I would like to raise the bar for late answers to enter the Late Answers Review Queue to 50 rep, which is the threshold after which users gain the ability to comment. Here are some answers that were posted by users with between 10 to 50 rep (yes, there's a little selection bias to be sure. I suspect most/all of these will be 10k links only by the time you're reading this. Note, all of these are from the last 5 hours.
Solution provide by @brandonyang works for me too! (I can't add comments in a response 'cause my low reputation, sorry).
I tried your answer but it doesn't work in office 365 outlook online. Do you have any suggestions?
My question is somehow related to the same issue. I am fairly new to C# and have been doing JAVA for quite a long time. When I am coding in C# with .Net framework 4.5.1 using visual studio 2013, I get errors for using certain libraries but I donot know which dll should I reference in my project How do C# people figure that out? For example I wanted to code to draw an ellipse and needed system.Windows.Media and System.Windows.Controls both of which were giving me errors, after googling for quite sometime I got to know that we need to reference PresentationFramework.dll, is this the only way to figure it out?
PS >> I am unable to post this as a comment hence putting it as answer.
I have a question, i am actually trying to copy the database from Prod server to test server ( SQL server 2008R2). I am wondering would it copy the users logins, roles and permission as well ?
I know I suggested 50 rep above, but while I was compiling that, I found one from a 61 rep user. Perhaps it should be 100 rep, not 50. I am less confident about this, but I thought I'd add it as an addendum for discussion.
TL;DR: As of today (September 29, 2015) the maximum reputation for having an author's late answer enqueued has been raised from 10 to 50.
Review queues lose effectiveness if posts aren't regularly (and accurately) cleared. A queue such as close votes on Stack Overflow that never seems to get to 0 fails to provide time-sensitive feedback that aids learning. So if we raise the bar for late answers which increases the number of tasks going into the queue, we risk making the queue less useful for people answering questions late.
You might expect the number of tasks associated with the 1 to 10 reputation bin would equal the number of late answer tasks in the last day. The discrepancy stems from reputation earned since answers were added to the queue. But the takeaway is that raising the reputation limit to 100 would add half again as much work to the queue. That doesn't seem particularly onerous.
Not surprisingly, Stack Overflow would see the most added Late Answer reviews by far. Other large sites, such as Ubuntu, Server Fault, Super User and Mathematics, would get 10 or so extra reviews a day.
Discovering answers as comments certainly would suggest 50 as a good limit for this queue. But this queue is as much about granting exposure to potentially upvote-worthy answers as it is about finding problems. Especially on large sites, it's pretty easy for a good answer to a very old question to be lost in the noise. As a strategy for new users answering old questions that already have good, but not excellent, answers seems productive if not that few people will notice those answers. At 10 reputation, a knowledgeable new user has one shot at earning upvotes from excellent answers to aged questions.
The one concern I have is that answers are dequeued once the author has reached 100 reputation. If we raise the maximum reputation for going into the queue, we should also raise the minimum for coming out of it. Unfortunately, I don't have an easy way to gather numbers to set an appropriate level. One of the reasons I'm only looking back a day in the numbers I showed above is that it minimizes the effect of gained reputation. It's possible, but messy to estimate reputation at the time a user answered a question. So while my instinct would be to raise the deque minimum to 200, but I can't really predict if that's appropriate or not.
I think this is a good idea. I spend a lot of time on the New Answers to Questions More Than 30 Days Old list on Stack Overflow (10k link), and I would agree that many of the questions I flag as not an answer are from new users who want to comment, find they don't have the privilege, and leave an answer instead.
From this limited dataset, it seems like we might see roughly a doubling of the number of answers added to the Late Answers Queue by increasing the reputation limit to 50. Increasing to 100 would not add too many more late answers to the queue. Given that the Late Answers Queue is often empty on Stack Overflow, I don't think this would be too problematic.
This suggests that users with reputation 1-10 are generating much more than their fair share of problematic late answers, users with reputation 101+ are generating much less than their fair share, and users with reputation 11-100 are generating about their fair share. I think this could mean that reviewing late answers for users with up to 100 reputation could make sense, but there would be diminishing returns raising the bar above 100 reputation.
It would be helpful to see this analysis repeated on other sites to see if the results are qualitatively similar (it sounds like the relatively small size of the Late Answers Queue may hold across other sites).
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged feature-request status-completed review late-answers .
Why did the late answer queue spike on Sep 29, 2015?
Why is the rep threshold for commenting set specifically to 50?
How to behave when there is a database error or a bug on the site?


Elia Kazan was a stage and movie director who co-founded "The Actors Studio" in New York, and directed two of the most profound and influential theatrical dramas in Broadway history, 'A Streetcar Named Desire' in 1947, and 'The Death of a Salesman' in 1948. He was a firm advocate of 'method' acting, originally developed by Konstantin Stanislavski and which reached its most successful fruition in the work of one of Kazan's protegees, Marlon Brando.
Kazan also became one of the most influential figures in American cinema, winning Academy Awards as Best Director for 'Gentleman's Agreement' in 1948, and 'On the Waterfront' in 1954, and receiving two other Best Director nominations for 'A Streetcar Named Desire' in 1951, and 'East of Eden' in 1955.
He directed no less than 21 different actors in Oscar-nominated performances, and his films have earned a total of 22 Academy Awards and 62 nominations, including two Directing Oscars for Kazan himself. He also received an honorary award in 1999 in recognition of his "long, distinguished and unparalleled career."
Kazan wrote several novels, including 'The Arrangement', published in 1967, which became a best seller, and his autobiography, published in 1988, which is entitled "Elia Kazan: A Life".
His work embraced controversy and addressed such issues as racism, alcoholism, public corruption and anti-Semitism. He was undoubtedly one of the giants of American cinema, but he lost many friends during the McCarthy Communist witch-hunts in the early 1950's when he testified before the House Committee on Un-American Activities and named names which caused the blacklisting of many promising talents in Hollywood because of their political beliefs. The resentment he stirred up then continues undiluted to this day.
Elia Kazan was born Elia Kazanjoglous in Istanbul on 7 September, 1909. His parents were Anatolian Greeks and in 1913 his family emigrated to America and settled in New York, where his father, George, started in business as a rug merchant, bringing his family to join him one by one.. After schooling in New York City and graduating from Williams College, Massachusetts, Kazan entered Yale and studied drama there from 1930 to 1932. Despite his father's expectations that he would enter the family rug business, he decided on an acting career.
Kazan acted professionally for eight years before becoming a director. In 1932 he joined the New York Group Theater where he met for the first time such progressive thinkers as Lee Strasberg, Clifford Odets, and Stella Adler. In 1935 he appeared in 'Waiting for Lefty' and 'Golden Boy' by Odets and later acted in two films directed by Anatole Litvak - 'City for Conquest' in 1940 and 'Blues in the Night' in 1941. But direction was his real aim and after starting to direct some of the Group's plays in the mid 1930's, within a few years he had established a reputation as one of Broadway's finest talents, making his mark particularly strongly with Thornton Wilder's production 'The Skin of Our Teeth' in 1942.
In 1945 he started his Hollywood career with 'A Tree Grows in Brooklyn' but then returned to Broadway to begin working firstly with Arthur Miller on 'All My Sons' and then Tennessee Williams on 'A Streetcar Named Desire'.
After World War II his movie directing career began in earnest with 'Gentleman's Agreement' in 1947, an indictment of anti-semitism in society. The movie, which was an adaptation of Laura Z. Hobson's novel, starred Gregory Peck and Dorothy McGuire and received eight Academy Award nominations winning three Oscars, including one for Best Picture and one for Kazan for Best Director.
He followed this success with the crime drama 'Boomerang' in the same year and then in 1949 had another major success with 'Pinky', the story of a light-skinned black girl who returns to her roots to resume life as a black. Three of the stars received Academy nominations and for Ethel Waters it was only the second time in history that the work of a black actress had been so nominated.
Kazan had directed 'A Streetcar Named Desire' on Broadway in 1947, successfully launching the career of Marlon Brando, and he repeated the success with Brando in the screen version in 1951. The film received twelve nominations in all including one for Best Picture, and all four of the movie's leading actors received Oscar nominations for their performances, Brando, Vivien Leigh, Kim Hunter and Karl Malden, with only Brando, remarkably, not actually winning the Oscar.
After 'Streetcar' Kazan got embroiled in the controversial Communist witch-hunt and was called to give testimony before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC). In his first appearance, in January, 1952, he admitted to an 18-month membership in the Communist Party during the 1930's, but he refused to give names of Communist sympathisers. In his second, in April of that year, he named a small number of Party officials from seventeen years earlier and also eight members of the Group Theatre, which led to all of them being blacklisted. Although Kazan defended his actions by saying that he had given names of people already known to the committee, it is undeniable that lives were damaged and careers ruined.
When the Academy gave him an honorary Oscar, in 1999, all the old enmities sprang up. Many hackles rose in the American film making community - and Kazan refused the chance of apologizing. He didn't feel it, so he didn't do it.
Kazan next directed two movies which were commercial failures, 'Viva Zapata!' in 1952 with Marlon Brando and 'Man on a Tightrope' the following year with Fredric March. The contrast with his next movie could not have been more striking. 'On the Waterfront', made in 1954, was an outstanding success with both the critics and the public. The movie, which was about the defiance of a young dock worker towards his corrupt union, received twelve Academy Award nominations and won eight Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director for Kazan, Best Actor for Brando and Best Actress for Eva Marie Saint.
Kazan continued to make movies of great distinction. 'East of Eden' in 1955 gained him another Academy nomination for Best Director, and is one of Kazan's best films, partly because of James Dean's prickly hesitation and partly because of the absorbing clash of acting styles (Dean and Raymond Massey) which suited Steinbeck's novel. The following year Kazan directed 'Baby Doll', catching the tender humor of Tennessee Williams. The movie received four Academy Award nominations but was not successful at the box-office.
'A Face In the Crowd' in 1957 was the conscience-stricken radical, crudely manhandling the media and unable to deal with an intransigent chief actor. 'Wild River' in 1960 is the concerned American thinking and feeling in unison, a more speculative film than Kazan usually allowed himself, subtle in its situation, its coloring, and its acting. 'Splendor in the Grass' in 1961, however, is intense to the point of hysteria, the most extreme instance of Kazan's emotional involvement with his characters, the source of all that is vital and most alarming in his work. As a result, it is a violent film, lurching between great beauty (especially in Natalie Wood's performance) and excess.
In 1961 Kazan published his first novel, 'America, America' based on the arrival of his own family from Eastern Europe and in 1962 he filmed it and received three more Academy Award nominations. He also directed in 1969 the movie version of his second novel 'The Arrangement', a commentary on materialism in America. His novels are not highly regarded and show that his artistic talents did not extend to the written word.
Kazan married three times. His first marriage to playwright Molly Day Thacher was from 1932 until her death in 1963 and produced two daughters and two sons. His second marriage was to the actress Barbara Loden from 1969 until her death in 1980, producing one son and lastly, he married Frances Rudge in 1982, the marriage ending with his death.
Whatever one's personal opinion, it is undeniable that Kazan's is one of the great lives in American theatre and cinema. He made an impressive transition from top Broadway director into one of the major film makers of his time.
Elia Kazan died of natural causes on 28 September 2003, in New York City. He was 94.


Read how a Dementia Friend helped to inspire a major partnership that has raised nearly £400,000.
Celesio UK, the parent company of LloydsPharmacy, announced our partnership with them back in the summer of 2015.
The story begins earlier however, with employee Anna White's commitment to Dementia Friends, the movement to change perceptions about dementia.
Anna came across Dementia Friends a few years back while working in a previous role at Celesio UK.
'I was looking for services and conditions that we could support, so I went to a local Dementia Friends information session - it was massively eye-opening,' she says.
'A simple thing, like being more patient with a person - you don't need a medical degree for that,' says Anna.
Kathy’s father-in-law and brother developed Alzheimer’s disease. She’s doing Memory Walk to raise awareness and essential funds for Alzheimer’s Society.
Anna also saw how small actions could make a big difference to someone's life.
Anna trained to become a Dementia Friends Champion and went on to deliver information sessions for colleagues, signing up a large number of Dementia Friends among them.
'People were so receptive to the sessions,' she says.
'The managing director at the time heard about it and invited me to deliver one to the board of directors, which was terrifying! But he was so supportive and enthusiastic - it was great.
The company's charity partnership with Alzheimer's Society has meant that, as well as creating 18,000 Dementia Friends, staff have helped raised over £390,000 to fight dementia. This included the company donating 1% of its Black Friday sales in 2016.
'Everyone loves it and is really involved. People can see the benefits and value,' says Anna.
LloydsPharmacy will continue fundraising for the Society to support research into the relationship between a person's speech patterns and dementia.
It is also looking to create dementia-friendly pharmacies, including providing training for staff in how best to support customers affected by dementia.
'People may be struggling with things that those working in our pharmacies can help with,' says Anna.


Two uses of the verb "have"
The past tense of "have to" is "had to."
Affirmative - I had to study.
Negative - I didn't have to study.
Question - Did you have to study?
Here is a list of rules that Rachel had to obey when she was little.
1. Do your homework right when you get home from school.
3. Rinse your dishes and put them in the sink after a meal.
4. Make your bed in the morning.
5. Set the table before dinner.
Make sentences using "had to" about what Rachel had to do when you was a girl.
Rule #1 - She had to do her homework right when she got home from school.
Rachel's husband Ivan didn't have these rules in his house. Make statements using "didn't have to" about the rules.
Rule #1 - He didn't have to do his homework right when he got home from school.
The verb have can be used to indicate possession or can be used in the present perfect tense.
I have a car. - Indicates possession.
When have indicates possession, it is conjugated like a regular verb in American English. It requires an auxiliary verb (do/does) in the negative and question form.
When have is used with the present perfect, the word have itself can be used as an auxiliary verb.
Select the correct meaning of have in each of the following sentences.
Make the sentences negative. Remember that when have indicates possession, you have to use don't or doesn't. When have is used with the present perfect, you can simply add not to the sentence (or use the contractions haven't or hasn't). In this lesson use the contracted form of the negative.
He has driven the car.
1. She has finished the test.
2. They have a lot of money.
3. Her parents have called them.
4. Donna has a television.
5. They have a new car.
6. She has seen the movie.
7. Karen has taught at that school.
8. He has a book.
9. The students have studied for the test.
10. The dog has a bone.
Change the sentences to questions. Remember that when have indicates possession, you have to use Do or Does. When have is used with the present perfect, you change the order (put have or has before the subject).
There is another difference between have for possession and have with the present perfect. When have indicates possession, you can't contract it but when it is used with the present perfect, you can.
They have finished. - They've finished.
Contract the verb if it can be contracted. If it can't, leave the space blank.
I have visited her house.
I left it blank because I can't contract it.
2. She has finished the test.
3. They have called them.
4. They have a new car.
5. Donna has a television.
7. He has a book.
8. Karen has taught at that school.
9. They have studied for the test.
1. I hadn't to study.
2. She didn't had to work.
3. She hasn't a car.
4. Have you a computer?
5. The children have growed a lot.


An bhfuil urtacáire i measc mná torracha?
Is galar de chineál ailléirgeach é Urticaria, a bhfuil tréithe na n-airíonna dermatological tréithrithe air. Fuair sé a ainm mar gheall go bhfuil an gríos a bhí ar an gcorp i gcuma cosúil le sruthán neantóige.
De réir staitisticí, tarlaíonn urtacáire uair amháin ar a laghad i ngach saol i ngach cúigiú duine agus meastar é a bheith ar cheann de na galair is ilghnéithí den chineál imdhíonachta.
Ag brath ar an gcritéar, tá roinnt aicmithe ar an ngalar seo.
Go traidisiúnta, déanann dochtúirí idirdhealú idir an ghéarfhoirm - tarlaíonn na hairíonna den chéad uair agus ní mhaireann siad níos mó ná 6 seachtaine - agus ainsealach, ina bhfuil na hairíonna ailléirgeacha agus an loghadh tréimhsiúil. Ionas gur féidir leis na speisialtóirí urtacáire ainsealach a dhiagnóisiú, ba chóir go dtarlódh géaraithe níos mó ná 6 seachtaine tar éis an chéad cháis.
Is é is brí le vasculitis urticarial ná athlasadh ballaí na soithí beaga agus na ribeadáin, rud a léirítear trí fhoirmiú blisters sainiúil. I gcodarsnacht leis an urtacáire clasaiceach, bíonn siad ar feadh i bhfad - suas le roinnt laethanta.
Urtacáire ailléirgeach - tarlaíonn sé go hiondúil mar fhreagairt imdhíonachta ar bhianna, ar chógais, ar chosmaidí nó ar ábhair shintéiseacha (mar shampla, laitéis). Is iondúil go mbíonn oidhreacht ailléirgeach nár éirigh go maith le hothair leis an gcineál seo urtacáire agus níos mó ná heachtra hipiríogaireachta amháin sa stair. De ghnáth, bíonn tástálacha ailléirge i gcásanna den sórt sin dearfach agus bíonn éifeacht theiripeach mhaith ag bearta díothaithe clasaiceach.
Is paiteolaíocht sách annamh é urtacáire comhlántach. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith oidhreachtúil nó a fháil. Is minic a bhaineann an dara ceann le hailse áirithe.
Urtacóim autoimmune - sreabhann sé tríd an meicníocht idiopathic agus tá airíonna tréscaoilteacha agus dyspeptic air. Is minic a bhaineann sé le galair an fhaireog thyroid de chineál autoimmune, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith oidhreachtúil. Is iad tréithe tástálacha dearfacha ailléirge agus láithreacht imdhíonachta cuí san fhuil.
Meicniúil - léirithe mar gheall ar éifeacht dhíreach ar chraiceann fachtóir greannach.
Creathadh - d’fhéadfadh sé a bheith oidhreachtúil agus faighte, agus tá sé mar thoradh ar dhí-chomhdhlúthú cealla crann. Dealraíonn sé roinnt uaireanta an chloig tar éis a bheith nochta do chreathadh agus iarsmaí ar an gcraiceann i rith an lae.
Déimeagrafach - tar éis gníomh meicniúil ar an gcraiceann. Ar an gcéad dul síos, gearrann an t-othar gearán go bhfuil sé ag itea, agus ansin tarlaíonn éidéime láithreach ag an bpointe teagmhála.
Teas - tar éis nochtadh fada do theas ar an gcraiceann. Is iondúil go mbíonn na héifeachtaí le feiceáil tar éis 4-5 uair an chloig. Go minic, bíonn malaise ginearálta, masmas, tinneas cinn agus meadhrán bainteach le hairíonna craicinn.
Urtacáire fuar - a léiríonn go tapa é, beagnach 15-20 nóiméad tar éis dó teacht faoi lé teochtaí ísle. Tréithrithe ag forbairt gríos, deargadh agus itching. Tar éis téamh téann an t-othar go tapa. Is minic a tharlaíonn sé a bhaineann le galair víreasacha, agus tá a dhéine ag brath go mór ar dhíolúine an othair.
Is cineál ailléirge sách annamh é Aqua, a tharlaíonn mar imoibriú le huisce. Go deimhin, is mianraí iad antaiginí atá tuaslagtha in uisce reatha. Is iondúil go bhfilleann an t-imoibriú a thagann as go héasca i bhfoirm boilgeoga beaga agus nach bhfuil sé contúirteach do shaol an othair.
Teagmháil - is casta é d'imoibrithe a tharlaíonn le linn teagmháil dhíreach thadhlach leis an ailléirgin.
Urtacáire Adrenergic - tarlaíonn sé faoi thionchar struis agus adrenaline a scaoiltear le linn é. Is é an príomhthréith atá ann ná cuma na bpúcaí faoi leith, ach tá sé an-annamh.
Hoergegic - is imoibriú é freisin maidir le neurotransmitter a scaoileadh. Tá an chuma air go bhfuil blisters bándearg ann ar dhromchla iomlán an choirp. Is féidir go dtarlóidh sé tar éis tromchúiseach fisiciúil, strus nó folcadh te. Ag an am céanna leis an gríos, déanann othair gearán faoi ghearr anála, deacrachtaí análaithe agus laige ghinearálta.
Is frithghníomh ailléirgeach craicinn é urtacáire idiopathic a tharlaíonn faoi thionchar cúiseanna anaithnid.
Is é príomhghné an ghalair cuma blisters, ar féidir leis a bheith éagsúil ó thaobh méide de, agus is gnách go dtiocfaidh siad le chéile, ag clúdach gach cuid mhór den chorp (féach an grianghraf). Ó thaobh amhairc de, is féidir le gríos a bheith le feiceáil i gceann cúpla nóiméad. Go minic, bíonn angioedema agus comharthaí eile atá bagrach ag gabháil le forbairt thapa urtacáire i measc daoine fásta. Tá sé thar a bheith contúirteach do shaol an othair má shíneann an at go seicní múcasacha na n-orgán, rud a fhágann go mbíonn análú deacair, agus a spreagann sos dian agus fiú urlacan.
Is minic go mbíonn itching dofhulaingthe ag gabháil le hairíonna deirmeolaíochta.
Tá siomtaiméimeolaíocht gach cineál aonair urtacáire an-sonrach, ach i gcásanna áirithe is deacair diagnóis chruinn a fhágáil. Éilíonn sé seo modhanna sonracha diagnóiseacha.
Cabhraíonn anailísí cliniciúla ginearálta ar fhual agus ar fhuil le cé chomh dáiríre agus a théann an t-imoibriú imdhíoneolaíoch.
Léiríonn anailís bithcheimiceach ar fhuil an dóigh a bhfuil orgáin agus córais eile páirteach sa phróiseas freagartha imdhíonachta.
Sainmhíniú ar imdhíonachta ar leith chun ailléirginí a chlóscríobh nó go díreach leo siúd a raibh an t-othar i dteagmháil leo. Chomh maith leis sin, socraítear é de réir an innéacs imdhíonachta iomlán.
Tástálacha ailléirge craicinn do ghrúpa ailléirginí.
Revmaproby chun stádas imdhíonachta foriomlán an choirp a chinneadh.
Anailís ar feces do dysbiosis agus láithreacht seadáin.
Síolú inscortha ón scornach agus ón srón.
Ultrafhuaim d'orgáin éagsúla - go minic an fhaireog thyroid agus na hailt.
Tástálacha fola le haghaidh ionfhabhtuithe.
Tosaíonn cóireáil urtacáire, chomh maith le haon ghalar ailléirgeach, leis an teagmháil is iomláine leis an ailléirgin. Chuige sin, ní amháin go gcaithfear teagmháil fhisiciúil a dhíchur, ach freisin bearta áirithe a dhéanamh atá dírithe ar dhíothú antaigin ón gcorp. I measc na ngníomhaíochtaí sin tá an srón agus an boilg a ní, an cith fionnuar, an t-insliú isteach sna súile le salanda, agus mar sin de.
I gcás ailléirge bia, ní mór don othar cloí le haiste bia speisialta, rud a fhágann nach n-áirítear táirge ailléirgin a ionghabháil, ach freisin grúpa iomlán substaintí a spreagann forbairt tras-fhrithghníomhartha.
Le haghaidh cóireáil dhíreach urtacáire, úsáidtear modh teiripe ASIT, arb é atá ann ná “an corp” a oiliúint don ailléirgin. De réir a chéile, tugtar méideanna beaga den druga don othar, ina bhfuil an ailléirgin atá ag teastáil. Le himeacht ama, stopann an t-orgánach é ag gníomhú dó mar ghníomhaire eachtrach agus, dá réir sin, laghdaíonn déine na n-imoibriúcháin imdhíoneolaíocha, ag éirí as a chéile de réir a chéile. Moltar cóireáil den sórt sin a thosú roinnt ama sula dtéann tú i dteagmháil leis an ailléirgin, mar shampla, dhá mhí roimh fhás na bplandaí i gcás go mbaineann an t-urtacáire le pailin.
Frith-aimíteas, a bhfuil éifeacht sedative acu araon - nuair is gá faoiseamh a thabhairt don itch agus an t-othar a mhaolú - agus an ghlúin nua nach gcuireann isteach ar lárchóras na néaróg.
Ionfhabhtuithe imdhíonachta a laghdaíonn déine fhreagra imdhíonachta an choirp.
Glukokortikoida - drugaí frith-athlastacha hormónacha, a fhanann, in ainneoin an líon mór contraindations, is éifeachtaí chun comharthaí ailléirgí a chomhrac, go háirithe urtacáire.
Go minic i gcóireáil urticaria úsáidtear plasmapheresis chun fuil antaiginí agus antasubstaintí a chuirtear orthu a ghlanadh.
Úsáid bianna áirithe a theorannú. Is féidir go bhforbróidh frithghníomhartha tras-ailléirgeacha, ina bhfuil grúpaí iomlána i gceist, ar nós gránach, bia mara, caora agus eile.
Déileáil go pras le horgáin na conaire gastraistéigeach. Méadaíonn paiteolaíochtaí sa chóras díleá, go háirithe iad siúd a bhaineann leis an briseán nó leis an ae, an baol go bhforbrófar urtacáire nó imoibriú ailléirgeach eile. Tá sé tábhachtach freisin monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar obair rialta an stéig, rud a chuireann cosc ar fhorbairt fhadtréimhseach nó scíthe ar an gcathaoir ar feadh i bhfad.
Srianta réasúnta ar chógais, go háirithe antaibheathaigh.
Is gá róthéamh an choirp a sheachaint agus, ar a mhalairt, ró-ró-mhaolú. Moltar bearta a dhéanamh chun cruachan a dhéanamh, más rud é, sa stair, lena n-áirítear stair an teaghlaigh, go bhfuil cásanna ann maidir le forbairt urtacáire fuar.
Galair inchríneacha a bhrath agus a chóireáil go luath.
Dearcadh réasúnach maidir le grianghortha, ag caitheamh hata agus ag ithe suimeanna móra leachta sa séasúr te.
Moltar freisin strus agus stáit atá ró-mhothúchánach a sheachaint. Is fiú dul i gcomhairle le speisialtóir más gá.
Le linn toirchis, méadaítear an dóchúlacht go dtarlódh urtacáire, go háirithe má bhí togracht oidhreachtúil ag an máthair a bhí ag súil leis nó gur taifeadadh frithghníomhartha ailléirgeacha i stair. Ní dhéanann Urticaria dochar don leanbh sa bhroinn, ach bíonn míchaoithiúlacht ag baint le torracha.
Is minic a fhorbraíonn urtacáire mar fhreagra ar bhia, ar chosmaidí nó ar cheimiceáin tí. Mar gheall ar leibhéil estrogen ardaithe, tá frithghníomhartha ailléirgeacha níos ionsaithí, mar sin ní mór bean a ullmhú le haghaidh seo. Ní mholtar aon mhíochainí a ghlacadh gan dul i gcomhairle le dochtúir, ós rud é go bhfuil gach duine acu beagnach contraindicated le linn toirchis.
Molann saineolaithe nach gcruthófar ach táirgí cruthaithe a bhaineann leis an ngrúpa hypoallergenic, chomh maith le teagmháil a laghdú le cosmaidí greamaitheacha agus ceimiceáin tí.
I gcás forbartha neamhfhabhraí imthosca, is féidir leis an urtacáire forbairt ó fhoirmiú eipeasóideach go foirm ainsealach agus tá sé sách deacair é a thabhairt suas go dtí an seachadadh.
Uaireanta ní dhéantar imoibrithe ailléirgeacha a dhianú ach amháin tar éis iad a sheachadadh, agus tá fadhb ag an máthair le urtacáire cheana féin le linn beathú cíche. Ní mór a mheabhrú go dtéann beagnach gach druga frith-ailléirge ar a dtugtar isteach i mbainne cíche, agus mar sin tá sé riachtanach beathú cíche a dhiúltú le linn teiripe drugaí. Moltar freisin an leanbh a chaitheamh ar feadh tamaill i gcás na n-airíonna troma i gcás urtacáire. Le linn lachta, tagann bearta coisctheacha agus comhlíonadh leis an aiste bia, chomh maith le teagmháil le substaintí tocsaineacha agus ailléirginí féideartha a sheachaint.


"When does a language die?" This question leads to the central, overarching theme explored in the novel. The protagonist is a naive twenty-something who runs a boutique advertising agency in the bustling heart of Cape Town. As a published author he has a passion for Afrikaans literature but he knows that due to the socio-economic climate of the current postapartheid South Africa, making a career out of his passion, is futile. It is this reality that is investigated in the text, posing a secondary question: Can a passionate, gifted individual follow his or her artistic ambitions in South Africa's current socio-economic environment? The story unfolds with a car crash that leaves the protagonist paralyzed and dying in the middle of nowhere. With this scene, the protagonist becomes a metaphor for the Afrikaans language - a language paralyzed by its historical baggage, dying in the middle of nowhere (the southern tip of Africa). The protagonist also represents the passionate, young artists and writers who naively dream of achieving artistic success and saving the language. A young girl stumbles upon the lead character in this deserted landscape (almost as one would stumble upon a new piece of literature). The girl's father is "out of town", and therefore can't help. So, she tries to save him herself, giving him nourishment and accompaniment. The missing father figure, or more specifically, the missing leader figure, is also fundamental to the theme. It intensifies the concept that the burden is upon the younger generation to save themselves, their language and their culture. The plot of the novel drives this theme. The protagonist is given the chance to save himself, his family and his language - everything he holds dear - by an opportunity created by a business tycoon. This character is depicted as the quintessential leader figure. He has the desire to create a long-lasting legacy by saving the language and he has the financial means to see it through. He briefs the protagonist as well as other agencies to conceptualize a marketing campaign that will ensure the survival of the Afrikaans language for generations to come. In the final chapter, the protagonist dies, not being able to save himself, his family, or his language. The young girl that discovered him, now buries him with his notebook (which is filled with his literary writings sporadically featured throughout the text). The metaphor is thus that as he (the young, passionate writer) dies, the language dies. The theme's crescendo is reached in the final three sentences of the novel, where it is professed that the Afrikaans language will not die some unforeseeable time in the future, but that the language is in fact already dead. And there is nothing the passionate, naive young artists can do to save it. By dying, the protagonist himself becomes the concept of his marketing campaign. He becomes the billboard, the advertisement (Die Advertensie), for a language that cannot be saved.
Muller, F. 2016. Die advertensie. University of Cape Town.


Many changes and experience, both physically and emotionally, as he began to understand. You should always pay attention to programming and the type of food that you eat, as the growth and development of the fetus depends on the diet of the mother.
Some nutrients important role in fetal growth. During pregnancy, the increase in energy metabolism due to changes in the body and the developing fetus. Therefore, the need for energy and nutrients are increased. How can I add that? Not only constantly increase the amount of food that enters the body, but also think about what you eat.
During the second and third trimester of pregnancy requires 300 calories per day. Although this increase was not used during the first quarter, does not mean that the balance of the diet is not important. These extra calories needed to gain weight (for a total of 12 to 16 pounds during pregnancy). It is very necessary to generate an adequate birth weight. If the first three quarters, the weight gain is only 0, 5 kg per month. While in the last two quarters, 0, 5 kg per week. Sdangkan quarters (9 months) should be 0, 5-1 kg. Calories can be gained by eating nuts, fruits, cereals, rice, vegetables, potatoes.
Protein is needed to build, repair and replace tissue. Pregnant women need more nutrients for optimal fetal growth. The protein can be obtained by eating tofu, tempeh, meat, poultry, fish, milk and eggs.
Research shows that the fetus is 13 mg of calcium in the blood of the mother is required. The fetus needs calcium in bones and teeth. When the amount of calcium, which take up less then it from the bone. Therefore, you may experience a weakening of the bones (osteomalacia) later. Calcium from dairy products, food tofu, broccoli, beans are produced.
Iron deficiency are in the growth and development of the fetus. Iron deficiency can. Risk of disability (mortality) and her fetus Because iron requirements difficult to meet the nutrition, recommended use of dietary supplements sometimes. Iron can be obtained by eating spinach, red meat, liver, fish, poultry, seafood, eggs, soya.
Folic acid is consumed from the moment of conception and early pregnancy to prevent birth defects of the brain and spinal column. Studies show that the risk of defects of the spine (spina bifida) and anomalies ronggga brain (anencephaly) was reduced by 50%. It is advisable to obtain 400 mg of folic acid per day. Folic acid can get by eating spinach, orange juice, oatmeal, broccoli, strawberries and bread.
The liquid is needed to increase the volume of blood and water ketubah. Drink at least 6-8 glasses per day. Reduce fluid intake does not reduce inflammation you experience. But it can cause kidney damage. Consumption of liquid water is better, except that you can eat soup, juice and tea.
Salt water can help blood. Body needs a little salt, about 2000 to 8000 mg per day. Some mothers are exposed to high blood pressure or pre-eclampsia did not need extra salt intake.


How can I prevent condensation inside my tent?
Every time I wake up in my new Marmot Swallow tent the condensation is so bad that my sleeping bag and clothes get wet, so much so that I'm considering taking the tent back and exchanging it for a Mountain Hardwear Skyview or MSR Fusion. I have searched the Internet and read many positive reviews about the Swallow, so is this just a common problem in three- to four-season tents, or did I just get the one defective tent in the batch?
Marmot's Swallow ($359; www.marmot.com) is a big, roomy two-person tent. As you know, it's designed for three-season use, meaning it has quite a bit of mesh in the tent canopy mesh doors, a mesh panel at the back of the tent, two mesh panels in the ceiling. I've not used this tent, but I've slept in tents that have similar designs (if you look closely at tents, you realize that all the big makers Marmot, Sierra Designs, Mountain Hardwear, The North Face, and the like share about six basic designs).
In my experience, this kind of design does a reasonably good job at keeping condensation to a minimum. So whether you have a real problem depends to some extent on where the condensation is appearing. Keep in mind that double-wall tents such as the Swallow are designed on this principle: Warm, moist air given off by the tent occupants passes through the mesh and permeable ripstop nylon of the canopy. When it hits the (presumably cooler) fly, which is waterproof, it will likely condense out. It's then supposed to drip down the fly to the ground.
At least, that's the idea. In certain conditions, the design of any tent will be overwhelmed by moisture. That's especially true on cool, still nights. When there's no wind, there's no air circulation between the canopy and fly, so the warm air from inside the tent isn't mixed with cooler outside air. And when the temperatures are relatively low (below 40, for instance), it's easier for liquid moisture to form on the underside of the fly.
So, in conditions such the above, I wouldn't be surprised that there's extensive condensation. It's just a fact of life. If you're getting a lot of moisture on the canopy the surface nearest you when you're inside the tent then that's a potential issue. Still, even at that, I'm not sure I can say the Swallow is better or worse than any other tent designed for similar weather conditions.
The question then becomes, how to minimize condensation? Ventilation is the key. If the weather isn't crummy, then do all you can to open up the tent. Leave a door open, for instance. And when pitching the tent, try to orient it so that any breezes can blow in under the fly. In the morning, if time allows, I find it helpful to remove the fly and lay it out upside-down so it can dry out some.


Why would an entrepreneur elect, on behalf of her business, to comply with a tax that is not required? A little-studied provision embedded in the majority of value-added tax (VAT) statutes worldwide permits otherwise exempt "small suppliers" (typically defined as businesses with annual revenues below a specified registration threshold) to register voluntarily for, collect, and remit VAT on their sales to customers. Economic models of the input credit mechanism that refunds registered sellers for the VAT that they pay on inputs show that incentives to register voluntarily for VAT increase as small suppliers (1) purchase more of their inputs from registered firms (the input channel) or (2) sell more of their output to registered firms (the customer channel). Promoting such "formality chain effects" through voluntary registration can improve the efficiency and self-enforcing properties of a VAT. In the real world, however, many VAT registration thresholds are far lower than the level recommended by economists. Low VAT thresholds imply that only the smallest businesses, which often bear disproportionately high VAT compliance costs, are eligible to opt in. But the question of whether formality chain effects are relevant for the key taxpayer population in low-threshold settings — microentrepreneurs — is an open one.
To address that question, this article presents results from a hybrid (quantitative and semi-structured qualitative) survey of nearly 100 Ontario-based small suppliers (defined, under Canada's federal goods and services tax statute, as businesses with annual revenues below Cdn$30,000). Within this sample, small suppliers' voluntary registration behaviour was broadly consistent with the presence of customer-channel formality chain effects. However, patterns consistent with the input channel were absent, and qualitative responses of unregistered participants cited trepidation about complexity at levels that were not borne out by the reported experiences of participants who had registered voluntarily. These findings suggest that, even in a jurisdiction with a very low threshold, voluntary registration has the capacity to promote production efficiency through formality chain effects. To the extent that this capacity is restricted to he customer channel owing to unregistered small suppliers' exaggerated fears about the complexity of registration, tax authorities should consider measures to correct such misperceptions through outreach, education, or pilot programs that offer limited subsidies for voluntary registration.


An entertaining speaker without a new book to sell and without any particular axe to grind, on a subject that allowed him to ramble on about anything he felt like. Given that topic and his history, you might have hoped he would have something to say about Tony Blair: and up to a point he did, but without showing any sign of recognising quite how toxic Blair's reputation has become. Equally, given that topic and this time, the audience hoped he would have something to say about Jeremy Corbyn, and he didn't, until asked, when he said, with absolute propriety, that Jeremy was a saintly bloke, that he wished him well, and that we would have to wait and see.
A poet and a visual artist, each talking about a new piece of work on which they have been working in collaboration, but not with each other. Both focus on the landscape of the North Pennines, Laura Harrington working on a small area of upland peat, and working with scientists and sound recorders to make a film: after hearing her talk about it, I wished I had been able to organise myself to one of the showings, but it couldn't be done. Sean O'Brien and composer Agustín Fernández's Notes from Underground is a response to WH Auden's poems about the North Pennines, and - something I hadn't appreciated until Gerry explained it afterwards - Sean wasn't permitted to read from it until after tonight's performance of the completed work. So the whole event gave me a feeling of people treading carefully around absences: but Sean read some Auden, which was a very acceptable substitute.
According to the programme notes, it was Durham Book Festival who funded Stevie Ronnie's trip to the Arctic two years ago. I've been waiting to hear what he would write about the trip since I saw his photographs of the trip; this was a performance piece in which Stevie spoke his poems in front of projected images. I suppose the sad truth is that I wanted to hear more about the Arctic and less about Stevie, but that isn't his fault.
I see now that this is billed as a briefing for aspiring crime writers, which is as good a reason as any to include it in a book festival; I'd been thinking of it as a belated contribution to the Heritage Open Days, a chance to see inside a building which isn't open to the public. I took my new camera, but had to surrender it at the entrance (I suspect, for no better reason than that you aren't allowed to take pictures in court - but there's a picture here, and it hasn't changed much, apart from the addition of glass screens.


In October we saw the Supreme Court hand down their hotly anticipated judgments in the cases of Sharland v Sharland  UKSC 60 and Gohil v Gohil  UKSC 61. The media frenzy was fixated on what they saw as a slam dunk victory over dishonest divorcees, and the potential flood of new claims that would follow from those who believed they had been lied to.
Ms Sharland and Ms Gohil were both married to husbands who deliberately failed to disclose aspects of the financial wealth prior to entering into a financial settlement on divorce and as a result applied to the Court to have the Court orders set aside, and their cases re-opened.
Mr Sharland, a multi-millionaire software developer, claimed that his shares in a company in which he was the majority shareholder were worth £31.5 million. However, he failed to disclose the fact that he was actively pursuing a flotation of the company by way of an initial public offering (IPO), which valued the company at over £600 million.
Mr Gohil, a solicitor from London, was jailed for 10 years for fraud and money laundering worth nearly $60 million some six years after his divorce. During the criminal trial the prosecution identified realisable assets of £35m, significantly more than he had disclosed on his divorce.
The Supreme Court held that both Ms Sharland and Ms Gohil were entitled to have their financial orders set aside and the relevant proceedings re-opened. What has changed as a result of these cases? Will it be easier to set aside orders in the future?
Prior to Sharland and Gohil, there was no distinction drawn between accidental or deliberate non-disclosure.
Where an applicant wanted an order set aside on the basis that there had not been full and frank disclosure, the burden would be on them to prove that the non-disclosure was material to the making of the original order, and that had the non-disclosure not occurred, the court would have made an order substantially different to the one it made.
However, the Supreme Court has now drawn a clear distinction between intentional or fraudulent disclosure and accidental, innocent or negligent disclosure.
(b) had the court known the fraudulently non-disclosed information, it would not have made a significantly different order.
Where the disclosure is accidental, it will still be necessary for the applicant to show that the omission was 'material' and that had it been disclosed, the resulting order would have been substantially different.
Can you waive your right to full and frank disclosure?
Ms Gohil believed at the time of her divorce that her husband had not disclosed all his resources. Despite her suspicions she entered into a settlement. A recital was included in the consent order recording her suspicions but explaining that she was nevertheless compromising her claims in the interests of finality.
In formally acknowledging her belief that Mr Gohil had more assets than he had disclosed, had Mrs Gohil forfeited her right to set aside the order?
The Supreme Court ruled that the words of the recital had no effect. Ms Gohil had not forfeited her right to seek a set aside – one spouse cannot exonerate the other from complying with his/her duty of full and frank disclosure.
Will the floodgates be opened?
Will 2016 see a flood of scorned spouses applying to courts across England and Wales for their financial settlements to be set aside, and their cases re-opened as suggested in the media?
By reversing the burden of proof in cases of fraudulent non-disclosure, the Supreme Court has undoubtedly made it easier to set aside an order on that basis. However, I do not believe that we will see the 'flood' of new claims predicted by the media.
Cases of non-disclosure, whilst not unheard of, are (fortunately) far from commonplace. The duty of full and frank disclosure during financial cases is taken seriously by the courts and orders will be made for information to be produced in order to ascertain the true position. Ultimately, a refusal to provide information sought and ordered by the court can result in a prison sentence.
Applications to set aside must not be undertaken lightly. Even if the applicant succeeds in obtaining evidence of the non-disclosure (not an easy task), there is still the defence available to the dishonest spouse to show that had they disclosed the 'non-disclosed' information, it would not have led to a substantially different order.
Furthermore, (and perhaps more significantly) once the order has been set aside, that is not the end of the matter. There is then the task of identifying what the correct settlement should be, and enforcing that order.
That being said, the judgments are an illustration of the court's toughened stance on non-disclosers and Mr Sharland and Mr Gohil's treatment by the Supreme Court should stand as a severe warning to dishonest spouses.
If a spouse is dishonest it can have serious consequences; if they deliberately withhold information during their financial proceedings, they run the real risk of their order being overturned further down the line. This will be a costly legal battle, with the dishonest spouse likely to find themselves on the wrong side of a sizeable costs order.
Finality will only come where there has been honesty.
If you require further information on anything covered in this briefing please contact Elizabeth Burch (elizabeth.burch@farrer.co.uk ; 020 3375 7174) or your usual contact at the firm on 020 3375 7000.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cornell Haynes, Jr. (born November 2, 1974), better known by his stage name Nelly, is an American rapper and singer. He has performed with the rap group St. Lunatics since 1993 and signed to Universal Records in 1999. Under Universal, Nelly began his solo career in 2000 with his debut album Country Grammar, the title track of which was a top ten hit. The album debuted at #3 on the Billboard 200 and went on to peak at #1. Country Grammar is Nelly's best-selling album to date, selling over 8.4 million copies in the United States. His following album, Nellyville, produced the number-one hits "Hot in Herre" and "Dilemma" featuring Kelly Rowland. Other singles included "Work It" featuring Justin Timberlake, "Air Force Ones" featuring Murphy Lee and the St. Lunatics, "Pimp Juice", and "#1". With the same-day dual release Sweat and Suit (2004) and the compilation Sweatsuit (2006), Nelly continued to generate many chart-topping hits. Sweat debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 342,000 copies in its first week. On the same week of release, Suit debuted at number one selling around 396,000 copies in its first week on the same chart. Nelly's fifth studio album, Brass Knuckles, was released on September 16, 2008 after several delays. It produced the singles "Party People", featuring Fergie, "Stepped on My J'z" and "Body On Me", featuring Akon and Ashanti. In 2010, Nelly released the album 5.0. The lead single, "Just a Dream", has appeared in the top ten of several singles charts and were certified platinum in the United States. The second single is "Move That Body" featuring T-Pain and Akon. "Gone" is the sequel to Nelly's 2002 worldwide number one single "Dilemma", also with Rowland, and serves as third single from Nelly's album. He won Grammy Awards in 2003 and 2004 and had a supporting role in the 2005 remake film The Longest Yard with Adam Sandler and Chris Rock. He has two clothing lines, Vokal and Apple Bottoms. He has been referred to by Peter Shapiro as "one of the biggest stars of the new millennium", and the RIAA ranks Nelly as one of the best-selling male artists in American music history, with 21 million albums sold in the United States.On December 11, 2009, Billboard ranked Nelly the #3 Top Artist of the Decade. Description above from the Wikipedia article Nelly, licensed under CC-BY-SA, full list of contributors on Wikipedia.


This no-oil, no-bake crust can be a little difficult to get out of the pan, so consider lightly oiling the pie pan first. Dusting the pan with a sprinkling of crushed nuts may also help keep the pie from sticking.
1. Before You Begin: Place the cashews in a small bowl and add water to cover them by about 1 inch. Set aside to soak for at least 2 hours or in the refrigerator overnight.
2. Crust: Place the 8 chopped dates into a food processor fitted with a metal blade. Add the oats and process until crumbly. With the machine running, add 2 tablespoons of apple juice. Continue to process until mixture begins to adhere together. If necessary, add more juice a teaspoon at a time, but be careful not to add too much. You want it to be sticky but not wet. Press into the bottom of an 8-inch pie pan and up the sides about 1 inch. Set aside.
3. Filling: Drain the cashews and place them in the blender (a Vitamix or other high-speed blender works best, but others should be able to do a good job). Add the tofu, 2 dates, lemon juice, chia seeds, and lemon rind. Split the vanilla bean lengthwise and use a spoon to scrape out the seeds inside; add them to the blender. Blend on high speed until completely smooth, stopping to scrape down the sides to make sure all ingredients are incorporated.
4. Taste the filling mixture and add sweetener to taste. (I increased the lemon flavor by using NuNaturals Lemon Stevia.) Leave the mixture in the blender as you continue with the next step.
5. The next steps require you to work quickly. Heat the 1/2 cup of apple juice in a small sauce pan. As it's heating, sprinkle it with the agar powder. Stir and heat until agar dissolves and juice begins to boil. Cook, stirring, for 1 minute after boiling. Quickly, add the agar mixture to the contents of the blender. Put the top on the blender and blend at high speed until well-blended. Scrape down the sides and blend again briefly. Pour into the prepared crust and smooth the top. Refrigerate until chilled and set.
6. Top with sliced strawberries before serving.
You can also make this as a crust-less pie and subtract 142 calories and 1 gram of fat from the total.
If being sugar-free isn't important to you, consider using a strawberry glaze instead of plain strawberries.
Nutrition (per serving): 277 calories, 52 calories from fat, 6.2g total fat, 0mg cholesterol, 60.2mg sodium, 559.6mg potassium, 51.7g carbohydrates, 6.1g fiber, 33.3g sugar, 8.9g protein, 8.2 points.
Nutrition (per serving) without crust: 135 calories, 44 calories from fat, 5.2g total fat, 0mg cholesterol, 58.9mg sodium, 281.9mg potassium, 18g carbohydrates, 2.6g fiber, 11.4g sugar, 6.5g protein, 4 points.
"If a ruler pays attention to lies, all his servants became wicked."


Not feeling the creative juices flowing? Not to worry – you don’t need to create the products yourself, thanks to PLR content. PLR stands for Private Label Rights. PLR contents are contents, which, once purchased, you are legally allowed to manipulate and publish as your own. You may even include your own name as the creator or lifetime chat review. That is to say, that when you purchase PLR content,you then own nearly all of the rights in the work, often including the rights to attribution, resale and so forth. PLR products are a great option for giveaways, as they don’t cost very much to purchase. The price can range anywhere from 1.00 USD to 15.00 USD, depending on the type of content. You must be careful though to ensure that the item you purchase also comes with the rights to offer the item as a free lifetime chat review. Most PLR websites will usually provide a list of rights, which come along with the purchase of one of their PLR products. There are loads of online stores from which you can purchase PLR products. Here are some helpful links to start with: UnstoppablePLR.com PLRXtreme.com/products HQPLRStore.com ThePLRStore.com Regardless of where you choose to get your product, be sure to vet through it for quality, before offering it as a giveaway to your visitors. You don’t want them to receive a freebie from you which has no real value. In fact, this rule applies whenever you are handing your viewers any product, whether you created it yourself or purchased it from a PLR site.The first part of creating your offer was finding a suitable giveaway item. The second part, which is in no way less important, is building your squeeze page. A squeeze page is a landing page designed to capture opt-in email addresses from potential subscribers. The goal of a squeeze page is to convince, cajole, or ”lifetime chat review” a visitor into providing their email address in exchange for a free product or giveaway. This e-mail address is valuable as it will help you expand your mailing list and, hopefully, score some sales later on. With minimal to no other clickable links except for the opt-in or submit button, a squeeze page is a kind of ultimatum. Visitors need to make the active decision to either input their details in exchange for receiving your free gift or leave the page completely.


The value criterion is...consistency with necessary enabler consequentialism.
Here are some of the best justifications for a consistency with necessary enabler consequentialism framework.
Sinott-Armstrong, Walter. "An Argument for Consequentalism." Philosophical Perspectives, 6: Ethics, 1992. Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview, 1992. 399-421. Print.
My principle can be introduced by a non-moral example from everyday life. I have a cavity, and cavities become painful when they are not filled, so I have a reason to get my cavity filled. I can't get my cavity filled without going to a dentist, so I have a reason to go to a dentist. Arguments with this form are very common.2 They are also incomplete. Suppose that no dentist will fill my cavity without an appointment, and I don't have an appointment. Then [so] I don't have any reason to go to a dentist. Why not? Going to a dentist would be a waste of time, since it would not enable me get my cavity filled. Of course, going to a dentist is never sufficient by itself to get my cavity filled, since I also must stay there long enough, promise payment, etc. Nonetheless, going to a dentist often enables me to get my cavity filled in the sense that, if I go to the dentist, I can do other things which will together be sufficient for me to get my cavity filled. In general, I will say that doing Y enables an agent to do X if and only if Y is part of a larger course of action that is sufficient for the agent to do X, and the agent can do the other acts that make up what is sufficient for X. Now, when going to a dentist both enables me to get my cavity filled and also is necessary to get my cavity filled, then a reason to get my cavity filled does generate [I have] a reason to go to a dentist. It is crucial not to overestimate his claim. Although I have some reason to go to a dentist, this reason still might be overridden. I might have an overriding reason to leave for Australia. Also, my reason to go to a dentist and my reason to get my cavity filled need not be distinct in any way that would allow me to add the force of two reasons. Even if these reasons are the same, I still have a reason to go to a dentist. That is all the above argument claims. It is also important that this argument does not require logical impossibility. It is logically possible for me to get my cavity filled without going to a dentist. My wife might know how and be willing to fill my cavity, but she doesn't and isn't. So my particular situation makes it causally impossible for me to get my cavity filled except by going to a dentist. That kind of causal impossibility is enough for the above argument to be valid. The most general principle that warrants arguments of this form is this: (GS) If there is a reason for A to do X, and if A cannot do X without doing Y, and if doing Y will enable A to do X, then there is a reason for A to do Y.
Since general substitutability works for other kinds of reasons for action, we would need a strong argument to deny that it holds also [it should hold] for moral reasons. If moral reasons obeyed different principles, it would be hard to understand why moral reasons are also called 'reasons' and how moral reasons interact with other reasons when they apply to the same action. Nonetheless, this extension has been denied, so we have to look at moral reasons carefully. I have a moral reason to feed my child tonight, both because I promised my wife to do so, and also because of my special relation to my child along with the fact that she will go hungry if I don't feed her. I can't feed my child tonight without going home soon, and going home soon will enable me to feed her tonight. Therefore, there is a moral reason for me to go home soon. It need not be imprudent or ugly or sacrilegious or illegal for me not to feed her, but the requirements of morality give me a moral reason to feed her. This argument assumes a special case of substitutability: (MS) [This yields the general statement] If there is a moral reason for A to do X, and if A cannot do X without doing Y, and if doing Y will enable A to do X, then there is a moral reason for A to do Y.
Even though this simple kind of deontological theor[ies]y cannot explain moral substitutability, more complex deontological theories might seem to do better. One candidate is Kant, who accepts something like substitutability when he writes, 'Whoever wills the end, so far as reason has decisive influence on his action, wills also the indispensably necessary means to it that lie in his power.'14 Despite this claim, however, Kant fails to explain moral substitutability. Kant says in effect that there is a moral reason to do an act when the maxim of not doing that act cannot be willed as a universal law without contradiction. My moral reason to keep my promise to mow the grass is then supposed to be that not keeping promises cannot be willed universally without contradiction However, not starting my mower can be willed universally without contradiction I can even consistently and universally will not to start my mower when this is a necessary enabler for keeping a promise. The basic problem is that Kant repeatedly claims that his theory is purely a priori, but moral substitutability makes moral reasons depend on what is empirically possible. Kantians might try to avoid this problem by interpreting universizability in terms of a less pure kind of possibility and 'contradiction'. On one such interpretation, Kant claims it is contradictory to will universal promise breaking, because, if everyone always broke their promises, no promises would be trusted, so no promises could be made or, therefore, broken. There are several problems here, but the most relevant one is that people could still trust each other's promises, including their promises to mow a lawn, even if nobody ever starts his mower when this is a necessary enabler for keeping a promise. This might happen, for example, if it is common practice to keep mowers running for long periods, so those to whom promises are made assume that it is not necessary to start one's mower in order to mow the lawn. This shows that there is no contradiction of this kind in a universal will not to start my mower when this is a necessary enabler for keeping a promise. Thus, this interpretation of Kant also fails to explain why there is a moral reason to start the mower. Some defenders of Kant will insist that both of these interpretations [this] fail[s] to recognize that, for Kant, certain ends are required by reason, so rational people cannot universally will anything that conflicts with these ends. One problem here is to specify which and why particular ends have this special status It is also not clear how these rational ends would conflict with universally not starting mowers. Thus, Kant can do no better than other deontologists at explaining why there is a moral reason to start my mower or why moral substitutability holds.
Thus the standard is consistency with necessary enabler consequentialism.
This means that action are moral if they are enablers for promoting happiness or minimizing harm.
Moreover, virtually all public policies entail some redistribution of economic or political resources, such that one group's gains must come at another group's ex- pense. Consequently, public [so] policies in a democracy must be justified to the public, and especially to those who pay the costs of those policies. Such [but] justification cannot simply be assumed a priori by invoking some higher-order moral principle. Appeals to a priori moral principles, such as environmental preservation, also often fail to acknowledge that public policies inevitably entail trade-offs among competing values. Thus since policymakers cannot justify inherent value conflicts to the public in any philosophical sense, and since public policies inherently imply winners and losers, the policymakers' duty [is] to the public interest requires them to demonstrate [show] that the redistributive effects and value trade-offs implied by their polices are somehow to the overall advantage of [benefit] society. At the same time, deontologically based ethical systems have severe practical limitations as a basis for public policy. At best, a priori moral principles provide only general guidance to ethical dilemmas in public affairs and do not themselves suggest appropriate public policies, and at worst, they create a regimen of regulatory unreasonableness while failing to adequately address the problem or actually making it worse.