AudioMulch is an interactive musician's environment for PC and Mac. It is used for live electronic music performance, composition and sound design.
AudioMulch is sometimes hard for people to grasp so imagine it this way. Close your eyes and picture your favourite rehearsal space. The floor is cluttered with chains of esoteric effects pedals, each tied to their own instrument and amplifier via cables. There's a keyboard player taking up a third of the room (and even more of the mixer channels). He's surrounded by a modular synth, drum machine, sampler and controller keyboard, so there's only a few channels left on the console for vocals, trumpet and percussion mics. A MiniDisc deck in the PA rack is documenting the jam - if you're lucky - and once you're all connected, that's it. Everyones in his or her own channel and space - locked In.
But what if, while you were playing, the guitar could be repatched via the filters in the synth, the trumpet routed through the fuzz pedal and tape delay, the drum machine used to gate the keys? What if the vocal recording from last week's jam could be pumped back into the Fender Twin from the MiniDisc; all on-the-fly, all without interrupting the audio and all spontaneously? What if all this could be done during a single performance, reconfigured to another combination and then returned, all before the coda? This is the domain of AudioMulch.
AudioMulch is an 'interactive modular environment' for improvised performance, composition and sound design. Synthesis and processing can be limited to within a single computer, or alternatively, live instrumental performances can be patched into the program via audio interface for direct interaction. Several laptop performers can even interact in this way running multiple instances of AudioMulch; all locked together via MIDI or network sync. The resulting performances can then be captured as a multichannel audio recording or automation curves to be replicated later or refined.
The process is as simple as plugging two modules together with the program's virtual patch leads, so it's not surprising AudioMulch has been used extensively to teach students about audio signal flow and processing. Almost all of the program can be controlled via MIDI, so the concept of performance can become even more physical. AudioMulch emphasises finding your own non-linear path and removes the conventional structure imposed by the discrete multichannel environment of most DAWs. Feedback loops can be combined with Live Looping processes to create self-generating and evolving soundscapes.
AudioMulch is, above all, a computer instrument. It brings together elements of traditional analogue modelling with effects and routing options only possible within the computer.
AudioMulch uses a non-linear "signal flow" approach that's more suited to live performance than rigid, linear, score-editing style software. This together with its intuitive patcher-style user interface makes AudioMulch a powerful performance system.
AudioMulch's automation and control features offer a fully-configurable control scheme that allows you to be as hands-on or as hands-off as you want to be.
Composing music should be as satisfying as performing music live. AudioMulch takes its "live" feeling into the studio, allowing composers to build and explore their musical and sonic ideas in a spontaneous, intuitive way. It's a modular approach in which components are plugged together and processes are manipulated in fluid ways - not just by switching things on and off. This workflow allows you to rapidly put your ideas into practice and hear the results as you work.
Process your voice or instrument live with AudioMulch. Or set up a patch, even include some of your favourite VST plug-ins, and "play" it remotely from a keyboard or any other kind of MIDI device. With AudioMulch's editable mapping curves you can customise and fine tune the way parameters respond to your instrumental gestures. AudioMulch now features patchable MIDI routing, so you can use third party MIDI plugins to modify your input MIDI signals. You can even use MIDI to switch between patches and settings.
AudioMulch provides users with a unique high-level interface not seen in any other music software environment: the AudioMulch Metasurface. The Metasurface is a powerful tool for gestural control that turns AudioMulch into an expressive musical instrument. The Metasurface has no virtual knobs and faders; it's an interface designed specifically for performing music with a computer. Instead of having to turn one knob at a time with the mouse, the Metasurface lets you blend smoothly between dozens of parameter settings on a two dimensional plane. You can even automate and loop your Metasurface gestures.
Users often comment that when they bring their material into AudioMulch it all comes together and "just works". That's because everything in AudioMulch - from effects parameters to MIDI - automatically syncs to a global pulse. AudioMulch can also sync with external devices and with other computers over a network.
AudioMulch is used by educators to teach audio processing. That's because within the AudioMulch environment what you see is what you get – the process of audio manipulation is represented visually. If you can understand a flow chart, you can understand basic signal processing in AudioMulch. AudioMulch also has an extensive help system that makes it approachable and accessible for first time users. Want help on a particular feature? Contraption help buttons let you jump straight to detailed help information for each contraption.
Navigate your way around the different parts of AudioMulch easily with the contextual help system.
AudioMulch draws on ideas found in other software packages but it combines them in novel ways.
AudioMulch is not a Digital Audio Workstation (a DAW); ie it's not designed for MIDI and audio recording, editing and mixing within a standard multi-tracking environment. But while AudioMulch contains many of the elements contained in other types of music software, such as live effects processors, loop music production studios and virtual modular synthesizers, it's none of those either.
We don't like to make direct comparisons with these product categories because our intention with AudioMulch has always been to create something unique. We care about quality, but we think its a waste of our resources to try to make a better (choose a category) than the next guy - for us it's more important to make something unique and to give musicians a real choice.
As a sound mangling tool. Creative audio processing using granulators, shifters & shapers, delays and filters.
Test tone/noise, drum machine, bassline synthesizer, additive synthesizer, stored sample granulator, loop player, streaming sound file players and recorders (up to 24 channels), Shepard/Risset tone generator, arpeggiator.
Reverb, flanger, phaser, delay line granulator, ring modulation, stereo delays, stereo chorus, dynamic stereo spatialiser, waveshaper, digital grunge inducer, pulsar comb filter, frequency shifter, 16 channel live sampling looper, live sampling "canon" looper.
Parametric EQ, resonant comb filter bank, Shepard/Risset filter bank, granular filtering, resonant lowpass with pattern triggering and envelope folowing control.
Mono and stereo mixers and gain elements, crossfader, matrix with variable fade times.
AudioMulch supports VST audio effects and instrument plugins, and Audio Unit plugins on Macintosh, allowing hundreds of free plugins and many commercial plugins to be used within the AudioMulch environment.
AudioMulch runs on both Mac and PC. AudioMulch is tested on the lastest system update of these operating systems.
AudioMulch is distributed as a 60 day evaluation version. Click here to download a free trial. A single user license can be purchased for US$189. See the purchase page for further details.


The Sacramento Kings have acquired forward Caleb Swanigan from the Portland Trail Blazers for forward Skal Labissiere in a trade of former first-round picks.
Kings general manager Vlade Divac also says the team has waived guard Ben McLemore III.
Swanigan is averaging 2.1 points and 2.4 rebounds per game in his second season. He is averaging just 7.4 minutes per contest. He was picked 26th overall out of Purdue by the Blazers in 2017.
Labissiere was taken 28th overall in 2016 by Sacramento. He is averaging 2.8 points and 1.8 rebounds in 13 games this season..
A person with knowledge of the deal tells The Associated Press that the Boston Celtics have traded Jabari Bird to the Atlanta Hawks.
The trade includes cash to pay part of the salary for the guard who hasn't played this season after being charged with beating up his girlfriend.
The person spoke to the AP on the condition of anonymity because the deal had not been announced by either team yet.
The move opens up a roster spot for the Celtics and rids them of a player who, police say, choked the local college student unconscious, threw her against the wall and dragged her by the ankles when she tried to leave his apartment. The 2017 second-round draft choice, who has pleaded not guilty, has been on leave from the team.
Two people familiar with the negotiations say that former No. 1 overall pick Markelle Fultz has a new home, going from the Philadelphia 76ers to the Orlando Magic.
Fultz is getting moved for Jonathan Simmons, as well as a 2020 first-round pick that Philadelphia used to own but was conveyed in other deals. The 76ers also get a second-round pick this year.
Fultz has played in only 33 games since being taken No. 1 overall in the 2017 draft. It is a low-risk, high-reward move for the Magic.
A person familiar with the negotiations says Michael Beasley and Ivica Zubac are changing teams but not home arenas, going from the Lakers to the Clippers.
The Lakers will take back Mike Muscala, says the person who spoke Thursday to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity because the NBA has not held the trade call to approve the terms. ESPN first reported the move.
It will open a roster spot for the Lakers, one they could use on Carmelo Anthony if so inclined. Anthony is a free agent and a close friend of Lakers star LeBron James.
A person familiar with the terms says Shelvin Mack is going to the Atlanta Hawks, in a deal that sends Tyler Dorsey to the Memphis Grizzlies.
The person spoke Thursday to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity because the NBA has not held the trade call to approve the terms.
Mack was with the Hawks for parts of four seasons. He averaged 7.9 points in 53 games with the Grizzlies this year. Dorsey will get a new start in Memphis, after seeing his minutes fall considerably in Atlanta with the emergence of rookie guards Trae Young and Kevin Huerter.
A person familiar with the terms says Marc Gasol is going to the Toronto Raptors in a deal that also includes Jonas Valanciunias headed to the Memphis Grizzlies.
The person spoke Thursday to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity because the NBA has not held the trade call. ESPN, which first reported the deal, also said CJ Miles and Delon Wright will be included and going to Memphis.
It is a power move for Toronto, as it looks to improve its roster as it vies with Philadelphia and Milwaukee, among others, in the Eastern Conference. The 76ers and Bucks have also made major moves as the trade deadline nears, with Philly landing Tobias Harris and Milwaukee getting Nikola Mirotic.
A person familiar with the negotiations says Nik Stauskas and Wade Baldwin are on the move yet again, this time going from the Houston Rockets to the Indiana Pacers.
The deal was done largely to get Houston under the luxury tax threshold, according to the person who spoke Thursday to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity because it is pending league approval. ESPN first reported the trade.
It has been an eventful stretch for Stauskas and Baldwin, who started the week with Portland, then were traded to Cleveland, then Houston and now Indiana. And it remains unclear if the Pacers will keep them, meaning more moves for them are possible.
— AP Basketball Writer Tim Reynolds in Miami.
A person familiar with the situation says the Pelicans have agreed to trade forward Nikola Mirotic to Milwaukee as part of a three-team deal that sends the Bucks' Jason Smith and Detroit's Stanley Johnson to New Orleans.
Ennis has also played for Miami, Memphis, Houston and New Orleans. He's a career 36 percent shooter from 3-point range and will add to Philadelphia's bench depth.
The NBA trade deadline is Thursday at 3 p.m. EST, and Davis is still seeking a trade from the New Orleans Pelicans. If the team doesn't deal him by then, it would have to wait until the offseason to part with its All-Star forward.


1. Place water in a medium bowl; sprinkle with yeast. Let stand until foamy, about 5 minutes. Stir in flour, oil, 2 teaspoons coarse salt, and the sugar. Stir until dough forms. 2. Turn out dough onto a lightly floured surface; knead with floured hands until smooth, about 2 minutes. Transfer to a lightly oiled bowl, and cover with plastic wrap. Let dough stand in a warm, draft-free place until it doubles in volume, about 1 hour. 3. Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Divide dough into 16 equal pieces; cover with plastic wrap. Roll out 1 piece to roughly 4 by 10 inches on a lightly floured surface; transfer to a parchment-lined baking sheet. Brush with egg wash; sprinkle with sea salt and herbs. Repeat with remaining dough, arranging 4 pieces per sheet. 4. Bake, rotating sheets halfway through, until crisp and golden, 18 to 22 minutes. Let cool on sheets on a wire rack.


NARRATIVE: At just after 2pm Saturday afternoon July 11, 2009 the Spokane Fire Department responded to a reported house fire at 1904 E. Gordon in the Northeast part of the city. Due to the fast action of the homeowner by calling the Fire Department and a quick coordinated fire attack from below the attic fire and ventilating the roof with a chainsaw the fire was kept to a minimum. Upon arrival of the first fire crew, smoke could be seen coming from every opening in the roof. A search of the house was made to make sure all occupants had gotten out. Simultaneously a hole was cut in the roof to ventilate the hot gasses out of the attic and a 1 ¾" fire hose was pulled to the upstairs and used to extinguish the fire. The utilities to the house were shut off for safety and an investigator was called to determine the cause of the fire. Fire crews had a knockdown of the fire about 15 minutes after arrival. There are no reports of injuries to either the homeowner or the fire crews. 4 Engine companies, 2 Ladder companies, a Rescue unit, 2 Battalion Chiefs and an investigator responded to the fire but crews began to be put back in service about 45 minutes after the fire attack began.
PROBABLE CAUSE: Under investigation but first look by responding crews it appears to be electrical.
DAMAGE EXTENT: Ceiling on the second floor, roof decking and some smoke/water damage on the second floor.


Present perfect or past simple? Choose correct answers.
A: Have you seen Did you see Greg lately?
B: No, I didn't haven't . I talked have talked to him at the airport two weeks ago.
But I have not seen did not see him since then.
A: Where did he travel has he travelled ?
B: He flew has flown to Greece for a holiday.
A: I was in have been to Greece three times. I love Greece.
B: Really? My wife and I have spent spent a week in Turkey in 1996, but I have never been to was never in Greece.
By the way, has Greg come did Greg come back yet?
A: Yes, he did has . I met have met him yesterday.
He has looked looked extremely healthy.
B: Has he got Did he get suntanned in Greece?
A: To tell the truth, I don't really know. He always looked has always looked suntanned since I have met met him for the first time.


Ohio's Democrats and Republicans showed they still know how to party at their annual fund-raising dinners, pulsating with music and stem-winding speeches, in Downtown hotels over the past two Saturdays. But beyond the excitement of the events and exhilaration of the partisans, a longer-term question haunted the respective ballrooms: Is the party coming to an end for the parties?
Ohio�s Democrats and Republicans showed they still know how to party at their annual fund-raising dinners, pulsating with music and stem-winding speeches, in Downtown hotels over the past two Saturdays.
But beyond the excitement of the events and exhilaration of the partisans, a longer-term question haunted the respective ballrooms: Is the party coming to an end for the parties?
As the two major parties contend with declining memberships, poor images and competition from well-heeled independent groups, their importance nationally and in states is gradually ebbing.
Discontent with the two parties has grown, evident by the rise of more independent-minded groups such as the tea party and by polls showing widespread public frustration with partisans in public office.
A snapshot of that sentiment was found in two Gallup polls this month, one showing only 17 percent of Americans approve of the way Congress is handling its job and another showing Americans� confidence in Congress as an institution is down to 10 percent � both all-time lows. Moreover, Americans� job approval ratings of Democrats (34 percent) and Republicans (26 percent) in Congress are among the worst Gallup has measured for each party historically.
Over the past two decades, the two major parties have seen outside groups gradually usurp their traditional functions � from fund-raising to organizing to voter-targeting. Committees supporting Democrat Barack Obama and Republican Mitt Romney in last year�s presidential race each raised more money than the parties� national committees.
�It�s harder for parties to be relevant because they don�t control the nomination, the candidates or the money,� said Ohio Secretary of State Jon Husted, a Republican.
But nothing has threatened the major parties more than the proliferation of super PACs, officially known as �independent-expenditure committees,� which can raise money from individuals, corporations, unions and other groups, without any limits. Such political action committees can�t contribute directly to candidate campaigns or parties, but they can spend unlimited amounts independently of the campaigns.
Political spending by such PACs often occurs without complete or immediate disclosure about who is funding them.
If a group qualifies as a �social welfare� organization under Section 501(c)(4) of the code, it doesn�t have to disclose its donors at all.
In the 2012 campaign cycle, super PACs spent more than $609 million and social welfare groups spent more than $256 million in federal races, according to the Center for Responsive Politics.
Beginning with the McCain-Feingold Act of 2002, which precluded the two parties from receiving �soft money� � unregulated and unlimited contributions used for party-building, get-out-the-vote efforts and �issue� ads � the Republican and Democratic parties have seen their fund-raising prowess decline.
Columbus attorney William Todd, who has represented outside groups involved in the political process, said donors are gravitating to super PACs and away from the parties and candidate campaign funds.
Former Rep. Steve LaTourette, R-Bainbridge Township, said the decline of the parties began immediately after Congress passed McCain-Feingold, first creating a wave of so-called 527 organizations such as Moveon.org. Then came the super PACs, resulting in an influx of non-party money into politics.
But it�s too soon to write obituaries for the political parties, said Fred Wertheimer, president of Democracy 21, a nonpartisan organization advocating campaign finance reform. He noted that the aggregate raised and spent in the 2012 election cycle by Democratic and Republican organizations across the country exceeded $1 billion per party.
Ohio GOP Chairman Matt Borges said the parties fill �a resource role� by recruiting candidates, organizing and training volunteers, providing voter-targeting, opposition research and other data, raising money, and branding a message that entices voters.
�There is only one organization in the state that is looking out for Republicans at the local, state and national level, and that�s the Ohio Republican Party,� Borges said.
Dispatch Public Affairs Editor Darrel Rowland and reporters Jessica Wehrman and Joe Vardon contributed to this story.


Narrative: Prohibited outdoor burning of debris.
The Tacoma Fire Department presented a Medal of Valor Award to Firefighter Annie Craig for rescuing a citizen in a near-drowning incident in Commencement Bay on February 15, 2013. The department’s highest award, the Medal of Valor, is given to firefighters who demonstrate acts of bravery and heroism in hazardous situations.
After arriving at Owen Beach in Point Defiance Park for an unrelated 911 call, Ladder 3 firefighters spotted John Bronson swimming in the water near an overturned canoe. Rebecca Thayer-Blunt, Bronson’s step-daughter, swam out to help Bronson get the canoe back to the beach, but the two were unable to do so by themselves. As the Ladder 3 crew assembled equipment to assist from shore, Bronson began struggling to keep his head above water, submerging several times. Firefighter Annie Craig entered the water and swam to Bronson. With Thayer-Blunt’s assistance, Craig towed Bronson about 40 feet back to shore, where Bronson was medically evaluated, warmed and then released at the scene.
Certificates of Commendation were also presented to Captain Jennifer Gunnel, Firefighter Jack Hawkins, and Rebecca Thayer-Blunt for their role in the rescue efforts.
Address: E. 61 St. and E. "Q" St.
Narrative: Prohibited burn of yard waste.
Address: 4721 N. 49th St.
Narrative: Crews extinguished a prohibited outdoor burn.
Address: 6th Ave and St. Helens St.
Narrative: Crews extinguished a fire on the post of a stop sign. The cause of the fire was undetermined.
Narrative: Crews extinguished a fire that had started at the base of a cedar tree in some shrubbery. Dried cedar needles fueled the fire that created 6-8 foot flames in the foliage. The fire was contained to the area of origin, and firefighters were unable to determine what started it.
Address: 718 S. 52nd St.
Narrative: Prohibited outdoor burning of construction debris.
Address: S. 7th St./S. "I" St.
Narrative: Prohibited burning of scrap wood and branches.
Address: 2926 S. Warner St.
Narrative: A resident attempted to ignite charcoal briquettes with gasoline, resulting in a flashover. Crews checked to ensure the resident had extinguished the fire that engulfed the plastic gas container and that it hadn't caught anything else on fire.
Narrative: Crews were called to a reported fire in a residential daycare. The first arriving engine company found light smoke in the house. Upon further investigation it was determined that the oil furnace had malfunctioned and caused smoke to come out of the floor vents - there was no fire.
Address: 920 S. 9th St.
Narrative: Firefighters extinguished a fire in an electrical outlet. Crews turned off the breakers, put out the fire and removed the outlet box from the wall. There was no fire extension.
Address: 2415 S. 35th St.
Narrative: Firefighter responded to a reported machinery fire. Upon investigation, they found a belt on a heating unit was smoking, but there was no fire.
Address: 1202 N. Pearl St.
Narrative: Firefighter responded to burnt food in a microwave oven. Crews confirmed that the fire was out, removed smoke and determined that the fire was contained to the appliance.


No one is perfect. In fact, most of us as a result of our upbringing and the way we have chosen to live our lives are riddled with inadequacies and personal shortcomings. A sizable part of becoming prepared to face adversity is mental preparation. Long before the power goes out or the taps run dry, we need to have thought about how we should best respond to hypothetical scenarios that we perceive as being possible if not probable.
About 10% of people who unexpectedly find themselves in dire straights be it from a natural disaster, infrastructure disruption, social unrest or other such serious lifestyle setback will immediately make the wrong decision and set about making their personal situation worse. I suspect that because most people never consider the possibility of finding themselves in a life altering predicament they do not have the basics of survival stored in the back of their brains for just such an event. As such, the first decisions they make tend to focus on their immediate comfort rather than their immediate needs. Whatever the situation, 1 in 10 will undertake a course of action that will leave them worse off than if they did nothing, sometimes, these decisions will kill them outright, such as stepping into a flooded basement without turning the electricity off.
About 80% of people in a disaster will mill about waiting for someone in authority to tell them what to do. The operative words in this statement are "in authority". Meaningful advice for some tends to have more of an effect if it comes from a politician, police officer or some such elevated person in the community. A good example of this is a weather related event. You are told that a serious storm is coming. You see your neighbour next door packing up his car and head out to see what's up. Your neighbour has lived in the area a lot longer than you, he says he's leaving because in the past, storms of similar magnitude have resulted in power problems, flooding or blown down roofs. No one else on the street seems to be getting out, so its easy to dismiss your neighbour as over reacting. He may well be, but he is choosing not to take a chance on calamity by staying. Most people presented with a similar situation will not choose to accept a course of action based on causal advice even from a well known friend. It will take an evacuation order to be get most people heading for a safer place. Even then there will be some who for whatever misguided reason will simply refuse to act in their own best interest and choose to remain in harms way. 8 out of 10 people will wait to be told what do do next even when what is eventually conveyed to them is common sense advice.
The final 10% are people who are strong willed independent thinkers who are prone to act after some careful consideration. We also call this type of person "a leader". These are the people to shout out to the 80% and say, "follow me, we're out of here." These are the people who after assessing the situation can and do look after themselves without needing reassurance and encouragement from others. These people act and react quickly and decisively without tending make matters worse for themselves in the process.
Statistics show that the majority of you reading this post fall squarely into that middle 80%. It is time for you to begin to learn what you need to do and to have on hand in order to survive adversity. You need to change they way you make decisions so that you are not waiting around for the nod of approval from the authorities before you begin to look after yourself. While we all can make bad decisions when it comes to choosing a particular course of action, having thought about what to do before you need to make those types of decisions for real, is a big advantage that will save you time and prevent you from making tactical errors during times of heightened stress and pressure.
Deciding today to practice being more decisive is a good start.


Should I be Looking for Fashion Design Colleges?
You should be looking for fashion colleges if you want a career in fashion. Fashion Design and Merchandising colleges are usually a dime a dozen, but you have to make sure that the one you are attending to does not find itself in this category.
We talked about a career in fashion earlier, but what we didn't talk about was the education you need before starting that career. Of course, the only career in fashion that does not require special education is being an actual mode, so if you are not the type, please continue reading, we have some very interesting things to tell you.
The answer to the above questions is yes, you should be looking for fashion colleges if you want a career in fashion. Design colleges are very important because of two very important things. First, you get to understand why certain things are always going to be elegant and fashionable, and second, you get to understand what it takes for a new kind of design to become desirable. These are very important aspects in most fashion related careers, so make sure that you clearly understand these facts.
Fashion Design and Merchandising colleges are usually a dime a dozen, but you have to make sure that the one you are attending to does not find itself in this category. In Europe, for example, 80 percent of design colleges are very unprofessional and because of that, most people will not hire graduates from these colleges because of previous experience and poor results provided by the newly graduates. This is why you should look for the design colleges that are known to provide with quality education and with a decent history behind them. Yes, this might cost a bit more money than the rest of them, but at the end of the day you really need a good education if you want to work in design studios or in any other fashion related area.
Design colleges usually have a lot of connections in the fashion world and with any organization related to this world. Yes, you may have heard stories about someone making it good in the fashion world without ever attending a college, but how often do you hear about that? The best way to go is to make sure that you attend any of the design colleges that you know are good enough and accepted by important design offices around your area. Further more, you could receive an internship during your studying to make sure that your education is on par with the current demands. These are only some of the reasons for which design colleges are good for you.
The most difficult part of this entire activity would be finding proper Fashion design colleges. As mentioned earlier, this is not really very simple because you will always end up with a very large list and only a few decent options. The best thing you can do is take your time and get some recommendations from all these colleges and some accurate information about their students and how they made it after graduating. Again, we can't stress enough the importance of attending and graduating from one of the proper design colleges. In some parts of the world, they might accept applicants regardless of the college they finished, but considering that the important design studios and offices will only hire skilled people, make sure to take your time before deciding on a specific college.
Finally, Fashion design colleges should be the ones helping you find jobs in the business, so be sure to ask about internships and other related benefits before stating school. This is practically your test period for a new job, so you have to be certain about it.


(a) Rav Kahana (or Rav Yehudah Amar Rav) related the story of a man who, during a time of famine, deposited with a certain widow a golden Dinar, which she placed inside a jar of flour.
What did she subsequently ..
... do with the flour?
... swear to the man (in the form of a Neder) when he claimed his golden Dinar?
(b) What happened not long afterwards?
(c) Considering that she did not use the coin, why was she punished?
(a) What did the Chachamim declare when they heard this story?
(b) Seeing as she did not really swear truly, what did the Chachamim when they said 'u'Mai Mi she'Nishba be'Emes'?
(a) Why does this not seem to be the source of the Batei-Dinim refraining from enforcing the Shevu'ah that an Almanah made to the Yesomim when she claimed her Kesuvah?
(b) Why then, did Rebbi Zeira Amar Shmuel confine that to widows, and not to divorcees?
(c) Rav and Shmuel both stated that it is only in Beis-Din that they would not enforce the Shevu'ah, but outside Bes-Din, they would.
What is the basic difference between a Shevu'ah that is made in Beis-Din and one that is made outside Beis-Din?
(d) Then what is the reason for Rav and Shmuel's distinction regarding the Shevu'ah the Almanah makes to the Yesomim?
(a) It is according to the text in Sura that both Rav and Shmuel concurred in the previous ruling. However, this creates a discrepancy with another ruling of Rav concerning the Kesuvah of an Almanah.
(b) What was the text of that statement in Neherda'a? What did Rav say according to this text that resolves the discrepancy?
(c) Why did Rav not apply Raban Gamliel's concession of attaching the Shevu'ah to a Neder?
(a) Based on Rav's custom not to claim the Kesuvah of an Almanah, Rav Yehudah refused to accept the claim of a certain widow who wanted her Kesuvah.
What did he say when she swore that she had not received anything from her Kesuvah?
(b) Rabah bar Rav Huna refused to accept the claim of a certain widow on the grounds that neither Rav nor his father did so (as we have just explained). When she asked whether she could not at least receive Mezonos, he cited the opinion of Rav Yehudah Amar Shmuel.
What did Rav Yehudah Amar Shmuel say about a woman who claims her Kesuvah in Beis-Din?
(c) Why did they overturn his chair?
(d) Was that move effective? Did it spare him from punishment?
(a) Rav Yehudah compromised on Rav's stringency.
What did he instruct Rav Yirmiyah Bira'ah to do? Like whom did he hold?
(b) What did he look forward to subsequently hearing?
(a) The divorcee of Acha bar Heidaya, who lived in Eretz Yisroel made a Neder forbidding all fruits on herself if she received more than a small percentage of her Kesuvah.
Who was Ayeh Mari, a name that also appeared on the Get?
(b) What had she received besides a heavy coat and a Sefer Tehilim?
(c) What was the total value of the things that she had received?
(d) How do we reconcile this with Rebbi Zeira Amar Shmuel, who restricted our Mishnah, where Raban Gamliel ha'Zakein instituted attaching the Shevu'ah to a Neder to a widow, but a divorcee retained the original Din of making a Shevu'ah only (as we leared earlier)?
(a) Rav Huna restricts Raban Gamliel's Takanah that a woman who claims her Kesuvah must make a Neder to the Yesomim to avoid swearing falsely, to a woman who has not already remarried.
... even if, when she makes the Neder, she is not yet married, she will rely on the fact that, when she does remarry, her husband will annul the Neder that she made prior to the marriage?
... she will go to a Chacham to have the Neder revoked?
(a) Rav Nachman disagrees with Rav Huna. According to him, the woman makes the Neder required of her by the Yesomim even if she has already remarried. On what grounds does he argue with Rav Huna? What is the basis of their Machlokes?
(b) How does he avoid the problem of the woman relying on her husband to annul the Neder?
... 'Niseis, Govah Kesuvasah Im Nadrah'?
... 'Niseis, Noderes ve'Govah Kesuvasah', which clearly clashes with his interpretation of the previous Beraisa?
(a) Rav Nachman and Rav Papa argue over whether someone who goes to a Chacham to have his Neder revoked needs to specify his Neder or not.
What is Rav Nachman's reason for saying that he does not?
(b) And what is Rav Papa's reason for saying that he does?
(a) What does the Mishnah in Bechoros say about a Kohen who marries women who are forbidden to him (such as a divorcee)?
(b) According to Rav Nachman, we are not afraid that he will simply go to a Chacham to have his Neder revoked, because he has to make a Neder 'be'Rabim. How will we avoid the problem according to those who permit a Neder be'Rabim to be rescinded?
(c) What is a Neder 'al-Da'as Rabim'?
(d) Under which circumstances can even a Neder she'Hudar al-Da'as Rabim be rescinded?
... Rav Acha depose a certain children's Rebbe with a Neder al-Da'as Rabim that he would never teach children again?
... Ravina revoke that Neder?


There are 80,000 matatus on Kenyan roads, most of which are owned and operated by Kikuyu. I estimate (I sit a lot in the matatus and have ample time to analyze the business) that a matatu has an income of $100,000 per year: on average each Kenyan spends over $200 per year for matutu transportation. The conductor rents the vehicle for the day, including the driver, and pays for gas and other expenses keeping whatever is left over at the end of the day. So, he has to push and push to make sure that he doesn't actually lose money. The relationship between the conductor -- who is always trying to increase the price of the ride, stuff more people into the vehicle, and get the driver to go faster -- leads to amazing antagonism. There is no customer service, but customer dis-service. The riders continually believe that they are being abused and taken advantage of. This happens almost every time one gets into a matatu.
How can this be? Dave must be leaving something out. In a marketplace with many buyers and sellers, competition ought to extinguish such behavior. Yet it doesn't, according to Dave's description. Dave is a Quaker, and so I'm sure that he's relaying the facts as accurately as he can. So there must be something else happening, that he left out of his description.
Whenever you make a choice in a marketplace, you are presumably making the choice that pleases you the most (or minimizes your unease). If an outsider like myself looks at your market, and perceives that all your choices are bad, he (I) must conclude that something is preventing better choices from arising.
I don't know enough about Kenya to say what that thing might be. I can, however, speculate on possible causes.
Licensing. The Kenyan government might restrict the number of matatus available to passengers. New York City does this by restricting the number of taxi medallions it issues. Last I heard, the price of a taxi medallion is $50,000. If you guess that the entire amount of this sum must be paid by taxicab passengers, you'd be right.
Bus stops. Control the bus stops, and you control the bus industry. If a matatu is only allowed to pick up passengers at a bus stop, then whoever controls the bus stop also controls the rides that the passengers receive. Airports in the US typically only allow taxicabs to pick up passengers at taxi stands. Drivers who wish to pick up a fare at the airport must go wait in a line.
Inefficient branding. Let's say that you wanted to charge a little more and provide better passenger service. How would you communicate this to your potential passengers? If the government doesn't protect branding (trademarks), then your competitors could just adopt your branding, and your prices, but provide poor customer service and save themselves money.
Tribalism. As Dave says, nearly all matatus are owned by Kikuyus. Tribes may have a prohibition against price competition by fellow tribe members. Somebody who tries to out-do his fellow Kikuyu may find that in-tribe penalties are assessed.
Poor incentives. It may be that the matatu owners have structured their businesses so that conductors and drivers are rewarded only for poor service. That would be a mistake, but cultures can drive mistakes, e.g. Germany's antisemitism for a century preceding Hitler.
I have no idea is the problem with poor matatu service is caused by one of these flaws, or some other one I have not named. It is clear, however, that something is wrong with the marketplace for public transport in Kenya.


Rather than ending the investigation because the suspected crime cannot be established, Mueller is apparently determined to prove “collusion” that is not criminal, however nefarious it may be made to appear. The prosecutor’s objective appears to be to show: (a) that ties between Donald Trump and the Russian regime were more elaborate than Trump has let on, and (b) that the Russian regime offered help to the Trump campaign in the form of information that would be politically damaging to Hillary Clinton, and the Trump campaign knowingly and eagerly accepted that offer — i.e., collusion to affect the outcome of the election.
Now, such a showing of collusion could be politically damaging. It might even be something on which the Democratic-controlled House could try to build an impeachment effort. But it is not a criminal conspiracy because it does not establish an agreement to commit a federal crime.
Mueller is camouflaging this defect in his investigation by inducing people in the Trump campaign orbit to plead guilty to various false-statements charges. The anti-Trump press then reports that (a) Mueller is investigating Trump–Russia collusion, (b) many Trump-campaign figures have been convicted, and (c) many Russians have been charged. No mention is made of the inconvenient facts that the Trump associates’ guilty pleas have nothing to do with Russia’s interference in the election and that the charges against Russians have nothing to do with the Trump campaign.
If I am right about where Mueller is going, then all roads lead to the Trump Tower meeting.
That would be the now-infamous June 9, 2016, gathering at which three top Trump-campaign officials — Donald Trump Jr., Jared Kushner (the president’s son-in-law), and Paul Manafort (then the campaign manager) — expected to receive damaging information regarding Hillary Clinton from a Kremlin-tied lawyer, Natalia Veselnitskaya.
The meeting was arranged by Don Jr. and Aras Agalarov, a Russian real-estate tycoon with close ties to Putin (who communicated with Don Jr. through intermediaries — his pop-star son Emin Agalarov and British publicist Rob Goldstone). Aras Agalarov runs a company called Crocus Group. As the Washington Post’s David Ignatius has recounted, he was quoted in state-run media in 2013 about participating in talks to be Trump’s partner on a Trump Tower development in Moscow. That same year, he was also Trump’s partner and host when Trump brought the Miss Universe pageant to Moscow.
In arranging the meeting, Agalarov communicated to Don Jr. that the purportedly damaging information about Mrs. Clinton was being transmitted as “part of Russia and its government’s support for Mr. Trump” in the 2016 election. But the meeting is said to have yielded no useful campaign dirt; it was largely used by Veselnitskaya to lobby the Trump campaign to oppose the Magnitsky Act (a bête noire of Putin’s).
Obviously, this is why the meeting is in Mueller’s crosshairs. The special counsel is especially interested in whether President Trump had foreknowledge of the meeting. Both the president and Don Jr. have denied that then-candidate Trump was told about it.
The Trump Tower meeting is not mentioned in the criminal information to which Cohen pled guilty today. But its specter is unmistakable if you’re paying attention. And the special counsel wants you to be paying attention. Most criminal informations (filed in lieu of an indictment when a defendant agrees) are bare-bones, one-paragraph affairs; Mueller, however, uses this one as the opportunity to convey a nine-page narrative. Again, there’s more going on here than just a false-statements plea. In this narrative, the timeline and the involvement of top-tier Russian officials are noteworthy.
Michael[,] I arranged for Ivanka [Trump] to sin in Putins [sic] private chair at his desk and office in the Kremlin. I will get Putin on this program and we will get Donald elected. We both know no one else knows how to pull this off without stupidity or greed getting in the way. I know how to play it and we will get this done. Buddy our boy can become President of the USA and we can engineer it. I will get all of Putins [sic] team to buy in on this.
Cohen quickly agreed to come to St. Petersburg. But on June 14, just two days before the forum, he abruptly told Sater he was pulling out.
As I’ve previously observed, the best explanation of the Trump Tower meeting is that Putin played the Trump campaign: By simply taking a meeting with the hope of getting campaign dirt, the candidate (now president) was compromised. Even if no exploitable information was transmitted, Putin would be positioned to embarrass Trump with the details of the meeting at the moment of his choosing, and therefore able to drive harder bargains in negotiations if Trump became president.
When it turned out that Veselnitskaya had nothing useful to offer, did the Trump team realize they had been had? Did they sense that Putin was trying to maneuver Trump, and did they decide to distance themselves?
Not only was the decision that Cohen would not travel to Russia made in mid June; the criminal information indicates that this is also when discussions about the Moscow project, including “efforts to obtain Russian governmental approval,” ground to a halt.
It should be noted that Cohen has not been charged with any offense involving Russia’s interference in the 2016 election. Moreover, no deal was ever closed for a Trump project in Moscow.
Three months ago, Cohen pled guilty to several other charges brought by the U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York. These included campaign-finance violations involving pay-offs to women who claim to have had extramarital liaisons with Donald Trump a decade before he was elected president. Cohen is scheduled to be sentenced on those charges on December 12.
At a minimum, this latest guilty plea in Mueller’s investigation illustrates that the special counsel is scrutinizing the president’s business connections to Russia. Shortly before being inaugurated, Trump tweeted, “I HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH RUSSIA — NO DEALS, NO LOANS, NOTHING!” He elaborated at a press conference that his business dealings with Russians were limited to “selling condos,” and one big real-estate deal in Florida, in which he sold to a Russian oligarch for about $100 million a mansion he’d purchased for about $40 million.
I would expect to see these assurances of minimal Russia ties repeated in Mueller’s final report. They will, of course, be juxtaposed against the facts that the special counsel revealed today, using Cohen’s guilty plea as the pretext. And I would expect to hear a lot more about the Trump Tower meeting.
Correction: An earlier version of this article stated that Donald Trump was involved in the Miss America pageant in Moscow. Trump was involved with the Miss Universe pageant.


Should the Timberwolves draft Karl-Anthony Towns or Jahlil Okafor?
"We're getting a great piece. There are a lot of directions you can go," Flip Saunders said.
USA TODAY Sports' Larry Berger tallks with potential No. 1 overall pick Karl Towns following the NBA draft lottery.
NEW YORK — The month-long debate for Karl-Anthony Towns or Jahlil Okafor has officially begun for the Minnesota Timberwolves, winners of Tuesday night's NBA draft lottery.
"We're going to get a great piece. There are a lot of directions we can go," said Timberwolves coach Flip Saunders after the ping pong balls bounced in the organization's favor. "This gives us flexibility. We don't know who we're going to pick."
Saunders wouldn't label the coveted top overall as a "two-player race," adding that "we're going to evaluate these guys and take whoever the best player available is, regardless of position."
Make no mistake, the two best players are Towns and Okafor. D'Angelo Russell, the projected No. 3 pick, told USA TODAY Sports: "I'm the best player in this draft, based on my hunger." But, ultimately, both Towns and Okafor have franchise-changing potential.
"I can't wait to see where my name pops up on June 25," Towns told USA TODAY Sports. He was the front-runner heading into the lottery but Saunders told reporters Tuesday night he "really likes" Okafor.
Who's better? It depends on how it's broken down.
"Okafor is a better player right now. Towns has more potential," USA TODAY Sports' draft expert Derek Bodner said.
Okafor, who averaged 17.3 points and 8.5 rebounds a game in leading Duke to the national championship, offers finesse post moves and jaw-dropping footwork that Blue Devils' assistant coach Jeff Capel compared to Tim Duncan. His weaknesses? Dreadful free-throw shooting (51%) and a-step-behind defense. He's lost 12 pounds since the end of the season in an attempt to debunk the lack of defensive quickness criticism.
Okafor drew a plethora of double teams at the college level, and is a good decision-maker — whether to defer to his teammates or use his agility and frame to score on the low block.
Towns, who averaged 10.3 points and 6.7 rebounds a game in 21 minutes a game for the almost-undefeated Kentucky Wildcats, has an enormously high ceiling on offense and is far more advanced defensively than Okafor. While he played a fitting role in coach John Calipari's platoon offense in 2014-15, it also restricted him from fully blossoming. He came on strong, proving to be UK's most important player in the NCAA tournament, but his versatility was never maximized at the college level. In short, he was just scratching the surface in the NCAA.
Saunders, who asked owner Glen Taylor to target six players in this year's NCAA tournament, describes the No. 1 picks as being a key piece to the Timberwolves' "puzzle." The question is whether the team wants the puzzle put together sooner rather than later.
"I think it is a lot of pressure with our young team," Taylor said. "We have to find the one guy that will work in and complement the other guys."
The other guys are former No. 1 picks Andrew Wiggins and Anthony Bennett, as well as flashy guards Ricky Rubio, Zach LaVine and Shabazz Muhammad.
Whichever big guy gets drafted first, future Hall of Famer Kevin Garnett will be their mentor.
USA TODAY Sports' Scott Gleeson breaks down the impact of Tuesday night's NBA draft lottery.


Rethinking Faith and Church: Is Water Baptism Tied to Salvation?
Is Water Baptism Tied to Salvation?
I was thinking about baptism today. What is the significance of it and how do the biblical examples compare with the norms today? Mark 16:16 says, "Whoever believes and is baptized will be saved, but whoever does not believe will be condemned." Acts 2:38 says, "Repent and be baptized ... and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit."
Have modern Christians downplayed the importance of water baptism? Have we reversed the order Jesus gave in Mark 16:16? The order Jesus gives is: (1) Faith, (2) Baptism, (3) Salvation. Unfortunately, we often seem to have changed the order to be, (1) Faith, (2) Salvation, (3) Baptism (which we often then treat as an option rather than a command). Why is that?
For some time now I've been of the opinion that the modern institutional church has been teaching a wrong idea of salvation. Somewhere along the line we have fallen into error. No, I am not promoting the idea of baptismal regeneration. I am not saying that the act of baptism will save a person, as though something that you and I "do" could lead to salvation (ie., works). However, I think that what the Scriptures teach is that baptism is inseparably tied to salvation as a sort of other side of the belief coin.
I'm reminded of the deacon in an institutional church, where I served as pastor, coming to me about his son's request to be baptized. He was concerned that his son was not mature enough in the faith to undergo baptism. Some of you might be asking, "So, what is wrong with that father's concern?" What was wrong was that the deacon's concerns showed a false understanding of baptism and salvation. Somewhere along the line he, like many of us, developed a slightly twisted understanding of the doctrine of baptism and its role in salvation.
The way I read it, the order in the New Testament is always, (1) Belief (faith), (2) Baptism, (3) Salvation (and being counted amongst God's people). Baptism ALWAYS fell hard and fast on the heels of the initial belief in Christ; they believed and were IMMEDIATELY baptized.
Someone has said, "Salvation is not so much a question of sins forgiven, or hell avoided, as it is of a system that we come out of." What system is that? The world system. Unfortunately, what we seem to follow too often today, is a "worldy" Christianity. Too often today we seem to be the church that is "still in the world," as opposed to the church that has "come out of the world." Too often someone looking in and comparing the world of the Christian and that of the non-Christian would see no significant difference between the two. Even the non-Christian knows this as characterized by their often discernment of "hypocritical" Christians. The hopes, dreams, and desires of the non-Christian are almost exactly like the hopes, dreams, and desires of the Christian.
But why do we stop there? Baptism also rightly concerns salvation from a fallen, sin defiled, world system. Someone once said, "Salvation is an exit from a doomed world system." In other words, could it be that "life" is the coming out whereas "death" is the staying in?
The world in Noah's day died through burial in water. Noah and those with him in the ark not only escaped drowning, but more importantly, they were the only ones to come out from a sin-infected and corrupt world system. Through water they received salvation.
We would to well to meditate on 1 John 2:15 which says, "Do not love the world or anything in the world. If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is NOT in him" (emphasis mine). This begs the question, if we continue to love the world, have we really been saved? I wonder.
Someone asked Jesus, "Lord, are only a few people going to be saved?" He said to them, "Make every effort to enter through the narrow door, because many, I tell you, will try to enter and will not be able to. Once the owner of the house gets up and closes the door, you will stand outside knocking and pleading, 'Sir, open the door for us.' But He will answer, 'I don't know you or where you come from'" (Luke 13: 23-25).
Who are the ones outside knocking and being denied entry? I believe that it will be those who have never really been saved out of the world's system. It will be those who thought they were saved, but in truth they were only religious. The problem was, they still loved the world, but unfortunately for them, that then meant that they did not and could not truly love God. They claimed they had been saved, but the salvation they talked about was not a biblical salvation that God wants for each of us.
Matthew 7:13-14 says, "Enter through the narrow gate. For wide is the gate and broad is the road that leads to destruction, and many enter through it. But small is the gate and narrow the road that leads to life, and only a few find it."
What is the wide gate and the broad road? It is the love and participation in the world system. To borrow a phrase from the world of business, it is the being a "team player" with them in their worldly (and thus, not godly) system. Unfortunately, that wide gate and broad road is not just full of non-believers; it is also full of those who think they are Christians by virtue of their twisted understanding of salvation. Unfortunately, they still love the world and that love will cost them dearly.
Jesus said, "Remember Lot's wife" (Luke 17:32). What was the lesson there that Jesus wanted us to remember? The problem was that she was offered salvation. She may have even thought that she was saved. The problem was that, while she and her family had started to come out of a sinful and doomed world system (salvation), her turning around and looking back proved that she still loved the world and this in turn, proved that the love of God was not in her (1 John 2:15). This in turn meant that she was on the wide road (like most people - including some so-called Christians) that leads to destruction.
Maybe that is why we so often read of Jesus saying to those who thought of themselves as believers, "Be gone, I don't know you." They thought they were saved, but unfortunately they had a twisted understanding of salvation. Salvation comes only after (1) Faith, and (2) Baptism. Once we have truly died to the ways of the world (symbolized by baptism), then only are we truly saved. Only by NOT loving the world have we truly received salvation.
Anyways, that's the way I see it. Peace.
I believe that it is a waste of time for Baptists/evangelicals and Lutherans/orthodox Christians to discuss the Doctrine of Baptism without first agreeing on the "HOW" of salvation. Unless we come to agreement on how God saves sinners, our respective views on Baptism will never make sense to the other group, and our debate over Baptism will always end in a stalemate, as it has for the last 500 years.
Baptists and Lutherans/orthodox are in full agreement that it is by faith that we believe and repent in salvation. Our difference is HOW the sinner acquires faith. If faith is a gift from God, then salvation is truly free. If faith is produced by the sinner's intelligence and mature decision-making capabilities then the sinner is providing assistance in his salvation.


Calling "Shotgun" might be the wrong word, since the driver's cab would be on top of the train, or absent altogether.
What are some examples of high-speed long-distance intercity trains that have passenger seats in the front of the train?
If available, the following information would also be useful.
Is the driver cab sitting on top of the first carriage, or fully automated?
Can the ticket be purchased only if the front passenger seat is available, and then subsequently blocked in the ticket holder's name?
Does the train go above 100 mph?
Is the scenery beautiful, or does the train go mostly in tunnels?
Can we paste a photo from the front passenger seat in the answer?
The DLR is fully automated. Although a driver's console is concealed inside a locked panel just in case, as shown in the photo, all four front seats are almost always used by passengers.
No, but you can easily get the front seat from a terminal station on weekends.
The view isn't great (see photo), and there is a fair amount of tunnel.
Photo from the front passenger seat, courtesy Wikimedia.
There are several cities with automated metro trains like the DLR - But this question would only be for the truly high-speed long-distance intercity trains.
The line connects Shinjuku in Tokyo with various tourist areas towards Mt. Fuji to the southwest. The trains with passengers seats at the front of the train (only the type 7000 and 50000 trains are currently in operation) are primary used on train services to Hakone. The schedule identifies which type of train will be used. The trips take about 1h10m to 1h30m.
Over time, there have been several incarnations of this kind of train over time. Types 7000 and 50000 are the two on the right.
Seats can be reserved online here. I'm sure they can also be reserved locally at the ticket office, but you'd probably want to reserve in advance.
The train does not exceed 100 mph. It looks like the maximum operating speed is around 70 mph.
The line isn't full of tunnels, but it is also traveling through the suburbs of Tokyo... so not the most scenic. However, as you approach Hakone you do get into the foothills so there it's not entirely devoid of beautiful scenery.
The SNCF X3800 "Picasso" (more details in french) was used from 1950 to 1988 in France.
However, it definitely does not qualify for "high-speed" (top speed 120 km/h). It is still in use on a few heritage railway lines (see french Wikipedia page linked above for details), some of which probably have quite picturesque views.
Is the driver cab sitting on top of the first carriage, or fully automated? Neither. The driver sits in front, with a transparent partition. The driver has a switch to make the glass panel opaque.
Can the ticket be purchased only if the front passenger seat is available, and then subsequently blocked in the ticket holder's name? Tickets can always be purchased and do not come with an automatic seat reservation. Any ticket valid for the train entitles you to check if the seats are free. As per 2015, DB lets you choose your desired seat from a seat map of the cars by mouse click (provided the seat is free). Reservation costs an additional €4.50 (for the 2015/2016 timetable year). Note that each EMU/DMU comes with two such compartments: One is always first class, the other always second class.
Does the train go above 100 mph? Yes.
Is the scenery beautiful, or does the train go mostly in tunnels? European pastures - beautiful.
Can we paste a photo from the front passenger seat in the answer? Done.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged trains factoids seating high-speed-rail scenic-routes or ask your own question.


The Revenge Tragedy in Hamlet Shakespeares very tragic play Hamlet is generally regarded by literary critics as a revenge tragedy. This essay seeks to explain how Hamlet satisfies the requirements of a tragedy. These three revenge plots play a major role in presenting to the audience the theme of revenge through a series of developed plans to trick one another.
Shakespeare first uses the revenge theme to create conflict between Hamlet and Claudius. Hamlet is a revenge play. At this time, Shakespeare wrote Hamlet, this was a very common genre.
It had certain conventions: a villain commits a murder; the son of the murdered man insists revenge; he carries out his duty and pledge, but in so doing destroys himself. This playwithinaplay not only helps Hamlet to judge Claudiuss guilt, but also acts as a spur for his own revenge: it shows him the murder that was done to his father and the murder that could be done to his uncle. Hamlet Essay The act of revenge never fails to accomplish Shakespeares goal of keeping the audience in their seats.
Hamlet, William Shakespeares most well written play carries the theme of revenge or redemption throughout the play. The playwithintheplay serves to emphasize that Hamlet is not the traditional revenge play. The hero, after the Ghost's words have been confirmed, he yet spares Claudius' life because the King is praying. revenge in hamlet Essay Question# 1 In Shakespeares play, Hamlet, the theme of revenge is reoccurring within at least three different characters First and foremost is Hamlet, secondly there is Laertes and the third character being that of Fortinbras.
An author of the essay" The Play within a Play: Hamlet, Prince of Denmark" reports that the ghost demands vengeance, but Hamlet is unsure whether he should believe the ghost and begins to look for ways to prove that what the ghost says is true revenge in hamlet Essay Question# 1 In Shakespeares play, Hamlet, the theme of revenge is reoccurring within at least three different characters. First and foremost is Hamlet, secondly there is Laertes and the third character being that of Fortinbras.
Hamlet Play within a play How is The Mousetrap set? The play presented within Hamlet is actually called The Murder of Gonzago. The plot of it closely resembles the actual murder of Hamlet's father, and the reason that hamlet chooses to have it performed is to trap Claudius into revealing his guilt.


From which region did AI-Idrisi belong?
Which one of the following is a local wind?
At times media is prevented from publishing a story, this is called___________.
Mullah Abdul Ghaffur and Virji Vora owned number of ships.
Our Earth is like an aquarium.
Shopping malls and complexes are found mostly in urban areas.
What were Hanafi and Shafi'i?
These are the two schools of law of the medieval period of Islam.
Why are companies required to show the same advertisements again and again?
Companies show the same advertisements again and again so that people remember them.
Rainfall is very important for the survival of plants and animals. It brings fresh water to the earth's surface.
What do you mean by 'terrace farming'?
Where are RMPs mostly found?
RMPs stands for Registered Medical Practitioners and they are easily available in rural areas.
What Minhaj-i-Siraj thought about Raziyya?
You are an artisan standing on a tiny wooden platform held together by bamboo and rope fifty metres above the ground. You have to place an inscription under the first balcony of the Qutub Minar. How would you do this?
and false decorum of the princely life.
I have left your town.
And yet Rana why have you kept up enmity against me?
Rana you gave me a cup of poison.
Rana I will not be destroyed by you.
And yet Rana why have you kept up?
Why do you think Mirabai left the Rana's palace?
Briefly explain the major features of tropical evergreen forests.
What is the Mid-day Meal Programme? Can you list three benefits of the programme? How do you think this programme might help promote greater equality?
What is the difference between the work that MLAs do in the assembly and the work done by government departments?
Where do you think large farmers would sell their cotton? How is their situation different from Swapna?
Enlist the causes why media is not said to be independent?
Answer the question based on the extracts given below.
The boys' school had no such courtyard and our playground was just a big space attached to the school. Every evening, once school was over, the boys watched as hundreds of school girls crowded the narrow streets. As these girls walked on the streets, they looked so purposeful.
This was unlike the boys who used the streets as a place to stand around idling, to play, to try out tricks with their bicycles. For the girls, the street was simply a place to get straight home. The girls always went in groups, perhaps because they also carried fears of being teased or attacked.
(a) 'The boys' school had no such courtyard". Which courtyard is being talked about?
(b) For what purpose did the boys use the street?
What is a chain of market? Do you think that everyone gains equally in the market?
Enlist the major features of the tribal societies.
Interpret and compare the two above figures and answer the question Gates are opened and closed during which situation?


Hypothesis tests help identify differences between two or more items and whether the differences are statistically significant or not.
The null hypothesis is the statement that there is no statistically significant difference or relationship between variables.
Any differences that are observed are due to chance. It is a statement of "no effect" or "no difference."
The alternate hypothesis (Ha) is the opposite. The alternate hypothesis states that there is a statistically significant difference or relationship between variables.
The goal of a hypothesis test is to is to prove that they are not statistically the same at some level of confidence (usually 95%, 99%).
Tests can be either one sided or two sided depending on how the null hypothesis is stated.


The contents of this article have been suggested to be split into Text entry in the Pokémon games.
A Bulbasaur being nicknamed "Bulbagarden"
A nickname (Japanese: ニックネーム nickname) is a name given to a Pokémon by its Original Trainer. Every time a player catches, hatches, or is given a new Pokémon in a core series game, he or she is able to nickname the Pokémon to a maximum of six characters in Japanese, Korean, and Chinese and twelve characters in Western languages (five and ten, respectively, prior to Generation VI). In addition to the games, nicknamed Pokémon have also been shown in the Pokémon anime and several manga series. Nicknames serve as a means of personalizing one's Pokémon, and distinguishing them from other individuals of the same species.
Players are given the option to nickname their Pokémon immediately after receiving them in any manner, such as receiving it from an NPC, hatching from an Egg, or capturing in a Poké Ball. The only way to change a Pokémon's nickname is by taking the Pokémon to a Name Rater, and the Name Rater will refuse to change the nickname of a Pokémon if the player is not that Pokémon's original Trainer.
In Generation V and VII, tapping the Pokémon's sprite on the nickname screen replaces the currently entered text with the Pokémon's species name. In Generation VI, this replaces the currently entered text with the Pokémon's current nickname, or its species name if it has not been nicknamed.
In Generation I to V, nicknames have a maximum length of 10 characters in Western languages and 5 characters in Japanese and Korean. Starting in Generation VI, nicknames have a maximum length of 12 characters in Western languages and 6 characters in Japanese and Korean.
These characters are in turn limited by the character palette in the games, which varies between game languages. The characters available have expanded over the generations: in Generation I it was impossible to use numbers in nicknames, while later generations allowed both numbers and non-alphanumeric symbols.
In Generation I, a name consisting of only spaces can be used. In subsequent generations, this is treated as entering no nickname: a newly obtained Pokémon will use its species name, and a Pokémon at the Name Rater will keep its current name.
Pokémon can only have their nickname changed by their original Trainer; if an outsider Pokémon cannot be moved to its original Trainer's game, it cannot be renamed at all. If an outsider Pokémon is taken to a Name Rater, he will say the name is "perfect" and refuse to change it. The game checks the original Trainer name, gender (Generation V onward), Trainer ID number, and Secret ID (Generation III onward). The only exception is Generation IV, in which only the Trainer ID is checked.
In the Generation III games, a Pokémon named in a Western game traded to a Japanese game will have its name rendered in fullwidth characters, making it impossible to display the full name if it is longer than five characters.
In the 1.0 release of the English versions of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, the nickname flag of Japanese Pokémon is not set when they evolve, so the Pokémon's species name will be adjusted accordingly (e.g.: Pichu's Japanese species name is ピチュー and the player nicknames it ＰＩＣＨＵ, then trades it to an English version and evolves it, causing its name to become PIKACHU). However, since the English games still render the name in the Japanese font, an evolved Japanese Pokémon that has a name longer than five characters will cause a crash while attempting to load the Pokémon List or send it out to battle (in the aforementioned case, the game will try to render it as ＰＩＫＡＣＨＵ instead of PIKACHU). This was fixed in the 1.1 release by adding an additional check to the name function used during evolution so that the Japanese Pokémon's name is not altered, effectively treating it as if it were a nickname. The European releases and subsequent Generation III games also have this check.
In Generation IV and later games, non-nicknamed Pokémon with a language of origin different to their current game will update their name to their current game's language upon evolution.
In Pokémon Colosseum and Pokémon XD, a Shadow Pokémon cannot be nicknamed if it has not been purified. Immediately after this happens, the option will be given. Wild Pokémon caught from a Poké Spot in Pokémon XD can be nicknamed as they are normally in the core series.
From Generation V onward, the game will recognize when a nickname is profanity, and will not allow the player to use this as a nickname. The Generation V games contain an internal list of censored words which only censors case-insensitive matches. The Generation VI and VII games use the Nintendo 3DS system's built-in filter, which uses regular expressions to censor a wide range of attempts to circumvent it. If a Pokémon transferred via Poké Transfer has a nickname that would not be permitted to be entered in Generation VI, the Pokémon's nickname is removed and it uses its species name instead.
In Generation V, nicknames the player enters can only contain up to 4 numeric characters. In Generation VI and VII, nicknames the player enters can only contain up to 5 numeric characters. However, Pokémon transferred from previous generations can violate these limits, and their names will not be changed upon transfer.
Nicknaming Pokémon rarely has any effect on gameplay, and is simply an element of customization that players are free to use or ignore. However, there are some cases where nicknames have some small effect on the game.
In Pokémon Stadium and Pokémon Stadium 2, nicknamed Pokémon are sometimes colored differently to non-nicknamed Pokémon. This coloration is not the same as being a Shiny Pokémon. This feature has not been included in any later games.
In Pokémon Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald, if the player has given a previously caught Pokémon a nickname at the Name Rater's house, the Hoenn TV network will sometimes report the nickname chosen. The host will always commend the player on his or her choice of name, even if the player decides to leave the Pokémon's name as it was. When records have been mixed with another save file, the television network may report on the other Trainer's choice of nicknames.
In Generation IV, Pokémon with nicknames deemed "inappropriate" may show up in Battle Videos as Pokémon without a nickname: a Staraptor named inappropriately would have its nickname reverted to "STARAPTOR". It is unknown if this censoring is automatic or done on a case-by-case basis by Nintendo employees. From Generation V onward, instead there is profanity filter applied when attempting to nickname Pokémon or when transporting them using Poké Transporter.
In Pokémon Black 2 and White 2, there is a Medal awarded for having nicknamed Pokémon 10 times.
In Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire, a BuzzNav program called The Name Rater Show tells a Pokémon's fortune based upon the first letter of its nickname. Additionally, one of the requirements for encountering Regigigas at Island Cave is having a nicknamed Regice that was caught in these games in the party.
NPC-nicknamed Pokémon are somewhat rare, and almost never encountered in battles. However, all Pokémon acquired from in-game trades have nicknames, as well as all Pokémon used by NPC Coordinators, with the exception of Wallace's Milotic in Generation VI. Likely to emphasize the color change effect, most of the Pokémon encountered in Pokémon Stadium also have nicknames. Team Rocket's nicknamed Pokémon have numbers in their nicknames (which was impossible on hand-held games at the time).
In Black and White, the player can trade a PetililW or CottoneeB to Lass Dye for the opposite Pokémon in Nacrene City. If the player returns to her after defeating Ghetsis at the end of the game, they can battle her, and she will use the player's former Pokémon, now fully evolved. If this Pokémon was given a nickname by the player before being traded, it will appear with the nickname in this battle, marking the first time in the main series that the player can battle a nicknamed Pokémon used by an NPC.
In Black 2 and White 2, due to NPC and player switching one of their Pokémon in PWT's Mix Tournament, it is possible to fight a nicknamed Pokémon if the Pokémon chosen by opponent had a nickname.
In Pokémon Sun and Moon, Lillie carries around a Cosmog she calls "Nebby". While battling against it after it evolves into either SolgaleoS or LunalaM, it is not nicknamed, and upon catching it, the player is given a chance to nickname it.
In Pokémon X and Y, the player is referred to by a nickname by Calem/Serena, Shauna, Tierno, and Trevor. The player can choose from three suggestions (based on the first two characters of the player's name if playing in Japanese or the first character if playing in other languages) or enter a nickname of their own choice. For example, in English a male player named "Calem" could choose from "Li'l C", "C-Meister", "Big C", or entering their own nickname.
In the table below, <char> represents the first character of the player's name (<chars> represents the first two characters).
Note: Internally, no distinction is made between the hiragana へ he and the katakana ヘ he and their variants, or between the hiragana り ri and the katakana リ ri.
Compared to Generation I, gender symbols were removed from the Western versions, while the space and semicolon were also removed from the German version. The kana を / ヲ wo, small vowel katakana, question mark, and exclamation mark were added to the Japanese version.
Compared to Generation II, the ability to type digits, gender symbols, and ellipsis were added to all versions. The ability to type the multiplication symbol, parentheses, colon, square brackets, and the Pokémon abbreviation were removed, while the ability to type single quotation marks was added to the Western versions. The semicolon was also removed from the English, French, Italian, and Spanish versions.
Double quotation marks were added to the English, Italian, and Spanish versions. Double guillemets were added to the French version. The space, the uppercase and lowercase letters ä, ö, and ü, and double quotation marks were added to the German version. Uppercase and lowercase Latin alphabet letters, small vowel hiragana, fullwidth period, interpunct, double and single quotation marks, and slash were added to the Japanese version.
Compared to Generation III, the ability to type the colon, semicolon, parentheses, tilde/wave dash, at sign, percent sign, plus sign, equals sign, ten shapes, music note, cloud, umbrella, snowman, four faces, sleeping symbol, and two arrows were added to all versions. The multiplication sign, division sign, fullwidth comma, halfwidth period, comma, and hyphen-minus were added to the Japanese version, while the interpunct, number sign, and asterisk were added to Western and Korean versions.
Double quotation marks, the uppercase and lowercase letters à, ç, é, è, ù, and û, and the lowercase letters â, ê, ë, î, ï, and ô were added to the French version. The right double quotation mark (”) and ß were added to the German version. The letters à, é, è, ì, ò, and ù were added in uppercase and lowercase to the Italian versions. The inverted exclamation and question marks and the letters á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, and ü were added in uppercase and lowercase to the Spanish versions.
Compared to Generation II, the ability to type uppercase and lowercase Latin alphabet letters, digits, exclamation mark, and question mark were added in the Korean versions.
Compared to Generation IV, only the at sign has been removed from Western and Korean versions. The uppercase letters Â, Ê, Ë, Î, Ï, Ô, and Û were added to the French version, while the ability to enter the katakana ヴ vu was added to the Japanese version.
Compared to Generation V, only the at sign has been removed. The uppercase and lowercase é were added to the English and German versions, while the letters ç, ï, à, è, ì, ò, and ù were added in uppercase and lowercase to the Spanish version. No changes in character availability were made between Generation VI and VII.
Pokémon: Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee! use the native Nintendo Switch text entry system. Games played in Western languages or Japanese can use characters from the English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese, Russian, and Symbol keyboards. Games played in Japanese can also use the Japanese keyboard. Games played in Korean or Chinese have access only to the keyboard of that language and the Symbol keyboard. The only character that cannot be entered from the keyboard is the at sign.
Reason: needs all series where it's possible.
In Pokémon Channel, the player has the option to nickname his or her companion, Pikachu, once they become familiar enough with each other.
In the Pokémon Mystery Dungeon series, the player has the option to name the player and their partner and at the beginning of the games, which defaults to their Pokémon. Later in-game the player and partner forms a team which they name, this name cannot be changed in Red Rescue team and Blue Rescue Team but can be changed starting from Explorers of Time and Darkness at any time from the main menu.
Prior to Pokémon Super Mystery Dungeon, the player can name any Pokémon that joins their team upon recruitment. In Explorers of Time, Darkness, and Sky and Gates to Infinity, they can also name a Pokémon when it evolves. In Red Rescue Team and Blue Rescue Team, Shedinja can be nicknamed at any time, a property unique to it.
In Pokémon Super Mystery Dungeon, only the player and partner can be named. Their names can be changed at any time, along with their team name, from the main menu.
Other than the cases specifically mentioned, there is no way to change nicknames.
Reason: needs Japanese and Korean characters and WiiWare, images.
There were no changes between Rescue Team and Explorers except the positioning of the characters Š and Þ, and Ý and Ÿ which were swapped and þ which were positioned after ž in Rescue Team.
In Gates to Infinity, space is blank instead of using a bottom square bracket, Ellipsis was moved to after the lowercase letters, and the Single low-9 quotation mark, Left single quotation mark, Double low-9 quotation mark, and the Left double quotaion mark were added.
The only change in Super Mystery Dungeon is that space went back to using a bottom square bracket instead of a blank.
Reason: needs other languages if different and what is on the third screen.
In the Pokémon Ranger series, the player can be named at the beginning of the game.
In Pokémon Trozei! the player is named at the beginning of the game and can change this name at any time from the main menu.
In Pokémon Art Academy, the player selects a name for themselves at the beginning of the game. The player can change their name as well as the name of any card in their album at any time.
The game utilizes the 3DS's keyboard and its limitations. Cards' names can be left blank.
Reason: are there any characters that Pokémon GO does not support?.
In Pokémon GO, the player selects a name for themselves at the beginning of the game, and can only change it once by going to the settings and pressing Change Nickname.
Caught Pokémon can have a nickname assigned or changed on the Pokémon's summary screen by tapping its name. Nicknames can be up to twelve characters long. Nicknames are not visible to other players. Pokémon GO uses rich text entry, which allows bold tags () and italic tags () to be used; other tags supported by Unity's rich text system are too long to enclose any text.
All text entry uses the keyboard of the device the game is played on.
In Pokémon Duel, the player selects a name for themselves at the beginning of the game.
Names can be up to eight characters long.
As in the games, nicknaming Pokémon is optional. It is very seldom that main characters have nicknamed their Pokémon, leaving nicknaming largely unique to characters of the day. Often, these characters possess more than one of a species of Pokémon, and nicknaming is to provide distinction, such as in Get Along, Little Pokémon. At other times, the nicknames help to drive the plot, like in Wherefore Art Thou, Pokémon.
The only main characters to possess a nicknamed Pokémon are Misty, James, Lillie, and Lana, who have a Luvdisc called Caserin, a Growlithe called Growlie, an Alolan Vulpix called Snowy, and an Eevee called Sandy, respectively. Ritchie, Marina, and Mairin also nickname their Pokémon.
Nicknamed Pokémon still say their species name as their cry in the anime instead of their nickname. For example, Sparky still says "Pikachu" and variants of it.
Ash's mother, Delia, calls her Mr. Mime by the nickname Mimey. She also gave several of Ash's Alola Pokémon nicknames in Alolan Open House!.
A surfing Pikachu called Puka appeared in The Pi-Kahuna.
Liza, a recurring character, nicknamed her personal Charizard Charla.
A baby Lugia nicknamed Silver was featured from The Mystery is History to A Promise is a Promise.
In Delcatty Got Your Tongue, Dr. Abby referred to her Delcatty as Johnny.
In Showdown At Linoone, Kimmy Shoney owned a Linoone that he nicknamed Tokin.
Mairin, a recurring character who traveled with Alain in the XY series's Mega Evolution Specials, has a Chespin nicknamed Chespie. She has also nicknamed her Flabébé Bébé.
Bonnie, a travelling companion of Ash, nicknamed the Zygarde Core who traveled with the group for a while Squishy.
In Unlocking Some Respect!, Ed and Locke own the right and left part of a Binacle, which they called Righty and Lefty.
An Alolan Persian nicknamed Pershie appeared in That's Why the Litten is a Scamp! and All They Want to Do is Dance Dance!, belonging to a Madame.
In Getting the Band Back Together!, DJ Leo has an Alolan Dugtrio, whose heads are nicknamed Jessica, Ashley, and Michael, respectively. However, the Pokémon itself is referred to as just Dugtrio.
In Rising from the Ruins!, Gladion was revealed to own a Type: Null, which was nicknamed Silvally.
In A Dream Encounter!, Lillie nicknamed the young Cosmog found by Ash Nebby.
In Why Not Give Me a Z-Ring Sometime?, Acerola has a Shiny Mimikyu nicknamed Mimikins.
In the original version of All They Want to Do is Dance Dance!, Anela has an Oricorio nicknamed (Japanese ドリちゃん Dori-chan). In the English dub, it is simply referred to as Oricorio.
In We Know Where You're Going, Eevee!, Lana nicknamed the Eevee she caught Sandy.
In File 1: Red, after Red chose Charmander as his starter Pokémon, Professor Oak told him he could nickname it if he wanted to. However, Red chose to leave Charmander without a nickname, although he did consider giving it the nickname Sepultura in the Japanese version.
Some Pokémon manga series use nicknames as a way to differentiate and individualize Pokémon characters.
At least two Pokédex holders in each region name their Pokémon. Quite often, the Trainer will nickname his or her Pokémon with a particular pattern, such as how Crystal ends most of her Pokémon's nicknames with the "ee" sound, and Gold ends most of his Pokémon's names with "bo". Several other characters nickname their Pokémon as well; for example, Brock's six Geodude are each named after a number, from "Geoone" to "Geosix".
Unlike in the games, nicknames of owned Pokémon can be changed when the owner of the Pokémon is changed. Examples of this include Mr. Stone's Castform being named Fofo by Ruby, Gurkinn's Gengar being named Garma by X, and Grace's Rhyhorn being named Rhyrhy by Y. Also, nicknames may be removed by the new trainer, as Silver's Kingdra was nicknamed Tat-chan when she was under Green's ownership.
This page was last edited on 30 March 2019, at 01:33.


This set of Machine Kinematics Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Number of Degrees of Freedom for Plane Mechanisms”.
Explanation: The number of pairs of links or the number of instantaneous centres is the number of combinations of n links taken two at a time. Mathematically, number of instantaneous centres, n(n-1)/2.
they have three instantaneous centres and lie on a straight line.
3. Which of the following property of the instantaneous center is correct?
a) A rigid link rotates instantaneously relative to another link at the instantaneous centre for the configuration of the mechanism considered.
b) The two rigid links have no linear velocity relative to each other at the instantaneous centre.
c) The velocity of the instantaneous centre relative to any third link is same whether the instantaneous centre is regarded as a point on the first link or on the second rigid link.
a) directly proportional to the distance from the points to the instantaneous centre and is parallel to the line joining the point to the instantaneous centre.
b) directly proportional to the distance from the points to the instantaneous centre and is perpendicular to the line joining the point to the instantaneous centre.
c) inversely proportional to the distance from the points to the instantaneous centre and is parallel to the line joining the point to the instantaneous centre.
d) inversely proportional to the distance from the points to the instantaneous centre and is perpendicular to the line joining the point to the instantaneous centre.
Explanation: Fixed instantaneous centres remain in the same place for all configurations of the mechanism.
6. The instantaneous centres, which moves as the mechanism moves but joints are of permanent nature, are called permanent instantaneous centres.
Explanation: The permanent instantaneous centres move when the mechanism moves, but the joints are of permanent nature.
Fixed instantaneous centres remain in the same place for all configurations of the mechanism.
Explanation: Neither fixed nor permanent instantaneous centres vary with the configuration of the mechanism.
9. The two links are said to have a pure rolling contact, when their instantaneous centre __________ on their point of contact.
10. When a slider moves on a fixed link having ____________ their instantaneous center lies at infinity.
Explanation: When a slider moves on a fixed link having curved surface, their instantaneous centre lies at the centre of curvature.
When a slider moves on a fixed link having straight surface their instantaneous center lies at infinity.
12. A slider moving on a fixed link having constant radius of curvature will have its instantaneous centre at the center of the circle.


If you were a miner, what are the steps you would take to create the extra (21,000,012.5th) bitcoin?
Where in the source code is this exactly (link)?
Why can't this be done by a non-miner?
Also, which forks are/were vulnerable?
There are two components to CVE-2018-17144. There is a crash bug and an inflation bug. Both are triggered by almost the same scenario: a transaction contains an input multiple times.
In general, how this would work is as follows: lets suppose a miner has an unspent output A for 1 BTC. They create a transaction with that input in twice, so input 1 spends from output A and input 2 also spends from output A. The output of that transaction has a value of 2 BTC. Note how the output's value is larger than the value of output A, but if you had output A twice, the value is correct.
The miner would then take this transaction and include it in a block that he is mining. Once the miner find a block with his transaction included in it, he broadcasts it to the Bitcoin network.
When a Bitcoin Core 0.14.x node receives this block, it will validate the block, but it will skip the duplicate input check because of the false parameter on this line. So the transaction the miner made will pass this step of validation, and the other transaction validation steps, including input script validation, until it reaches this loop. In this loop, the inputs to the transaction are being marked as spent in the UTXO database. The first time the duplicated input is seen, it is marked as spent. But the second time it is seen, the coin is already marked as spent so coins->vout[nPos].IsNull() will be true. This means that it will go into this if statement and subsequently hit the assert statement that follows. The assert causes the software to crash.
For Bitcoin Core 0.15.0 - 0.16.2, the behavior is different. This is due to the change in how the UTXO database is structured. Everything is largely the same until the same loop is reached. Here, instead of returning whether the output was spent, SpendCoin actually returns whether the input exists in the database. So the first time, it will pass as expected, but the second time, instead of returning false, it still returns true.
Looking at SpendCoin, you can see that it only returns false when it is unable to fetch the coin (object representing a UTXO) from the database. With the new database structure, this makes sense as the output should be removed from the database when it is spent. But, if you look a few lines down, you see that it only deletes the coin when it is marked as FRESH. In the case the coin was FRESH, SpendCoin would delete the object on the first pass so the second pass the coin would not be found and thus it would return false. This triggers the assert following the function call causing the node to shutdown.
If the coin was not FRESH, the coin object itself is not deleted, but its contents are cleared. This means that the second time the input is seen, if the coin was not FRESH, SpendCoin would still return true as the object still exists in memory, which means that it passes the assert that follows the SpendCoin (which caused the crash when the coin was not FRESH). Then validation continues as normal, and the output this transaction created is added to the UTXO database, which means that money that shouldn't exist now exists in the UTXO database.
So now the question is, when are UTXOs marked as FRESH? They are marked FRESH when they are added to the UTXO database. But the UTXO database is still only in memory (as a cache). When it is saved to disk, the entries in memory are then no longer marked as FRESH. This saving to disk happens after every block (as well as at other times, but that is not important).
Thus, if a miner has an output that was part of a transaction that has already confirmed, and he spends the output twice in the same transaction (so the transaction has two inputs that refer to the same output), and this transaction is not broadcast to the network but instead included in a block that he mines, he is able to create a new output that has twice the value of the output that he spent, thereby creating coins.
The reason that this cannot be done by a non-miner is because transactions that are received outside of blocks are still checked for duplicate inputs. The transaction will be rejected as invalid and not added to the node's mempool, so the transaction will never get into a block. It is only transactions with duplicate inputs that get into blocks that trigger this vulnerability, and thus only miners can do this as they must knowingly insert an invalid transaction into their block.
Any fork whose software includes commit eecffe50efc3944d713c701fa375dacbf17fb7cf. This would mean any software forked from or pulled in changes from Bitcoin Core after November 10th, 2016.
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