, as the end of Stage 1 approaches, investors would have less and less incentive to buy for two reasons: (a) their rate of return is significantly lower and (b) because they could wait for the DEX to open in Stage 2 and potentially buy for a much lower price (and at worst 10% higher).
The new model provides better rewards for investors who buy in the middle or at the end of Stage 1.
The Adaptive Pbuy With Vesting model will also reach a Pmin of 0.9 more quickly if we assume the same Stage 2 model as in the original economic paper. Reaching a Pmin of 0.9 faster will mean that it requires less total new investments to reach stage 3.
All of the above advantages provide better incentives to the Stage 1 investors to put in more money, which will increase Pmin more quickly.
This model still provides businesses with a simple way to calculate the cost of buying Radix (since it’s just Pmin plus 0.3).
Adaptive Pbuy. The price at which new investors buy during Stage 1 will increase as Pmin increases. This improves the investors’ return and lowers the risk for new investors which should increase the amounts invested.
Pmin starts at zero and is equal to nR(t) / M(t) (the amount in the reserves divided by the total Radix in existence). This is the same as in the original paper.
After each period, recalculate Pbuy based on the new Pmin. Pbuy will be capped at a max of 1.1 USDT.
New investors will all purchase at a price of Pbuy (during Stage 1).
During Stage 1, all USDT tokens spent will go into the reserves (same as original economic model).
Vesting of the Genesis Investors and Radix Team. Using vesting significantly improves the rate at which Pmin will grow during Stage 1 (see table and spreadsheet below).
Instead of 78,926,251, the Genesis Investors and Radix Team will get 104,000,000, but won’t get it all at once. The higher total value makes up for not having as much at the start.
The Genesis Investors and Radix Team start with 10 million XRD, prior to week 1.
The remaining 94,000,000 will vest over a maximum of 5 years. It could vest faster, if sufficient funds are entering the system (see details below).
The amount of XRD created for redistribution each period will be smaller. Having some redistribution helps investors who hold, including the Genesis Investors, but we no longer need the large redistribution found in the original economic model.
The amount of Radix created for redistribution will be 0.25 * nR(t’). This will still help existing Radix holders, but will not overinflate the number of Radix.
The following table is a comparison of approaches after 6 months of Stage 1 participation. All examples use an initial investment of $10,000 USD. When using the Adaptive method, the Pmin is 72% higher after 6 months (with $10 million in new investment per week), as compared to the original method. And Pmin is over 100% higher after 6 months when there is $1 million in new investment per week.
The Genesis Investors (and Radix Team) can see their 104 million vest more quickly if lots of money is coming into the Radix network. In the spreadsheet, the amount that vests each period is either 1/10th of the number of dollars that were spent on new Radix that period, or 361,538 (the amount needed to vest within 5 years max), whichever is higher.
This gives the Radix Team extra incentive to bring in new investors.
I experimented with various values other than 0.3. Others worked too, but I found that 0.3 was a reasonable compromise between increasing Pmin quickly and giving new investors a good return throughout Stage 1 (and thereby incentive to invest).
The initial starting amount for Genesis Investors of 104 million was somewhat arbitrary, but based loosely on how much they would make using the original redistribution method.
The vesting time of 5 years was selected to spread out the impact of the 104 million so that Pmin could increase at a reasonable pace.
If the initial Genesis allotment was less than the proposed 10 million, Pmin would grow even more quickly during Stage 1, but such a change should probably also require a total allotment of higher than 104 million. The provided spreadsheet allows for such experimentation.
The original model requires extremely large amounts of investment to reach a Pmin of 0.9 and takes a long time to do so. The Adaptive Pbuy with Vesting model requires less investment and will reach a Pmin of 0.9 faster.
This sounds like a really interesting and good idea.
Only issue as I see it, is that it depreciates the value of early investors (genesis). Due to vesting, the genesis holders don’t enjoy the redistribution in the same manner as people investing on day 1.
For instance, your model shows that at Pmin=0.9 an investor at day 1 will make potentially x4.1 ROI, however the vesting model leads to a much lower ROI for the genesis holders. This may be tackled by giving the 25M surplus you suggested (104M - 79M) to the genesis holders and not to the foundation.
Thanks for the feedback. In the proposed model, most of the early gains come from being able to buy the XRD at a lower price (instead of $1), not from redistribution. But you’re right that the genesis investors won’t gain as much from redistribution as in the original model since they’re not getting all of their XRD at the start. The amount extra given to the genesis investors could be increased to further make up for that. For example, the early investors could get 150 million and the Radix Team 50 million, for a total of 200 million, and then have it vest over 10 years instead of 5.
These numbers can be adjusted while still retaining the benefits of a fast growing Pmin and better returns for new investors. The spreadsheets I provided make it easy to play with the numbers.
I feel like an approach like this one will be more likely to be successful because it provides significantly better incentives to new investors which will bring in a lot more money.
What about letting the locked RAD of the genesis investors be part of the redistribution mechanism, under the condition that the redistributed RADs get added to the locked supply? I think the redistributed locked RADs wouldn’t affect the growing rate of pMin too much.
Thanks for the feedback. I don’t quite understand how your proposal would work. What do you mean that the that the redistributed RADs get added to the locked supply? Can you give a specific example?
Assuming that the part of the genesis fund that is going to be vested over time, will already exist in the economic system at technical-go-live. But it is going to be locked until it gets vested after each period.
I imagine it like having a specific wallet for each genesis member where a part of the RAD is locked und another part is unlocked. After each period, the system vests the appropriate amount by unlocking part of the funds, which can then be used freely in the network.
Or maybe you could give each genesis member 2 wallets, a specific wallet for the locked funds and a regular wallet for the spendable funds. After each period the appropriate amount gets automatically sent from the locked wallet to the spendable wallet.
I think it could be possible to configure the redistribution mechanism in a way, that it takes into account the locked up part of the genesis funds.
Lets say genesis member has 90 RAD in the locked wallet and 10 RAD in the spendable.
The distribution mechanism counts all 100 RAD as eligible for newly distributed RAD.
For the sake of simplicity, lets assume the period is over and the system is going to redistribute 1 RAD for every 10 RAD that are already in the system.
The locked wallet would receive 9 RAD and 1 RAD is going to the regular one.
Since the funds in the locked wallet can’t be used, the pMin mechanism/calculation doesn’t have to account for them until they get unlocked/vested.
The amount of redistributed RAD would be the same as in your model, but everyone would receive less per RAD they hold.
Most profit for Stage 1 and to a lesser extent Stage 2 investors would still come from price appreciation.
So Genesis investors not only had to wait 6 years, they need now to wait another 5? And if the platform survives and thrives for that long, they can sell?
This is hardly fair imho. Incentivize the stage one holders a lot more - agreed. Leave genesis holders alone. For all we know, by the time the platform launches, BTC might be >$20k and the genesis holders won’t even have any early investor advantage. This plan would make them worse off than stage 1 investors.
However, the vesting idea is GOOD in a certain manner. It does help build up the effective Pmin (spendable funds divided by money in reserves) much faster. The thing is all early investors should be treated the same and not only the Genesis investors.
My point being - if any purchase from an AM during Stage 1 results in 10% funds immediately accessible and 90% sent to a vesting contract, Pmin will rise very quickly, everyone will enjoy the same terms and ROI multipliers. Vesting needs to be relative to new money flowing in and not relative to time in order to prevent Pmin from decreasing due to no money coming in and a lot of contracts ending.
If the goal is a stable currency, it needs to be as stable as possible, vesting provides incentive to all early investors to help push the system forward, we are all invested in the long term. It helps push Pmin higher. It can also be used to provide early investors with a small bump, similar to what is done in an ICO. You can give people 10% more than what they paid for and if the funds are locked for long enough it will be meaningless.
Thanks for the feedback. I too was reluctant to require that the Genesis investors (and Radix team) wait longer for their returns. However, I’ve been unable to find a better method that will increase the Pmin at a reasonable rate. I’d certainly like to hear other proposals. You can use the spreadsheet that I provided to easily test it for yourself. Simply set the initial amount received by the Genesis investors to the original 79 million rather than the 10 million that it’s set to by default. Then play around with other numbers to see what results you can get. I’ve love it if you can find something better.
Also, the reality is that given the original proposal the Genesis investors will not be able to sell their XRD for anything close to $1/XRD until Pmin grows significantly. So they will have to wait for years anyway. My proposal actually grows the price at which they can sell much more quickly than the original proposal.
I mentioned another option above: if you want to provide a better reward for the Genesis investors while still using my proposal, you can just increase the amount that they will receive after being fully vested.
I like the concept of the new investors having the same terms as the Genesis investors (e.g. 10% immediately and 90% vesting over 5 years). It think you’re right that it would increase Pmin much faster – I’d have to put together a spreadsheet to see the exact effects.
However, it would be less appealing to early investors (which is why I was giving a larger total to the Genesis investors). In particular, as the end of Stage 1 approached, it would be hard to justify making an early investment versus just waiting for the start of Stage 2. I think that it would be necessary to give the early investors a significant bump (more than the 10% you suggested) to increase their interest.
I agree that vesting should be relative to new money coming in. I did account for that to a certain extent in my spreadsheet, but not fully. The amount of vesting should tend toward zero if the amount of new money coming in tends toward zero.
I totally agree that if the goal is a stable currency that we need to push Pmin higher as soon as possible.


Violent Protests Continue In Haiti In Haiti, violent anti-government protests have been going on for more than a week. NPR's Lulu Garcia-Navarro talks with CNN's Miguel Marquez.
In Haiti, violent anti-government protests have been going on for more than a week. NPR's Lulu Garcia-Navarro talks with CNN's Miguel Marquez.
In Haiti, violent protests over government corruption have left at least seven people dead and paralyzed the capital, Port-au-Prince. Yesterday, Prime Minister Jean-Henry Ceant announced emergency anti-corruption measures in hopes of diffusing the crisis.
CNN's Miguel Marquez is in Haiti reporting on the unrest, and he joins us now. Good morning.
MIGUEL MARQUEZ: Good morning, Lulu.
GARCIA-NAVARRO: So what is the scene on the ground, Miguel?
MARQUEZ: Right now, it is quiet - much more quiet than we saw for the first nine days of this crisis. For the last 36 hours or so, people have been sort of getting back to the basics of life, looking for gas, looking for water, for food. Water, in particular, has been in very, very short supply, as has gasoline and kerosene, which they use to cook with - long lines throughout the capital.
The roads are a mess. They're still littered - the remnants of nine days of violence - you know, tire fires that were there and rocks and boulders scattered throughout. A bit treacherous getting around town right now, but much more calm. It seems most people are waiting to see what the government does before there may be another round of protests and possibly violence.
GARCIA-NAVARRO: So the prime minister said he's cutting his budget by 30 percent and cutting perks for officials. This round is in response to what the people say is government corruption. Will it be enough to stem the protests?
MARQUEZ: I doubt it. What they want is the president to resign. They feel that the president, who spoke on Thursday night and talked generically about measures that the government would take in order to deal with corruption and deal with the equality in society here - the prime minister then last night tried to fill that up with some meat on those bones. But he seemed to fire a shot across the bow of the president himself in saying that they were going to look at corruption at every level of the government, seemingly including the president's office.
People here want him to resign because they feel - they believe - there was a government report last year that basically said billions of dollars have gone unaccounted for from a Venezuelan petrol subsidy program to help Haiti and countries like this, and there has been zero accountability for it. The president's own business is implicated in it, and there is no sense that any of those that are responsible are going to pay a price.
So I think there is an expectation that something more dramatic than the speech last night occur here in Haiti.
GARCIA-NAVARRO: We have about 30 seconds left, but I know you've been out and about talking to people. What are regular Haitians saying?
MARQUEZ: They are fed up. It's not just - it's every level of society here. It's not only the poor Haitians, but the middle class as well. People who say, look; I've never come out - we usually complain about this on Twitter or on Facebook. We've never come out and protested like this. I have a good job, but now, enough is enough. We cannot take it anymore. There has to be a change.
GARCIA-NAVARRO: CNN reporter Miguel Marquez in Haiti, thank you so much.


The good news is that the surgery went without any problems. It took about 2 hours. The surgeon is very capable and has done thousands of this operation. There was much damage to the discs and he had to rearrange the bone to give more strength in places. Thank goodness no metal plates were necessary. The doctor tries to have the back heal as normally as possible. Mr. Water's incision is about 7" long. They used 28 metal staples to hold it together.
He stayed in hospital for 2 days. Because of weakness in his legs, we were not sure if he could make it up the house stairs to the 2nd floor, so he went to a Rehab hospital. That was a big mistake! They put him in a bed too small. A foot too short. He is 6' 2". And no side rails. He is a big man and had only a few inches on each side to turn. Since he was stapled on his back, he could only sleep on his side. The staff said that was the only bed they had. I had no choice but to left him there. At 4 AM he phoned me and begged me to come and take him out of there. Why? He explained in a angry voice, that he had fallen out of bed 2 hours before. The room was completely dark, no night lights. He fell on a cement floor. His buzzer for the nurse was broken (before the fall). He hit his back on the bed frame as he was falling and was in pain. He started yelling for help. Help me..over and over. The door of the room was open and he could see staff going by, BUT they did not help him. After 40 minutes laying there, finally his room mate, a older man who was mostly deaf, finally heard Mr Water yelling, and started yelling also for another 45 minutes. Then finally a nurse came from the desk a couple of yards down the hall and got help! Wow. Too bad he couldn't call 911 for assistance!
I would have gotten him at 4 AM, but the door is locked until 8 AM. I thought I should call first before I came there. Of course, it was a Saturday and all the personnel is gone until Monday. Only 2 nurses on duty for several 100 patients along with helpers. I waited for a return call for 2 hours and no one called so then took Mr Water's wheelchair and drove to the Rehab. place.
I had called Mr. Water's surgeon about removing him from there and taking him home. He was fine with it and told me I did not need any paperwork to do it. So on arriving with the wheelchair, I told the nurse I was taking Mr Water home. He told me I had to sign a paper stating that I was taking him against doctor's orders. I said what doctor. Mr Water had not seen a doctor when arriving and we were told he would not see a doctor for 5 days! We were not going to sign anything. I told him to give me the paper and I would have our attorney review it first. Then he put it quickly in the drawer and said never mind. He started threatening me about Medicare and how they would not pay even his hospital or operation if I took him. Well needless to say, I was angry. I told him not to use threats. So I took him home. No further word from them.
Ordered a wheelchair van to pick him up and take him home The driver assisted him up the stairs successfully. By that time Mr Water was totally exhausted, but so happy to be home again. So much quieter and calmer and the food much better. By the way the food in the Rehab. place was totally horrid. I felt so sorry for the older people who have to eat there everyday.
After 2 weeks the staples were removed without problems. The incision is healing very fast. He can't bend or twist his body for awhile. Also he is in much pain. Don't know how much the staples cause pain wise. He has to wear a large back brace when he is out of bed. He hates to take pain pills, but can't bear the pain still.
Now he has a nurse and a physical therapist that come to the house. Mr Water has no sense of balance and is still numb in his limbs. His left foot drops down, no strength in his ankle at all. And is getting a brace for his left foot also.
The surgeon can not understand why Mr Water was not in a lot of pain all the time before the operation, or that he was able to walk at all. His spinal cord was tightly pinched in 4 places. Now the cord has a chance of regaining the proper position and it's fluid can flow through it. It was messing up his entire body.
We are all hoping for improvement, but it might take some time because this situation was there for years. Now we begin a whole out program of natural methods to restore him to his former strong condition.


Lands' End is an American clothing retailer based in Dodgeville, Wisconsin, that specializes in casual clothing, luggage, and home furnishings. The majority of Lands' End's business is conducted through mail order and Internet sales, but the company also runs more than a dozen retail operations, primarily in the Upper Midwest, along with international shops in the UK, Germany, Japan, France and Austria.
Quick facts about Lands' End, Inc.
Net Promoter Score for Top Brands compared with Lands' End, Inc.
Is Lands' End, Inc.'s estimated NPS of 9 considered to be good?
Consider an example: If Lands' End, Inc. sends out NPS surveys immediately after purchase, they are tracking their customers' initial excitement and the checkout experience.
Therefore, comparing the NPS score of Lands' End, Inc. with your own without any further context is not that useful.
Other companies with Net Promoter Score similar to Lands' End, Inc.


(CNN) -- Remember Starman and the Tesla Roadster launched into space? They're now beyond Mars, SpaceX says.
In a tweet, SpaceX says its mannequin is headed to a "restaurant at the end of the universe."
Back in February, Starman' was launched aboard a Falcon Heavy Rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
The mannequin is riding in the driver's seat of a Tesla Roadster, wearing a fully-functioning SpaceX space suit.
SpaceX says this trip will help test the suit and prepare for flights with human passengers.


A theatre company renowned for its work with children is to lose all its funding while a festival for children will gain a three-year funding package.
It was a day of winners and losers as Arts Council England announced its list of arts organisations – its National Portfolio – guaranteed public subsidy from 2015-18.
For some it will have been no comfort to learn that 42 organisations will receive £53.7m over three years from next April.
Three years ago, when the National Portfolio came into existence, Northumberland Theatre Company (NTC) learned it would lose all its annual £300,000 Arts Council funding from April 2012.
Not only did it fail in its bid to be reinstated yesterday but a second Northumberland theatre company, Hexham-based Théâtre Sans Frontières (TSF), was told it would get no more money from next year.
The company was founded in 1991 by John Cobb and Sarah Kemp and currently receives just over £200,000 to tour plays in French and Spanish to largely young audiences.
One Northumberland theatre company, November Club, which specialises in site-specific work in historic locations, retains its National Portfolio status with about £100,000 annually over the coming three years.
Creative director Cinzia Hardy called it “a wonderful endorsement of our track record for excellence”.
She added that it would secure the company’s future for the next few years.
Also deprived of future National Portfolio status were Northern Architecture, Design Event and Tees Music Alliance.
Side Gallery, Newcastle, which lost funding when the first National Portfolio was announced in 2011, failed in its bid to get back on the list and was also unsuccessful with a bid for capital funding towards an ambitious improvement programme.
The only new North East addition to the National Portfolio – one of 48 around the country – will be the autumn Juice festival for children and young people which is run by destination marketing agency NewcastleGateshead Initiative (NGI).
It is to receive £100,000 a year from April 2015 to March 2018.
Carol Bell, head of culture and major events at NGI, said: “Juice’s vision is to be the leading children and young people’s arts and cultural festival in the UK and Europe.
Most major NPO organisations in the North East got pretty much what they applied for.
Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums (TWAM), was delighted to retain its status as a major partner museum, meaning it will receive just over £1.5m per year from Arts Council England from next year.
But it is also to take over the role of North East Bridge organisation – which Sage Gateshead decided to relinquish – meaning it will work with cultural organisations, schools and colleges to ensure children and young people in the North East will get the chance to experience arts and culture. For this it will get Arts Council funding of £1.5m over three years.
TWAM will be the only museums organisation in the country charged with the role of Bridge organisation.
Jane Tarr, who is Arts Council England’s director for the North and is based in Newcastle, said all applications for NPO status had been measured against five goals.
These were designed to ensure they would deliver great art for everyone, engage children and young people, prove resilient and be properly managed.
Of the decision to exlude TSF from the National Portfolio, she said: “It was a very, very tough decision.
She added: “We are supporting November Club, who do unique work and work in rural areas, and also Berwick Maltings which got a significant funding uplift last time.
Peter Stark, one-time boss of Northern Arts and co-author of a report called Rebalancing our Cultural Capital, issued a statement saying the announced funding settlement had “no demonstrated ambition” to address public investment in arts and culture that favoured London over the rest of England by a ratio of 14:1 in terms of population.
A claim that it represented a shift of 2% in favour of the regions amounted to just £6.4m which was exceeded by other grants announced recently to benefit London-based organisations.
He and his co-authors, Christopher Gordon and David Powell, said further analysis of the funding figures would be undertaken ahead of a “more authoritative” assessment.
Also announced yesterday was an award of £1.5m to Theatre Hullabaloo in Darlington towards converting an Edwardian fire station into a flagship children’s theatre, one of only three in the country and the first north of London. Theatre Hullabaloo, which runs the Take Off festival of children’s theatre, saw its National Portfolio funding hiked from £207,000 per year to £250,000 from next April.
A capital grant of £179,000 has been awarded to Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art in Gateshead so it can extend its library, establish learning zones and create an environmentally controlled archive space.
Gem Arts, the North East development agency specialising in South Asian arts, will see its annual funding increased by 60% from £73,000 to £120,000 from next year. The money will help to support a new Indian Summer Festival to be programmed across major venues in Newcastle and Gateshead. This will connect the region with a project called RE-Imagine India which is being put together by the British Council to celebrate the 70th anniversary of Indian independence in 2017.
Arc, the arts centre in Stockton-on-Tees, has been awarded a capital grant of nearly £133,000 for improvements to the building. The Arts Council is also maintaining its support for the annual Stockton International Riverside Festival.
Northern Print, based in Newcastle and organiser of the International Print Biennale, which has just opened at venues across the region, has been awarded a capital grant of £147,000 for improvements to its studio in the Ouseburn Valley and to invest in digital print equipment.


Egypt to cut diplomacy with Syria Jump to media player The Egyptian president, Mohammed Morsi, has announced that Cairo is cutting off diplomatic relations with Syria.
Cairo: A different protest every day Jump to media player Aleem Maqbool visits several different kinds of protests in Cairo over several days.
Morsi warns against Ethiopian dam Jump to media player Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi has said "all options are open" to deal with any threat to his country's water supply posed by an Ethiopian dam.
Syria condemns chemical weapons 'lies' Jump to media player UK Prime Minster David Cameron says he share the view of the US government that the Syrian government has used chemical weapons on civilians.
Syria death toll 'at least 93,000' Jump to media player At least 93,000 people have been killed in Syria since the start of the conflict, according to the latest United Nations figures.
The Egyptian president, Mohammed Morsi, has announced that Cairo is cutting off diplomatic relations with Syria.
Addressing a rally in support of the Syrian opposition, Mr Morsi said the Syrian embassy in Cairo would be closed.
He also demanded the Lebanese militant movement Hezbollah withdraw from the fighting in Syria.


My favorite periods of history are the Medieval period and the Renaissance.
Should pre-service teachers have taken a content exam before they attempt student teaching?
Yes, pre-service teachers should at least attempt their content exams before student teaching.


Time to clear: The event is expected to clear between 21:15 and 21:30 on 19 Apr 2019.
Return to normal: Normal traffic conditions are expected between 21:15 and 21:30 on 19 Apr 2019.
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Schedule: From 20:00 on 24 Apr 2019 to 06:00 on 9 May 2019.
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The Labour Party says it plans to reveal the names of people who give it commercial loans - as it fends off "cash for peerages" claims.
The Tories quickly followed Labour in saying they would reveal details of future, but not past, lenders.
Labour is trying to end the row over three men nominated for peerages after secretly lending Labour millions.
Tony Blair has denied he nominated the trio for the House of Lords in return for the loans.
But he told reporters at his monthly news conference he wanted a shake up of the honours system and the rules covering party funding, saying "the buck stops with me".
He also stressed the three donors merited their place as working Labour peers in the House of Lords.
It cannot be a barrier to a party appointment that someone has been a financial supporter of the party.
The changes would include renouncing the right of the PM to nominate people for honours such as OBEs and knighthoods and instead pass that role on to the Cabinet secretary.
They would not strip party leaders of the right to nominate working peers, something Mr Blair said was a question for any future reform of the House of Lords.
The prime minister was speaking after Labour treasurer Jack Dromey launched an internal inquiry after being "kept in the dark" about loans to the party last year totalling millions of pounds.
The rules on party funding dictate that anyone donating £5,000 or more should be named - but loans of any amount do not have to be declared.
Labour has refused to comment on reports that it may have received more than £10m in undeclared loans last year.
Details of the loans are expected when Mr Dromey reports on Tuesday about the results of his inquiry into the issue.
Former Labour deputy leader Roy Hattersley said he reacted with "horror" to the reports.
"It all demonstrates that the prime minister is too obsessed and too concerned with the world of money," Lord Hattersley told BBC Newsnight.
He said the association with such money cost votes, even if it was spent wisely on campaigning.
The prime minister said that of course Mr Dromey "should have known" about the cash.
But he pointed out that in law it is Labour's general secretary rather than its treasurer who has ultimate responsibility for the party's finances.
The changes proposed by Mr Blair also include appointing an independent figure to look into party funding.
They will discuss with other political parties issues ranging from limits on donations, declaration of all loans and "enhancing state funding".
The Conservatives welcomed the inquiry, saying the present finance arrangements were unsatisfactory.
The Electoral Commission urged all parties to declare details of their lenders.
The Lib Dems say they are already committed to declaring loans of more than £5,000 to the national party or of more than £1,000 to its local parties.
The public administration committee is to summon the three Labour Party donors in question to appear before members. They are also to ask Blair adviser and fundraiser Lord Levy to answer questions.
Tony Wright, Labour chair of the Commons Public Administration Committee, said there was a "loophole" which needed to be fixed: "Not for the first time in our public life it takes a scandal and a crisis to produce reform."
Earlier Constitutional Affairs Minister Harriet Harman - who is married to Mr Dromey - decided to give up her responsibilities for overseeing House of Lords reform to avoid any conflict of interest.


The main purpose of the Data Table is as a reference in class. When I am discussing various topics involving the planets, I find it convenient to refer students to the contents of the Table.
As an example, the semi-major axis of an orbit, which is the number usually used to describe the size of the orbit, is sometimes referred to as "the average distance of the planet from the Sun." The reason for this is that the planet is closest to the Sun (at perihelion) when it is at one end of the major axis of the orbit, and furthest from it (at aphelion) when it is at the other end of the major axis. Taking the average of the minimum and maximum distances involves adding them together and dividing the result by two. But since they represent positions at either end of the major axis, adding them together gives a value equal to the length of the major axis, so dividing that result by two yields half the major axis, or the semi-major axis.
When discussing this in class I show the approximate aphelion and perihelion distances for a few of the planets and the averages of these values, which are of course their semi-major axes. To allow students to see that this arithmetic does work as described, the Data Table shows all three of the numbers involved in the calculation to considerable accuracy. This is the ONLY reason these numbers are shown to this level of detail in the Data Table; for all other purposes, considerably rounded-off values are perfectly adequate.
Now as it happens, one of the things which it is useful to actually know about the planets is the size of their orbits, meaning the semi-major axes just described above. Since this represents their average distance from the Sun, its value substantially affects their weather, planets with smaller orbits having almost without exception warmer surface temperatures than planets with bigger orbits (the only exception, Venus, being due to the runaway greenhouse effect caused by its thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide). In addition, the very way in which the planets were formed is affected by their distances, as planets which formed close to the Sun where it is hot, and was very hot 4.5 billion years ago when the Solar System was forming, can only be made of refractory materials (materials which are hard to vaporize, such as rocks), whereas planets formed far from the Sun, where it is and was cold, can be made of rocky materials AND of volatile materials (materials which vaporize at relatively low temperatures, but could be solid at very low temperatures, such as ices). Because of this, the planets close to the Sun started off as bits of rocky materials and the planets far from the Sun as bits of icy materials (there were also rocks further out, but the atoms which make icy materials happen to be much more abundant than the ones which make rocky materials, so the primary ingredients in planets which formed far from the Sun were ices). Since rocky materials are relatively rare the rocky bodies close to the Sun formed slowly and ended up as fairly small objects, incapable of holding onto the light gases (primarily hydrogen and helium) which made up most of the Solar Nebula from which the planets formed, and by the time they had grown large enough to hold onto heavier gases, those gases had been blown away from the nascent Sun, leaving them as relatively small, entirely rocky objects.
In the outer Solar System, the ices which formed the original cores of the outer planets existed in much larger amounts, so they formed much more quickly, and four of them grew large enough fast enough that they were able to start pulling light gases to themselves at just about the same time the Sun started dispersing those gases, allowing them to acquire a substantial and in some cases very substantial outer layer of hydrogen and helium. This made those planets quite different in size and composition from the inner planets.
Since so many things depend upon where the planets are and were in the Solar System, it is nice for students to be aware of approximately how far the planets are from the Sun, or in other words the semi-major axes of their orbits, and as a result this is specifically asked for as part of the essay question on orbital motions. However, there is no conceivable reason that students in an introductory class should be required to know those distances to the several-digit accuracy shown in the columns which are used to demonstrate the relationship between the perihelion distance, aphelion distance and semi-major axis. And there is no reason at all that the students should know the actual perihelion or aphelion distances. Just knowing the relationships involved, that is the concepts involved, should be quite adequate.
As a result, to emphasize the non-importance of knowing the more accurate numbers, they are all shown in slanted (italicized) numerals save for the perihlion distances of Pluto and Neptune, which are shown in normal figures to emphasize the fact that Pluto, because of its relatively high eccentricity, despite its much larger orbit actually comes closer to the Sun at perihelion than Neptune does. And to show the sort of accuracy which is appropriate for test purposes, the semi-major axes are shown in a second column, which is rounded (save for Mars) to only a single non-zero digit (for Mars, since rounding 1.5 up to 2 or down to 1, would produce a large error, the value is shown to 2 digits). Only this column for semi-major axes is shown in such a crudely rounded-off fashion, but if any of the numbers in the Data Table are actually needed for test purposes they can ALL be rounded off to this low level of accuracy. In general, if rounding off a number to only one non-zero digit produces an error of less than 10 or 15 percent, then I would consider that rounded-off value to be perfectly accurate for all test purposes. As a result, only numbers whose first non-zero digit starts with a 1 or a 2, such as the semi-major axis of Mars, might need to be rounded off to two, instead of one non-zero digit in order to achieve a reasonable level of accuracy.
Aside from the fact that IF you need to know some numbers they can be rounded off considerably, you do NOT need to know all of or even most of the numbers in this table. To see which numbers you need to know, look at the essay questions involving the planets (numbers 1 through 4), to see if any of them specifically ask for some kind of number. If a particular quantity, such as the orbital period or the orbital inclination of a planet is NOT asked for in one of those questions, then you do NOT need to know the numbers involved.
However, although you may not need to know such numbers for many of the quantities shown in the Data Table, there is always a reason the numbers are there, if only for lecture purposes, and a result, you DO need to know what the numbers represent. In addition, in some cases where the numbers are unusual, and I make some specific reference to them, you may at least need to have some vague idea of what "representative" numbers are like.
As an example of that, in discussing the seasons on the planets, if a planet such as Mercury has a rotational tilt close to zero or to 180 degrees it will not have seasons, while if it has a tilt such as that of Mars which is similar to our tilt then it will have seasons at least vaguely like ours, and if it has an "extreme" tilt (meaning, closer to 90 degrees than to zero or 180 degrees) such as Uranus, then it will have extreme seasons. If you had to answer essay question 2, which deals with, among other things, seasons on the other planets, you would need to be aware of these three distinct possibilities, and which planets have what sort of tilts, or at least know an example or two for each tilt. You wouldn't need to know the actual values of the rotational tilts, but you would need to have an approximate idea of what the numbers represent.
Even if you didn't have the Planetary Data Table as a reference, you'd need to know some of the numbers or approximate numbers, or at least vague concepts involving those numbers, if you want to know anything about what the planets are like. But if you didn't have the Data Table you'd have to hunt through several chapters or appendices in the textbook in order to find the numbers, and see what they are like. So having the Data Table available online should make it easier to find things, whether you need to know them for test purposes or not.
If you try to print the Planetary Data Table, the web page version may or may not print properly. If that is the case, and you have some need to print the Table, use the PDF version (and Page Scaling, if needed).


Partager la publication "Au temps béni des coalitions"
De coalition en coalition, des chemins de transhumance humaine ont été ouvert à travers terre, jusqu’à des frontières hérissées de barbelés et à travers mers, jusqu’à une plage où un petit enfant au chandail rouge s’est couché, fixant le sable mouillé, pour ne plus voir la cruauté des humains.
Ce pauvre monde arabe est victime de la création d’un cancer appelé Israel et ne parvient pas à s’en remettre . Les occidentaux n’ont pas eu de mal à « enrôler » certains pays sous leur bannière afin de semer la division dans les pays résistants et l’esprit d’un Nasser est bien loin , même si on le retrouve chez Bachar el Assad et Nasraallah .
Les impérialistes occidentaux , pétromonarques et sionistes ont détruit le moyen Orient dont on peut craindre qu’il ait beaucoup de mal à se remettre de ces guerres à répétition toujours générés par ces impérialistes sans foi ni loi !
les peuples arabes attendront longtemps cette demo-cratie , qui ne ne viendra jamais , parce que ce n’est le but de ces Monstres .
Vladimir Poutine estime que ce sont les intérêts qui jouent un rôle prépondérant dans les relations entre les Etats et ceci indépendamment du degré d’estime qu’ils ont les uns pour les autres.
« Pourquoi sans problème? Tout simplement parce que nous ne remuons pas la queue devant tout le monde et ne changeons pas notre position », a ajouté le président.
De quoi Vladimir Poutine a-t-il parlé dans son interview?
Les propagandistes occidentaux n’arrivent pas à expliquer comment un homme que l’Occident essaie de renverser par tous les moyens depuis quatre ans et qui a une multitude d’ennemis dans le monde arabe pourrait se maintenir au pouvoir s’il ne bénéficiait pas d’un soutien massif du peuple syrien, a constaté Steven MacMillan.
« Ces gens refusent de reconnaître qu’en 2014, une élection présidentielle légitime s’est tenue en Syrie à l’issue de laquelle Bachar el-Assad a récolté 88% des suffrages exprimés. Ce fait a été reconnu officiellement par des observateurs internationaux », a écrit dans son article pour New Eastern Outlook le politologue britannique Steven MacMillan.
Et de rappeler que la presse occidentale ne lésinait pas sur des qualificatifs injurieux, dont celui de « boucher », à l’endroit de M.Assad.
Pourtant, relève l’auteur, le terme de « bouchers » convient plutôt aux dirigeants du monde occidental qui sont directement responsables des souffrances des millions de personnes au Proche-Orient, mais ces « remparts de la démocratie » ne peuvent que rêver d’un tel soutien populaire.
NEW YORK – The United States, the European Union, and Western-led institutions such as the World Bank repeatedly ask why the Middle East can’t govern itself. The question is asked honestly but without much self-awareness. After all, the single most important impediment to good governance in the region has been its lack of self-governance: The region’s political institutions have been crippled as a result of repeated US and European intervention dating back to World War I, and in some places even earlier.
One century is enough. The year 2016 should mark the start of a new century of homegrown Middle Eastern politics focused urgently on the challenges of sustainable development.
The Middle East’s fate during the last 100 years was cast in November 1914, when the Ottoman Empire chose the losing side in World War I. The result was the empire’s dismantling, with the victorious powers, Britain and France, grabbing hegemonic control over its remnants. Britain, already in control of Egypt since 1882, took effective control of governments in today’s Iraq, Jordan, Israel and Palestine, and Saudi Arabia, while France, already in control of much of North Africa, took control of Lebanon and Syria.
Formal League of Nations mandates and other instruments of hegemony were exercised to ensure British and French power over oil, ports, shipping lanes, and local leaders’ foreign policies. In what would become Saudi Arabia, Britain backed the Wahhabi fundamentalism of Ibn Saud over the Arab nationalism of the Hashemite Hejaz.
After World War II, the US picked up the interventionist mantle, following a CIA-backed military coup in Syria in 1949 with another CIA operation to topple Iran’s Mohammad Mossadegh in 1953 (to keep the West in control of the country’s oil). The same behavior has continued up to the present day: the overthrow of Libya’s Muammar el-Qaddafi in 2011, the toppling of Egypt’s Mohamed Morsi in 2013, and the ongoing war against Syria’s Bashar al-Assad. For almost seven decades, the US and its allies have repeatedly intervened (or supported internally-led coups) to oust governments that were not sufficiently under their thumb.
The West also armed the entire region through hundreds of billions of dollars in weapons sales. The US established military bases throughout the region, and repeated failed operations by the CIA have left massive supplies of armaments in the hands of violent foes of the US and Europe.
What, then, should be done to bring about a new Middle East? I would propose five principles.
First, and most important, the US should end covert CIA operations aimed at toppling or destabilizing governments anywhere in the world. The CIA was created in 1947 with two mandates, one valid (intelligence gathering) and the other disastrous (covert operations to overthrow regimes deemed “hostile” to US interests). The US president can and should, by executive order, terminate CIA covert operations – and thereby end the legacy of blowback and mayhem that they have sustained, most notably in the Middle East.
Second, the US should pursue its sometimes-valid foreign-policy objectives in the region through the United Nations Security Council. The current approach of building US-led “coalitions of the willing” has not only failed; it has also meant that even valid US objectives such as stopping the Islamic State are blocked by geopolitical rivalries.
The US would gain much by putting its foreign-policy initiatives to the test of Security Council votes. When the Security Council rejected war in Iraq in 2003, the US would have been wise to abstain from invading. When Russia, a veto-wielding permanent member of the Council, opposed the US-backed overthrow of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, the US would have been wise to abstain from covert operations to topple him. And now, the entire Security Council would coalesce around a global (but not a US) plan to fight the Islamic State.
Third, the US and Europe should accept the reality that democracy in the Middle East will produce many Islamist victories at the ballot box. Many of the elected Islamist regimes will fail, as many poorly performing governments do. They will be overturned at the next ballot, or in the streets, or even by local generals. But the repeated efforts of Britain, France, and the US to keep all Islamist governments out of power only block political maturation in the region, without actually succeeding or providing long-term benefits.
Fourth, homegrown leaders from the Sahel through North Africa and the Middle East to Central Asia should recognize that the most important challenge facing the Islamic world today is the quality of education. The region lags far behind its middle-income counterparts in science, math, technology innovation, entrepreneurship, small business development, and (therefore) job creation. Without high-quality education, there is little prospect for economic prosperity and political stability anywhere.
Finally, the region should address its exceptional vulnerability to environmental degradation and its overdependence on hydrocarbons, especially in view of the global shift to low-carbon energy. The Muslim-majority region from West Africa to Central Asia is the world’s largest populous dry region, a 5,000-mile (8,000 kilometers) swath of water stress, desertification, rising temperatures, and food insecurity.
These are the true challenges facing the Middle East. The Sunni-Shia divide, Assad’s political future, and doctrinal disputes are of decidedly lesser long-term importance to the region than the unmet need for quality education, job skills, advanced technologies, and sustainable development. The many brave and progressive thinkers in the Islamic world should help to awaken their societies to this reality, and people of goodwill around the world should help them to do it through peaceful cooperation and the end of imperial-style wars and manipulation.
But the repeated efforts of Britain, France, and the US to keep all Islamist governments out of power only block political maturation in the region, without actually succeeding or providing long-term benefits.


Why do people from hot climates eat the spiciest food? To be honest, I'm not sure of the answer. Some theorize that the heat from chilis fools your body into producing sweat, which cools you down more rapidly, helping you to beat the heat. Others think it's simply a matter of ingredient availability—chilis just grow better in warmer climates (which raises the question, why?). Whatever the answer, one thing I know for sure: When the weather is hot, I crave spicy food.
Hot, salty, acidic, and sweet, Thai salads are a study in contrasts. The key to a great Pork Larb is to chop the meat yourself, instead of relying on pre-ground meat. Chopping in the food processor or by hand results in pieces that are uneven in shape and size, giving you nice textural contrast before you even get to the crispy fried shallots, ground toasted rice powder, or fried pork rinds I like to top mine with.
My version is intensely flavored, but balanced. If you can't handle the heat, I'd suggest taking down some of the sugar.
For a lighter, more summery approach with the same basic flavor profile, check out our Corn Som Tam, a riff on the classic made with green papaya. Our recipe calls for boiling the corn, but if your corn is perfect, you can even leave it raw. Its sweet crunch works beautifully with Thai flavors.
Both of these salads can be prepped several hours ahead and served straight from the fridge or at room temperature. Just make sure to leave off any crunch elements until just before serving.
Grilled marinated meat-on-a-stick is an essential Thai fare when you've got a few cold crisp beers that need a good partner. These skewers of Gai Yang Khamin feature chicken thighs marinated in a combination of cilantro, white pepper, coriander, garlic, and turmeric, with a dash of fish sauce and a sticky glaze made with oyster sauce and dark brown sugar. Essential sweet-savory Thai flavors in a neat, finger-friendly package.
It's one of the most popular grilled meat dishes on any Thai menu, and our version of Crying Tiger (Thai-style Grilled Steak with Dry Chili Dipping Sauce) keeps it simple. Strip steaks marinated in a combination of soy, oyster sauce, and sugar, grilled to a perfect medium rare, and served with an herb-packed dry chili dipping sauce flavored with tomatoes.
Juicy pineapple grilled until charred and caramelized, drizzled with a coconut-condensed milk sauce. Simple, perfect, and fantastic with rum.


From an economic point of view, the catchword 'globalisation' is often related to labour displacement. The contemporary economic system tends to produce products, where the costs of production are as low as possible respectively where the efficiency of production is high. That makes sense from a global point of view. Why should mankind accept additional expenditure for production, when the global division of labour allows efficient production?
The same applies to regional products, like agricultural products, which depend among other things on local climate conditions. An other example is regional traffic.
From this follows: a multitude of products and services must be provided regionally, because they are not exportable.
Today's global currency systems follow a simple rule: money goes where the highest interest is expected. The maximum return on investment can be expected where the economic growth is high. Especially in developed regions there is a certain amount of economic saturation observable – that is visible as the stagnation of economic of markets (“zero growth”). Therefore money flows globally into fast growing regions and causes lack of money in regions, where economy declines.
This causes a self-energizing process: If there is a lack of money as medium of exchange, then the exchange of goods and services becomes more and more difficult. The unemployment rate increases, the economic growth decreases, more and more money flows away - and the wealth of several regions is at risk.
The responsible consumer answers to the process of globalisation with a new buying behaviour. He is more conscious about the products that he buys. He prefers regional products. With a global currency like the Euro the influence of the individual to control how much regional value the product entails is limited. In the worst case, it is imaginable that all production steps take place outside of the region. Just the labelling takes place in the region: 'made in Germany' (labelling industry). From a shallow point of view it might appear as if a regional product, that strengthened the individual's surrounding economy was sold. A closer analysis of the value creation chain would prove that this was not the case. How many customers have the opportunity for such an analysis and the time to arrange their shopping list adequately?
By using global currencies customer loses influence on what the seller will do with the money: is the regional value creation supported or depends the production completely on import.
The consumer loses control over the value creation chain by using a global currency and wins it back by using local currencies. If people buy by retail with a regional currency, than the retail can only spend the money within the currency region. No matter which supplier a merchant pays with local money – the supplier will spend the money again within the region. If a customer uses local money, then he can be sure that the product that he buys participates more in the regional value creation chain.
Regional currencies are some kind of tool for the consumer to gain influence on the whole value creation chain. Consumers are not anymore dependent on the regional consciousness of merchants and producers.
A currency creates a market. The Euro as the European currency lead to a huge single European market. A currency holds together all economic actors, who buy and sell within the same currency area.
A regional currency builds up a regional market. The dimension of the market is determinated by the dimension of the currency area. If a regional currency is used in addition to an supra regional currency, then the economic actors have the choice between two markets. Within the regional market people trade mainly regional produced services and goods. Due to the supra regional currency the access to supra regional markets is furthermore available.
The extra payment instrument, that is available to the economic actors, supports economic cycles that tend to “dry out” because of lack of Euro. A region, that creates itself an regional market with an regional currency enlarges its room for maneuver and develops its economic independence – the region still remains connected to the global market by using a supra-regional currency.
Regional markets are organised within a smaller area. Transport distances decrease if the economic actors find their partners within the region. Local markets that are established through regional currencies bring the economic partners closer together. Long distance traffic decreases and costs for expensive fuel are saved. For the region this means a reduction of costs and effective environment protection.
If transport routes become shorter, it is easier for the individual, to observe the conditions of production. The idea that many customers can buy ecological sound products is foiled by an economic system that is constructed for global markets. The monitoring and control of production conditions is more difficult if the production takes place on an other continent. Within a region is it easier to influence the conditions of production. Especially for agriculture this is a valuable approach.
There are limits to the globalisation of markets. These limits cause disastrous symptoms. Regional currencies shape regional markets. For the economic partners the scope of opportunities increases because there is a global and a regional market. The consumer has more influence on the value creation chain and therefore on the mode of production. Transport distances become shorter and environmental pollution decreases.


1. A group of things placed or thrown, one on top of the other: a heap of dirty rags lying in the corner.
2. often heaps Informal A great deal; a lot: We have heaps of homework tonight.
3. Slang An old or run-down car.
1. To put or throw in a pile: heaped the clothes on the bed.
2. To fill completely or to overflowing: heap a plate with vegetables.
3. To bestow in abundance or lavishly: heaped praise on the rescuers.
These nouns denote a group or collection of things lying one on top of the other: a heap of old newspapers; a mound of boulders; a pile of boxes; a stack of firewood.
5. informal a place or thing that is very old, untidy, unreliable, etc: the car was a heap.
heaps (intensifier): he said he was feeling heaps better.
6. (often foll by: up or together) to collect or be collected into or as if into a heap or pile: to heap up wealth.
7. (tr; often foll by with, on, or upon) to load or supply (with) abundantly: to heap with riches.
1. a group of things placed, thrown, or lying one on another; pile: a heap of stones.
2. Informal. a great quantity or number; multitude.
3. Slang. a dilapidated automobile.
4. to gather, put, or cast in a heap; pile.
5. to accumulate; amass (often fol. by up or together): to heap up riches.
6. to give, assign, or bestow in great quantity; load (often fol. by on or upon): to heap blessings upon someone.
7. to load, supply, or fill abundantly: to heap a plate with food.
8. to become heaped or piled, as sand or snow; rise in a heap or heaps (often fol. by up).
mogul - A small mound of snow on a ski course, from Old Norse mugl, "little heap."
congeries - A Latin word meaning "heap or pile of disparate items" or "disorderly collection."
midden - Traces back to Scandinavian forms mog, "muck," and dynge, "heap," and first meant "dunghill" before it denoted a prehistoric or historic refuse heap.
accumulate - One of its Latin elements is cumulus, "a heap."
a pile or mass; a collection of things thrown together; a crowd; a large number.
Examples: a heap of castles, 1661; of confessors, 1340; of fowls, 1290; of gravel, 1398; of hard names, 1741; of hounds, 1377; of good ideas; of islands, 1697; of learned men; of old papers and parchments, 1574; of people, 1590; of servants, 1867; of sheep, 1477; of sins; of trouble.
A heap of things is usually untidy, and often has the shape of a hill or mound.
The building collapsed into a heap of rubble.
A stack is usually tidy, and often consists of flat objects placed directly on top of each other.
...a neat stack of dishes.
Eric came out of his room with a small stack of CDs in his hands.
A pile of things can be tidy or untidy.
...a neat pile of clothes.
shock - a pile of sheaves of grain set on end in a field to dry; stalks of Indian corn set up in a field; "corn is bound in small sheaves and several sheaves are set up together in shocks"; "whole fields of wheat in shock"
2. heap - (often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent; "a batch of letters"; "a deal of trouble"; "a lot of money"; "he made a mint on the stock market"; "see the rest of the winners in our huge passel of photos"; "it must have cost plenty"; "a slew of journalists"; "a wad of money"
deluge, flood, inundation, torrent - an overwhelming number or amount; "a flood of requests"; "a torrent of abuse"
3. heap - a car that is old and unreliable; "the fenders had fallen off that old bus"
auto, automobile, car, motorcar, machine - a motor vehicle with four wheels; usually propelled by an internal combustion engine; "he needs a car to get to work"
dysphemism - an offensive or disparaging expression that is substituted for an inoffensive one; "his favorite dysphemism was to ask for axle grease when he wanted butter"
Verb 1. heap - bestow in large quantities; "He heaped him with work"; "She heaped scorn upon him"
2. heap - arrange in stacks; "heap firewood around the fireplace"; "stack your books up on the shelves"
arrange, set up - put into a proper or systematic order; "arrange the books on the shelves in chronological order"
rick - pile in ricks; "rick hay"
cord - stack in cords; "cord firewood"
heap up, stack up, pile up - arrange into piles or stacks; "She piled up her books in my living room"
3. heap - fill to overflow; "heap the platter with potatoes"
fill, fill up, make full - make full, also in a metaphorical sense; "fill a container"; "fill the child with pride"
2. (often plural) (Informal) a lot, lots (informal), plenty, masses, load(s) (informal), ocean(s), great deal, quantities, tons, stack(s), lashings (Brit. informal), abundance, oodles (informal) You have heaps of time.
1. (sometimes with up) pile, store, collect, gather, stack, accumulate, mound, amass, stockpile, hoard, bank They were heaping up wood for a bonfire.
heap something on someone load with, burden with, confer on, assign to, bestow on, shower upon He heaped scorn on both their methods and motives.
agglomeration, bank, cumulus, drift, hill, mass, mess, mound, mountain, pile, shock, stack, tumble.
abundance, mass, mountain, much, plenty, profusion, wealth, world.
Informal: barrel, lot, pack, peck, pile.
jillion, million (often used in plural), multiplicity, ream, trillion.
Informal: bushel, gob (often used in plural), load (often used in plural), lot, oodles, passel, peck, scad (often used in plural), slew, wad, zillion.
bank, drift, hill, lump, mound, pile (up), stack.
charge, fill, freight, load, pack, pile.


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