How do you describe someone who's directed 38 films, 36 of them documentaries, a filmmaker whose work provides an expansive and unparalleled portrait of how people and institutions function in the modern world?
There really are only two words you can use: Frederick Wiseman.
"I like working, I work all the time. It keeps me off the streets," the director says wryly of his investigations, which range in length from the 73-minute "High School" to "Near Death's" nearly six-hour examination of an intensive care unit. "It's like a course in adult education and I'm the alleged adult."
The director, who is 80 but could easily pass for someone a decade younger, is in Cannes for the world premiere of his latest work, "Boxing Gym," an engrossing look at what goes on inside Lord's Gym in Austin, Texas. It's an establishment with a clientele that includes professional fighters, women and kids, all looking to master the sweet science and, in the process, do a lot of hitting. "It's the beast in action," Wiseman says as talk turns to scenes of furious punching. "We're a violent creature, though the fact that it's ritualized in boxing means it seems more or less under control."
Although he didn't plan on such an extensive filmography when he began with "Titicut Follies" in 1967 — "If someone had said to me then that I'd do 38 films, I would have said 'Don't put me on,' " — one thing led to another, including subjects as varied as "Basic Training," "Welfare," "Domestic Violence" and two films on ballet.
"There's no shortage of really good subjects, given human behavior as it is, and I keep a running list in my head of what the two or three next ones might be," Wiseman says. Sometimes, the idea comes all at once — as with his next project, the arrival of a new choreographer at the venerable Paris nightclub Crazy Horse — and sometimes the choice is more deliberate. He followed "State Legislature," a look at the talky work of Idaho lawmakers, with the more action-oriented "La Danse," about the Paris Opera Ballet, and "Boxing Gym."
"I make a guess that what goes on is going to provide me with enough footage, something I think I'd like to spend a year on," he explains. "The analogy for this kind of filmmaking is Las Vegas: You roll the dice but you don't know what is going to happen."
What Wiseman is at pains to guarantee is that "I approach everything with an open mind. What I do is a response to what I've seen, not an attempt to prove a preexisting thesis. Human behavior is so complicated, and my goal is to begin to suggest that complexity. If I can say it in 25 words or less, why make the movie? And if people give me permission to film them, I feel obligated to accurately reflect what I've learned."
Once he picks the subject and the particular establishment that reflects it, Wiseman tells those involved, whether it be the Kansas City police or the habitués of Lord's Gym, "a version of the following: I plan to hang around six or eight weeks, I don't stage anything, and anyone who doesn't want to be photographed just has to tell me. I collect a lot of material [100 hours for the 91-minute "Boxing Gym"], I spend eight months to a year editing and then it will be on television and might be shown theatrically."
One thing that definitely won't be part of the mix is a voice-over commentary: The absence of narration is one of the hallmarks of Wiseman's style. "That reflects my interest in fiction," the director says. "I don't like it in a novel when some omniscient narrator tells me what to think about the characters before I've even met them. My films put you right in the middle of these events, they make you think through your relationship to them in order to understand the action."
A key way that Wiseman puts viewers in the middle of events is to be in the middle of them himself. He does his own sound recording and, in addition to a cameraman, uses only a third person to change the film magazines. "It's a very nice way to make a movie," he says. "It's a technique geared to move quickly when you decide whether something is worth shooting."
Once the filming starts, what the director characterizes as "a kind of a mutual sizing up goes on. I'm trying to figure out the situation, and the people I'm filming are trying to figure out 'Is he a nice guy? Can I trust him?' One reason why people do trust is that we all think what we're doing is OK, we don't see it the same way as someone else. The extent of that disparity allows you to make films and record an enormous diversity of behavior."
Wiseman has worked with the same cinematographers multiple times — John Davey, who shot "Boxing Gym," is one of only four he's used — and that familiarity is key to how they operate. "We have signals that we use, and we constantly have one eye on each other," the director explains. "Deciding what to shoot is a combination of instinct, judgment and luck. You have to take the risk of shooting a lot, you can't stop and start. The one rule I've learned is that the most interesting things will happen when you've stopped."
Just as critical as the shooting for Wiseman is the editing process. On the most pragmatic level the director says, "the thing that helped me most in learning about filmmaking is editing the films myself. If I find myself tearing what's left of my hair out because there's no wide shot, no cutaway. I remember that the next time I'm shooting."
On a more artistic level, Wiseman describes editing as "a second opportunity to recognize the implications of what you're shooting, to try to figure out what's going on in human terms."
"Before I sign off on the editing, I have to be able to go through the film shot by shot and have a reason to myself why one shot follows another. It may be character development, foreshadowing, the passage of time, all the issues involved in other dramatic forms. It may not be obvious if you haven't looked at the film 500 times, but you're dealing with something more than the literal arrangement of sequences. If my films work, one of the reasons is that they're structured by the editing from beginning to end."


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3. ENFO workshop 2010. 04. 07.
CONSOIL Konferencia, 2010. szeptember 21-24.
KÖRINFO konferencia 2010. 05. 28.
KÖRINFO workshop 2009. 12. 04.


Q: What do senior move managers do?
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Q: What if I only want to hire someone to help me pack and unpack my belongings?
A: Our services are “a la carte.” You choose the services you desire. We charge a very fair hourly rate and you only pay for the services you want us to perform.
Q: Why should I hire a move manager to assist with my move as opposed to having friends and family members help me?
A: Hiring a move manager allows you to maintain your independence. You do not have to rely on your friends and family members to help you with your move. Hiring a move manager enables your friends and family members to be able to focus their time and energy on you and not your move. It also prevents any arguments over what you decide to keep, sell, give away or throw away. No one gets his/her feelings hurt. A move manager will not rush you. You are able to take all the time you need to go through your belongings and make difficult decisions. A move manager offers an unbiased, unemotional point of view and will even assist you in making your difficult decisions if you choose.
Q: What separates your company from a traditional moving company?
A: We, at Here to There Senior Moving Services, understand how stressful a move can be for our senior customers. Our professionals have years of experience working with seniors. They realize how difficult it is for seniors to go through their belongings and decide what they will do with them. Our professionals are compassionate and patient and realize the moving process will take a little longer. They are there to assist our senior customers in any way they can with compassion and the utmost respect.
Q: What is the most forgotten task when someone downsizes?
A: Finding a way to rid the home of leftovers. After the chosen items are moved to the new location. The disposal of leftover items takes a lot of time. We can assist with everything left. Donation or garage sale items can be turned into cash without wasting a bunch of time by letting us scoop them up and send them to the appropriate location. Often we can turn this into cash to help with moving expenses.
Joshua Baxter is President and CEO of Here to There Movers and has over 25 years of Auction and Moving Services experience. Contact Here to There Movers at (317) 683-6683.


According to legend, Taiji was created when the Grand Master Zhang San Feng, saw a snake and a crane fighting whilst he was training internal arts in Wudang Shan. He observed the way the coiling, elusive movements of the snake thwarted the direct strikes of the crane, until the Crane became tired and the snake was able to make its final deadly manoeuvre. Zhang San Feng then went on to devise Taiji based on the movements of the snake.
Zhang San Feng spent many years in Wudang Mountains. Practitioners say its verdant atmosphere makes for speedy progress in martial arts and Qi Gong, and it is a focal point for all those interested in Taoism, the philosophy that underpins Taiji. Taoism is based around several core tenets briefly outlined below for the curious. To summarise, the idea is there are natural laws at work in life, and that with practise, mankind is able to perceive these natural laws at work and live according to them, making for a happier, healthier existence.
Everything in nature has a yin and yang aspect. These are two opposite yet complementary forces, for instance male (yang )and female (yin), conscious and unconscious, or attack and defence as seen in the Taiji form.
Taoists believe the key to a happy existence is to have the yin and yang forces in balance. Since yin and yang continually change into each other this requires dynamic adaptation. The changing interplay between yin and yang can be seen throughout the Taiji forms, and by practising Taiji and other internal arts we learn to regulate our yin-yang balance.
The Ba Gua or Eight Trigrams combine yin and yang in different ways to represent 8 different forces of nature (For instance Heaven – creative power, Earth – receptive, fertile power). These trigrams are represented in the 8 major powers of Taiji (including peng – ward off, lu – roll back, ji - squeeze, an - press) and 8 different palms of bagua zhang. Different combinations of these trigrams go on to make the 64 trigrams of the I Ching, see below.
Also known as ‘The Book of Changes’, the I Ching/Yi Jing is an ancient divination system and classic Taoist text which contains archetypal situations that occur in human life. Different combinations of the eight trigrams make up 64 different situations, with names like 'Difficulty at The Beginning'. Each hexagram has six lines which represent six different stages of this situation, usually from beginning to end. At the heart of the I Ching is the notion that life is constantly changing; it is traditionally used to offer advice for action and how to best adapt to the demands of the time.
The 5 elements are the basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, these elements (fire, water, earth, wood, metal) correspond to vital organs in the body, and need to be kept in balance to stay healthy. The elements can be combined in ways that complement each other, or aggravate each other; for instance problems with the fire organ (heart) can be helped out by working on the water organ (kidney ), but would be aggravated by excessive work on the wood organ (liver). These five elements are seen in the Five Element Qi Gong, and also in the five different fists of Xingyiquan.
The Dao De Jing (Tao Teh Ching/The Way of Virtue) is a seminal Taoist text written by Lao Zi around 400BC. It consists of 81 short poems which can be of great help to the Taiji practitioner. Beginners reading this book can become familiar with a world view which permeates the internal arts. Advanced practitioners can cultivate a mindset appropriate to working with the intangible elements of Tai Chi practise, like the use of qi, intention and no-intention.


Import the library into your map and change the library ID to 'WASD'. If you don't do this you won't be able to save the map.
Import the frames individually for each animation in the following name scheme: /Sprites/(NPC Name)/(Animation Name)_(Direction)_(Frame).tga For example, if I had an animation of Chronos walking toward the screen that was 4 frames long, I would import: /Sprites/Chronos/Walk_2_0.tga /Sprites/Chronos/Walk_2_1.tga /Sprites/Chronos/Walk_2_2.tga /Sprites/Chronos/Walk_2_3.tga "Direction" is based on the numpad; 2 is down, 4 is left, 6 is right, 8 is up.
Create a new base unit by duplicating a marine and its actor. Change the actor's models to 'Invisible' and change its Editor Model to whatever you like (This is so you can see it in the editor). Place a few of these base units on the map so we can attach sprites to them.
Here is an image showing how I use these 3 functions in my example map, which is also seen on the youtube preview: Notice the last control (WASD Set Controlled Unit) sets my WASD-controlled unit to one of my sprites.
All we need to do now is start the engine. Make a periodic trigger that runs every 0.0 seconds. Add the function "Animate Sprites()". Voila, you're done.
Basically all that's left is making it playable. For now the engine uses WASD to determine which way the unit is facing, so you'll have to use WASD or implement your own direction-setting function. Simply hook up one of your Base Units as the Controlled Unit, add your KeyDown/KeyUp trigger checks and add a camera-follow function (If applicable). You can find more info on using my WASD system here.
Managing all of your code with this system will be a nightmare unless you use presets to organize all of your sprites. For instance, what sprite does the index 57 represent? Who knows, I'd have to go check! With a preset, you basically assign those index numbers to a recognizable name. For instance, instead of "0, 1 and 2" you could reference "Hero, Lady NPC and Dog NPC". For animations, instead of "0, 1 and 2" you could reference "Stand, Walk and Attack". New->New Preset Type (Or ctrl+P) in your trigger list will create a new preset. Then you use use New Element (Or ctrl+W) to add a preset name. It handles all of the assigning indexes for you, so you don't have to deal with it. Simply use them as indexes in place of integers. Easy, clean, fun!
jesus scratch is the biggest piece of sh.
i got some sprite sheets and i read that u can edit them on scratch but the piece of sh doesnt export in a usable format.
any recommendable software for editing and exporting sprite sheets?
In the grim darkness of the future there is more then war.
Hi, sorry I'm quite new to to this still. I wanna put sprites in but do I need to connect the animations to wasd? because I want to use click to move with my sprites.


A pressure sensor with a ceramic base body, a measuring membrane connected to the base body forming a measuring chamber, and an electromechanical converter that serves to convert a pressure-related deformation of the measuring membrane into a primary electrical signal. The pressure sensor is characterized by a low thermal measuring error, especially during temperature changes, due to the base body consisting of a ceramic material with high thermal conductivity, especially a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to 50 W/mK.
7. A pressure sensor, comprising: a ceramic base body; a measuring membrane connected to said ceramic base body, thereby forming a measuring chamber; and an electromechanical converter that is used to convert a pressure-related deformation of said measuring membrane into a primary electrical signal, wherein: said ceramic base body consists of ceramics featuring a high level of thermal conductivity, especially a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to 50 W/mK.
8. The pressure sensor according to claim 7, wherein: the thermal conductivity of the ceramics used for said base body is greater than or equal to 100 W/mK.
9. The pressure sensor according to claim 7, wherein: said base body consists of aluminum nitride (AlN), beryllium oxide (BeO), silicon carbide (SiC) or silicon nitrite (Si3N4).
10. The pressure sensor according to claim 7, wherein: said measuring membrane and said base body are made of the same material; and said measuring membrane has an outer surface layer of a corrosion- and/or abrasion-resistant material.
11. The pressure sensor according to claim 7, wherein: said measuring membrane and said base body are made of different materials; and the material used for said measuring membrane has a thermal expansion coefficient that is greater than or equal to the thermal expansion coefficient of the material used for said base body.
12. The pressure sensor according to claim 11, wherein: said measuring membrane consists of a corrosion- and/or abrasion-resistant material.
13. The pressure sensor according to claim 12, wherein: said meaning membrane consists of aluminum oxide.
14. The pressure sensor according to claim 10, wherein: said outer surface layer has one of: aluminum oxide and silicon carbide applied to it.
 The invention concerns a pressure sensor with a ceramic base body, a measuring membrane connected with the base body forming a measuring chamber, and an electromechanical converter that serves to convert a pressure-dependent deformation of the measuring membrane into a primary electrical signal.
 Pressure sensors include absolute pressure sensors that measure the absolute pressure against vacuum acting on the measuring membrane, relative pressure sensors that measure the pressure affecting the measuring membrane with respect to a reference pressure supplied to the measuring chamber, such as the current atmospheric pressure, as well as differential pressure sensors that capture a difference in the pressure between a first pressure acting on a first measuring membrane and a second pressure acting on a second measuring membrane.
 Today, they are used in a wide range of applications in almost every area of industrial metrology. Ceramic pressure sensors are produced and marketed by the applicant under the name of Cerabar.
 They regularly comprised a ceramic base body, a measuring membrane linked in a pressure-tight connection to the base body forming a measuring chamber, and an electromechanical converter that serves to convert a pressure-dependent deformation of the measuring membrane into a primary electrical signal.
 Ceramics have particularly advantageous thermal, chemical, and mechanical characteristics for applications in pressure metrology, which, among other things, allow for a high long-term stability of the achievable measuring results and a comparably stress-free installation of the pressure sensor within a wide range of temperatures into sensor casings that are usually metallic and not shown here, and/or process connections.
 Since the measuring membranes regularly are directly exposed to the medium whose pressure is to be metrologically captured, the materials used for measuring membranes are preferably those with high chemical and mechanical stability. Especially aluminum oxide is suitable for this purpose.
 In the process, special materials, some of which are very expensive such as high-purity aluminum oxide or sapphire, are used. They are characterized by a particularly high corrosion resistance. In addition, it is described e.g. in DE 39 12 217 A1 and DE 10 2006 056 172 A1 to provide the measuring membranes of pressure sensors with a thin corrosion- and/or abrasion-resistant surface layer.
 Pressure sensors are frequently used in comparably wide temperature ranges, e.g. a temperature range from -40° C. to 150° C. In order to avoid thermal tension, the base body and the measuring membrane are therefore regularly made of the same ceramic material. If base body and membrane were made of different materials, they would expand in varying degrees due to the different thermal expansion coefficients of the materials for temperature. This creates tensions in the pressure sensor that affect the pressure sensitivity of the measuring membrane, especially its stiffness, and thus lead to temperature-related measuring errors.
 There is a large number of applications in which these pressure sensors are subject to temperature changes. Especially for large temperature leaps or fast changing temperatures, this regularly leads to a temperature gradient forming inside the pressure sensor. A temperature leap initially generates a comparably large temperature gradient that subsequently decreases as the temperature between base body and measuring membrane is equalized. The temperature gradient also occurs if membrane and base body are made of the same material. Temperature differences between the measuring membrane and the base body lead to tension inside the pressure sensor that may lead to a deformation of the measuring membrane. Such a deformation is detected by the electromechanical converter. The electromechanical converter cannot differentiate between thermal and pressure-caused deformations of the measuring membrane. Consequently, even a deformation purely caused by thermal influences is recorded as a change in the pressure to be measured. Thus, the measuring signal derived from the converter includes a temperature-related measuring error with every temperature change that decreases as the temperature difference between base body and measuring membrane diminishes.
 It is one purpose of the invention to describe a ceramic pressure sensor that has a small thermal measuring error especially in case of temperature changes.
 For this purpose, the invention consists of a pressure sensor with a ceramic base body, a measuring membrane connected to the base body forming a measuring chamber, and an electromechanical converter that serves to convert a pressure-related deformation of the measuring membrane into a primary electrical signal, with the base body according to the invention consisting of a ceramic material with high thermal conductivity, especially a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to 50 W/mK.
 Preferably, a material with a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to 100 W/mK is used for this purpose.
 Base bodies made from aluminum nitride (AlN), beryllium oxide (BeO), silicon carbide (SiC) or silicon nitrite (Si3N4) are particularly suitable for this purpose.
 According to one further development of the invention, the measuring membrane and base body consist of the same material, and the measuring membrane has an outer surface layer, especially a surface layer made of a corrosion- and/or abrasion-resistant material, especially aluminum oxide or silicon carbide applied to it.
 Alternatively, the measuring membrane and base body may be made of different materials. In such cases, the material used for the measuring membrane preferably has a thermal expansion coefficient that is greater than or equal to the thermal expansion coefficient of the material used for the base body. The material used for the measuring membrane in such cases is preferably a corrosion- and/or abrasion-resistant material, especially aluminum oxide.
 The invention has the advantage of the heat applied to the base body being able to quickly expand and drain away due to its high thermal conductivity. It therefore directly acts against the formation of temperature gradients across the pressure sensor. The temperature differences arising across the pressure sensor when the temperature changes are therefore smaller and are more quickly removed due to the high thermal conductivity of the base body. The smaller the temperature gradients that occur, the smaller also the measuring error caused by them. The high thermal conductivity of the base body therefore reduces both the magnitude and the duration of the measuring errors occurring during temperature changes.
 The invention and its advantages will now be explained in detail using the figures in the drawing which show two exemplary embodiments. The same elements are indicated by the same reference numbers in the figures.
 FIG. 2 shows: a ceramic pressure sensor onto whose measuring membrane an outer surface layer has been applied.
 FIG. 1 shows a section view of a pressure sensor according to the invention. The example shown is a capacitive sensor. The pressure sensor comprises a mainly cylindrical ceramic base body 1 and a disc-shaped measuring membrane 5 that is in pressure-tight connection with the base body 1, forming a measuring chamber 3.
 The pressure sensor may, for example, be designed as an absolute pressure sensor. In this case, the measuring chamber 3 enclosed by the measuring membrane 5 is evacuated. Alternatively, the pressure sensor may be designed as a relative or a differential pressure sensor, with a pressure line--not shown here--leading through the base body 1 to apply a reference pressure, e.g. an ambient pressure, or a second pressure to the measuring chamber 3.
 The invention may equally be used for ceramic differential pressure sensors. The latter regularly feature a ceramic base body with a disk-shaped measuring membrane on each opposite end face attached to the base body in a pressure-tight connection forming a measuring chamber.
 The measuring membrane 5 is pressure-sensitive, i.e. any external pressure applied to it causes the measuring membrane 5 to deflect from its rest position. The pressure sensor features an electromechanical converter that is used to convert a pressure-related deformation of the measuring membrane 5 into a primary electrical signal. As one exemplary embodiment, the illustration shows a capacitive converter that comprises an electrode 7 applied over a large area on the surface of the base body 1 facing the measuring membrane 5, and a counter electrode 9 applied over a large area of the inner surface of the measuring membrane 5 facing the base body 1.
 The electrode 7 is electrically connected to measuring electronics 13 via a primary signal path 11 running through the base body 1 to the outside. Electrode 7 and counter electrode 9 form a capacitor whose capacity varies according to the pressure-related deflection of the measuring membrane 5. The pressure-dependent capacity or its changes are captured with measuring electronics 13 connected to the electrode 7 and the counter electrode 9 and converted into a pressure-dependent measuring signal that is then available for display, further processing and/or evaluation.
 According to the invention, the base body 1 consists of ceramics featuring a high level of thermal conductivity, especially a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to 50 W/mK. Preferably, a material with a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to 100 W/mK is selected.
 For this purpose, the base body 1 is preferably made of aluminum nitrite (AlN). Alternatively, beryllium oxide (BeO), silicon carbide (SiC) or silicon nitrite (Si3N4) may be used.
 While the measuring membrane and the base body of contemporary pressure sensors today regularly consist of aluminum oxide for the reasons given above, the material used here for the base body 1 has been chosen consciously as a material having a considerably higher thermal conductivity than aluminum oxide.
 Aluminum oxides regularly have a thermal conductivity of less than 25 W/mK. Even expensive special materials such as high-purity aluminum oxide ceramics and sapphires have a thermal conductivity of less than 40 W/mK.
 The high thermal conductivity of the base body 1 causes the heat applied to the base body 1 to drain quickly. If a pressure sensor according to the invention is exposed to rapid temperature fluctuations or temperature changes, the high thermal conductivity directly counteracts the formation of temperature gradients across the pressure sensor. The temperature differences occurring across the pressure sensor therefore are smaller. Furthermore, they dissipate faster due to the high thermal conductivity of the base body 1. The smaller the temperature gradients that occur, the smaller also the measuring error caused by them. The high thermal conductivity of the base body 1 therefore reduces both the magnitude and the duration of the measuring errors occurring during temperature changes.
 As much as is possible with regard to the other requirements on the measuring membrane 5, especially with regard to its corrosion and/or abrasion resistance, the measuring membrane 5 preferably is also made of the same material as the base body 1.
 Where this is not possible with regard to the other requirements on the measuring membrane 15, a measuring membrane 15 is preferably used that consists of the material of the base body 1 with good thermal conductivity and is provided with an outer surface layer 17 that satisfies the other requirements. Especially with regard to potentially existing differences in the thermal expansion coefficients of the measuring membrane 15 and surface layer 17, the surface layer 17 is preferably executed as a thin layer.
 For example, a base body 1 made of aluminum nitrite may be used together with a measuring membrane 15 made of aluminum nitrite on whose outer surface a surface layer 17 of aluminum oxide or silicon carbide has been applied. The surface layer 17 preferably consists of high-purity aluminum oxide. This version is shown in FIG. 2. Methods to create such a surface layer on an aluminum nitrite or silicon nitrite carrier have, for example, been described in DE 10 2005 061 049 A1.
 Alternatively, an uncoated measuring membrane 5 may be used that is made of a material whose thermal expansion coefficient is as similar as possible to the thermal expansion coefficient of the material used for the base body 1, and which is preferably greater than or equal to the thermal expansion coefficient of the base body 1.
 This has the advantage that the measuring membrane 5 comes under tensile stress if the thermal expansion of base body 1 and measuring membrane 5 is different, and therefore defined conditions prevail. A measuring error resulting from this may be compensated for mathematically, if required, by calibrating the pressure sensor accordingly.
 By contrast, if the expansion coefficient of the base body 1 were greater than that of the measuring membrane 1 [sic 5], bistable tension conditions of the measuring membrane 5 would exist in case of different thermal expansion. Consequently, a compensation of the measuring error caused by the different thermal expansions is not regularly possible.
 One example of this would be a pressure sensor with a base body 1 made of aluminum nitride and a measuring membrane 5 made of aluminum oxide that is significantly more corrosion-resistant than aluminum nitride.
 Similarly, the base body 1 may be made of silicon carbide or silicon nitrite in connection with a measuring membrane 5 made of aluminum oxide. Beryllium oxide on the other hand is not suitable as a material for the base body 1 in connection with a measuring membrane 5 made of aluminum oxide since it has a higher thermal expansion coefficient than aluminum oxide.


Is there anyone out there? Does the popular movie quote 'ET phone home' have any substance? Astronomers have been pointing their radio telescopes at the skies for decades trying to pick up alien signals, so far without success. But now there's a new way of looking for aliens. Hitch a ride with Dr Graham Philips as he joins astronomers trawling through the galaxy looking for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence.
It's a question that keeps some awake at night. Are there advanced civilisations out there? Civilisations light years ahead of us?
Think about it. The earth is a newcomer on the galactic scene. We've only been around for 4.5 billion years. The galaxy is more like 10 billion years old. There could be civilisations out there billions of years more advanced than we are.
And considering our progress over just a few decades a billion years of advancement is a mind-boggling prospect. Some astronomers try to imagine just what such ETs might have achieved.
The advanced civilisations out there have vast telescopes, almost certainly.
Their astronomers have already catalogued the sun. They've already noticed that the sun is orbited by many planets. They have probably discovered that one of them is like the Earth.
They have mechanisms by which they can listen to our electromagnetic communication. They're listening to this interview right now. Ah, why not? They can store it all away. Maybe they're taking pictures as well.
It all sounds like crazy talk. But what's inspired these astronomers to hunt for ET is the recent discovery of just how many potential Earths could exist.
Back when I was a young astrophysicist, we didn't know of any other planets outside the solar system, let alone other Earths. Indeed, there were scientists back then that argued there's probably very few Earths anywhere in the galaxy. Well, that view has changed - radically.
The galaxy that we live in, with its 200 billion stars, is packed with Earth-sized planets that are lukewarm. Almost certainly, many of them have water. Some of those worlds would have some continents in which primitive life can spring forth and Darwinian evolution would lead presumably to technological, dexterous, vocal life as we Homo sapiens are.
So looking for ET may not be so crazy after all.
There's nothing new about searching for evidence of aliens. Astronomers have been pointing their radio telescopes at the skies for decades hoping to find one of ET's signals. So far, without success, I should say. But now there's a new way of searching for ET.
We have a marvellous new technique for hunting advanced civilisations.
It involves laser beams. These consist of pure colours. A single frequency of light. A natural process is unlikely to produce them. So find these in the galaxy and you have evidence for ET. Not alien dance parties, but alien laser communications.
The advanced civilisations would have colonies, they would have spacecraft, maybe they've colonised other planets. And they would be communicating with their brethren.
While we communicate with our spacecraft using radio waves and tracking stations, like the one here at Tidbinbilla, even NASA might soon switch to laser communications.
Yeah, certainly they would like to particularly use it when we eventually, one day, send humans off to somewhere like Mars. So rather than just getting a radio signal and hearing those voices from that planet or seeing just individual still pictures, we could get video streaming directly from the Red Planet.
The great thing about lasers is that they can be very high frequency. Blue light, ultraviolet light. And so you can send a very high bandwidth of information. Something like 1 with 12 zeros after it worth of bits per second.
So Jeff is using the Keck telescope in Hawaii to look for evidence of alien lasers. We'll catch up with his search shortly. But meanwhile, Jason Wright is looking for a different kind of alien technology - Dyson spheres.
So Freeman Dyson, the brilliant physicist and polymath, hypothesised that very advanced civilisations would need a lot of energy and so they would build lots of solar collectors around their stars to gather all of this energy.
We are putting solar cells everywhere, more and more and more. Pretty soon we'll cover the whole Earth with them. Well, why not just put a whole sphere around the sun and collect all the energy from there? That's a Dyson sphere.
If these exist around stars, the laws of physics dictate we could detect them, because whenever energy's used, heat must be produced.
When your computer uses energy out of the wall, after doing lots of interesting work with it, your computer warms up and it gets rid of that energy by giving it away as heat. So in the same way, advanced civilisations that might be collecting huge amounts of power from their stars, will have to give that energy away as heat when they're done using it.
To find a Dyson sphere, we need a telescope that sees heat rather than light - infrared radiation.
The problem is that this sort of radiation doesn't penetrate the Earth's atmosphere very well and the Earth's atmosphere itself gives a lot of it off. So you have to go to space.
In 2009, the infrared detecting WISE telescope was launched. It's looked at everything from nearby asteroids to distant galaxies. But it could also spot Dyson spheres. They'd be stars emitting a lot of heat, although finding them is not as easy as it sounds.
Well, a lot of stars have dust around them. And dust are emitting in the infrared, so is it a Dyson sphere or is it a dust-enshrouded star? How are we going tell the difference?
It'll require extremely careful observations.
We're looking for anomalously high levels of heat, so a star that doesn't seem to have any dust, doesn't have any obvious sources of this mid infrared radiation, but that nonetheless is glowing very brightly.
Jason's hunt for Dyson spheres in our galaxy is just beginning, but he's already completed perhaps an even more interesting search. To understand it, you need to know about the Kardashev scale. It's a way of measuring just how much more developed than us ET could be.
The Kardashev scale was invented by Nikolai Kardashev, a Russian astronomer.
There is an imaginary set of stages that advanced civilisations will aspire to.
It's basically a way to categorise civilisations by their energy use.
A Type I civilisation is one that's still confined to its own planet, but using pretty much all the energy resources there. We puny Earthlings might reach that stage in a couple of centuries.
Type II is using all the energy of their star, with, say, a Dyson sphere.
A Type III civilisation has gone one step further and moved out into its galaxy and commands the energy resources of many, many stars.
The final level would be to build a sphere to collect all of the energy from its entire galaxy - all 200 billion stars or a large fraction of them.
They might even be extracting the energy from the giant black hole at the centre of their galaxy.
It doesn't matter what they do with the energy - they might be building giant computers or death stars or lasers or rocket ships or whatever it is. If they're using the energy, they have to get rid of it as heat when they're done with the energy and that's all we're looking for. So we hope that this makes us less dependent on guesswork about what an advanced civilisation would be like.
Jason combed through the WISE telescope data, looking at many thousands of nearby galaxies and came up with a clear result.
We can show that there aren't any galaxies, out of the 100,000 that we studied in the sky, that are filled with civilisations using most of the starlight. So we can, for the first time, rule that hypothetical class of civilisation out.
But not all's lost. The other classes of civilisation could still be out there. Meanwhile, Geoff's laser hunt in Hawaii is well underway. Catalyst ventured here a couple of years ago to visit the high-altitude Keck telescope.
OK, we're at the top. 14,000 feet - that's more than 4 kilometres up. I must say, I feel very woozy. It's like I've had a couple of wines.
The Keck is an optical telescope, so it can look for alien laser light. And it's massive.
That mirror is ten metres from side to side. Incredible.
Geoff points the Keck at a star, collects all its light, then looks at the colours present in it.
We're watching to see if there's any bright beams of light at just one colour. That would be the lasers from any advanced civilisations that live there.
To maximise the chance of success, another space telescope, the Kepler, lends a hand. Kepler's already identified many stars that have planets and these are ideal candidates for Geoff to point the Keck towards. The first part of the search is to take a kind of crude quick look and that's already been completed.
And to tell you the bottom line, and frankly, we haven't announced this publicly, but I'm happy to do so, we didn't find any. We looked really hard - 2,000 stars. We didn't see a single laser beam.
It was a disappointing result. But it's part two of the project - a detailed search for lasers - that will be most interesting. And that's only just beginning. Now it's still early days, but what if we find nothing? Well, advanced aliens could still be out there.
Maybe they are and we just don't recognise it as such. They're so far beyond us, as we are to, say, ants. We wouldn't even think of talking to an ant, so why would these civilisations think of talking to us?
Or maybe there are no aliens, and in the enormous vastness of space, we could be all alone.
I had thought while watching this episode. I thought, perhaps any possible aliens are much LESS advanced then us. Just a thought.
Why would you go to the trouble of building a massive structure around a star, Dyson Sphere, to catch naturally emitted solar fusion energy, when advanced aliens could likely build smaller style reactors capable of completely destructing atoms, 100% quark nuclear yields?
Omg I have dreamt of aliens b4 there black and white balls of energy.
The 17 February mentioned something to the effect that there had been no recorded signal from outside the solar system. I understood that, although never repeated, the famous WOW! signal from the region of Sagittarius was recorded in 1977.
I saw Catalyst on Saturday afternoon 21 Feb. I was pleased to note that slowly but surely, people are beginning to acknowledge that the Universe, could well be teeming with "life". At the same time, most people appear to be very skeptical of the possibility, that any such "alien" life, could in fact be visiting our planet. And I note, Catalyst omitted to address that tiny issue, or give it a footnote.
We're given to understand, there are several eminent ufologists, prepared to orchestrate a full and frank public disclosure of what they believe national security agencies have known about UFO's, and covered up for far too long. Not only that, but they state quite openly, that aliens are living among us.
You Tube is simply awash with dozens of documentaries, both extremely good and also very bad, which subscribe to the phenomenon that UFO's have been visiting our planet for thousands of years. Does Catalyst have a "slant" on UFO's, or is that a subject Catalyst would rather steer clear of?
The skeptic within me, is panting to say "baloney"! But the whole idea is not entirely irrational, which is good enough reason, to explore it more deeply.
Thank you ABC for correcting my text. The bottom paragraph was meant to say: The skeptic within me is panting to say, all this talk of UFO's is baloney! (My error). I have flicked thru most of the comments here on alien life, and really, we have only just stepped out of our play pen.
Regardless of the jaw dropping successes of our orbiting telescopes. We have absolutely no idea, what we may encounter "out there", in the years ahead of us. But an alien encounter here, on our turf, if it ever happens, could well send our science into a tailspin.
Enrico Fermi was a fascinating scientist & I have a feeling that Dr Graham Phillips would love doing a Catalyst story about Fermi's Paradox.
P.S. The movie 'Contact' starring Jodie Foster is a good movie to watch while thinking about interstellar intelligence.
I hope you're well. You know how in your first message you mentioned UFO documentaries on YouTube? I had a look & there's one UFO documentary that really captured my attention: it's titled 'I KNOW WHAT I SAW'. The people interviewed in the documentary include Air Force generals, astronauts, military & commercial pilots, government & FAA officials from several countries. Very interesting commentary.
Why in discussions about the search for aliens do I never hear anyone bring up mathematical evidence for parallel universes? And how limited our senses are as human beings!? look at the electromagnetic and frequency spectrum, we can only pick up a very tiny portion of this spectrum with our senses. It frustrates me so much! We are only looking in the places we are able to look. That is tiny compared to the reality of the universe.
Why would an advanced alien civilization still be using lasers which might seem to them as quaint as a carrier pigeon. At astronomical distances the speed of light is too slow to be useful for communication. For instance Mars is at least two light minutes away. Something faster than light like quantum entanglement or gravitons would be better.
Another thought is that intelligent life might not occur any more than a billion years closer to the big bang origin point! Does anybody know where that is?
Lasers are columns of light, generally said to be made up of parallel moving photons, their presence is only detected here on earth as they pass through something that causes them to deflect/scintillate, so where a laser might go through a gas or dust cloud is where to look, and probably only in the UV band, unless someone is sitting down shining lasers at passing air vehicles, it is unlikely to be pointed at us to see!
I normally love Catalyst. (The piece on ticks was excellent). But your piece on alien life reveals the limits of reductionist thinking. There was NO reference to the million-dollar question of how this dominant lifeform relates to its generative ecology.
Is it possible that an intelligent lifeform might be one that recognises it is inextricably part of a complex and adaptive system?
When you do these pieces on other planets, it would be wonderful if you could add a wee bit of reflection on what it means to be an intelligent species. IE ecological intelligence. The evidence is strong that we're trashing planet Earth.
Advanced civilizations using mere Dyson Spheres? Are you kidding? Arthur C Clarke said, "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." Sorry, we cannot conceive the way advanced alien civilizations generate energy (and communicate).
Why is advanced alien life defined by technological advancement? Maybe there is another way to be advanced.
A light year is a measure of distance not time.
You can defend it as an attempt at being ironic if you like, but Catalyst is supposed to be a science program, not a comedy.
If not an attempt at irony, then its a rookie mistake, the kind that the Penny (no last name) character in The Big Bang Theory would make.
The term Light years was used metaphorically in the article. Please Connect the dots.
There are aliens out there & having seen two UFOs within two days of each sighting back in 1994 on the outskirts of Nelson NZ you will never change my mind, the fact is those in power are hiding the truth which in my mind is totally wrong.
You might be interested in watching the documentary on YouTube. It would be great if the ABC could schedule the documentary for a future re-run on ABC1 directly after Catalyst. I imagine it would generate lots of interesting discussions about the probability of extra-terrestrial intelligence.


Olympus SP-100 battery: what are the options?
Which battery does the Olympus SP-100 take?
The Olympus Stylus SP-100 is a digital compact camera that features a 15.9MP sensor. It is powered by the Olympus LI-92B, which is a rechargeable Lithium-Ion battery pack. Lithium-Ion batteries offer a high energy density and low self-discharge, and are nowadays found in many portable electronic devices.
The LI-92B operates at a voltage of 3.6V and has a capacity of 1350mAh. It can be charged from a standard electrical outlet via the Olympus UC-90 charger (that can be purchased separately, for example, at amazon). The battery pack measures 40mm in width, 8mm in height, and 33mm in depth. It weighs 26g. The LI-92B has been on the market since May 2012 and sells at good camera retailers, such as amazon, for about $40. Generic alternatives (see below) that are compatible with the Olympus Stylus SP-100 can be obtained at substantially lower cost.
The Camera & Imaging Products Association (CIPA) has established guidelines (click here to download the pdf-document) that manufacturers are supposed to respect when reporting the battery life of their cameras. According to this CIPA-rating, the Olympus SP-100 can take 330 images on a single charge. Given the relatively demanding energy usage of the CIPA procedures, this rated number should be achievable or be surpassed in most practical situations. However, if the environment is cold, the LCD screen is used heavily, or the camera is turned on and off frequently, battery mileage might drop below the rating. Also, as the battery pack ages, its performance will tend to deteriorate.
Indeed, one can easily find a variety of competitively-priced LI-92B replacements from different vendors at major online platforms (see, for example, here on eBay). All these generic alternatives should work fine with your Olympus SP-100. So why would anybody then buy the more expensive original battery? Well, below are some arguments in favor of the genuine LI-92B, which can perhaps be summarized as "peace of mind".
The Olympus SP-100 is not alone in using the LI-92B. Several other cameras from Olympus are powered by the same type of lithium-ion pack. The adjacent table lists some of them along with a selection of their headline specifications.
The LI-92B is the standard power source for the Olympus SP-100. As such it is an indispensable camera accessory. Below are some additional questions and answers concerning some particular aspects of the battery pack and Lithium-Ion power units more generally.
No, the battery is specifically designed for use in the Olympus SP-100 and other selected cameras from Olympus.


Pending Pickup A customer's order is scheduled for pickup.
Picked Up The order has been marked as "Picked Up" by the driver (on the Driver App) or on the Dashboard.
Processing The order is at the store, may have been detailed, and the cleaning process has begun.
Pending Scheduling Delivery The order has been processed and marked "Ready for Delivery."
If the customer has already selected a delivery time, it will be Pending delivery.
If not, it will be Pending Scheduling Delivery until the customer does select a delivery time.
Delivered The order has been marked as "Delivered" by the driver (on the Driver App) or on the Dashboard.
Completed The customer has rated the order.


Public Safety Minister Ralph Goodale is brushing off recent threats from China's envoy to Canada, who warned of "repercussions" if the federal government bans the Chinese firm Huawei Technologies from supplying equipment to Canadian 5G networks.
Goodale spoke to reporters Friday during the Liberal cabinet retreat in Sherbrooke, Que., a day after Ambassador Lu Shaye told the media at the Chinese Embassy in Ottawa that "there will be repercussions" if Canada bans Huawei from its 5G network. Lu did not say what those repercussions would be.
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau followed up on Goodale's remarks during the closing press conference of the retreat, saying that China should keep its politics separate from business.
"One of the things that is of concern in this situation is the apparent blending of Chinese commercial interests with Chinese political positioning and consequences," Trudeau said. "This is something that I think should be of concern, not just to Canadians but to people around the world."
Ottawa is studying the security implications of allowing the Chinese company to help develop the next generation of mobile infrastructure in Canada, which promises to be 10 to 20 times faster than current wireless connections and is designed to serve medical devices, self-driving cars and other connected technology. Unlike some of its allies, however, Canada has not announced a ban on Huawei equipment.
Goodale said Friday that China also threatened Australia when it reviewed Huawei's role in its telecommunications network.
"We understand that those sorts of comments will be made in the process, but we will make our judgment based on what's right for Canada and not be deterred from making the right decision," he told reporters.
Goodale wouldn't say when Canada is expected to finish its 5G review.
"We will make the appropriate analysis and take the decision ultimately that we believe to be in Canada's national interests," he said. "We've made it abundantly clear that we will not compromise national security."
Trudeau said Canada would continue to follow the rule of law and that China and the rest of the world would be better off if Beijing did the same.
"We are reliant in this globalized and largely peaceful world on agreed-to rules and principles that must be respected if we are all to prosper together. That is the point we are respectfully and firmly making to China," Trudeau said.
Huawei has long insisted it is not a state-controlled company and denies engaging in intelligence work for the Chinese government. However, Chinese law dictates that companies must "support, co-operate with and collaborate in national intelligence work."
Most of Canada's partners in the Five Eyes intelligence-sharing alliance have taken action against the telecommunications firm.
New Zealand and Australia have banned the use of Huawei products in their 5G network development, fearing Huawei could use its access to spy for the Chinese government.
The bills specifically cite ZTE and Huawei, both of which are viewed with suspicion in the United States because of fears that their switches and other gear could be used to spy on Americans. Huawei is the world's biggest telecommunications equipment maker.
"Other countries have obviously made their views known, and their views are important to us. And we will weigh all of that very carefully and in the decision-making process," said Goodale.
The back-and-forth between the ambassador and minister is the latest development in a deepening bilateral dispute.
Relations between China and Canada were put on ice last month when Canadian authorities arrested Meng Wanzhou, chief financial officer of Huawei, in Vancouver on a U.S. extradition request.
China then detained two Canadian citizens: businessman Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig, a Canadian diplomat on leave to work for a non-governmental organization based in China.
Lu maintains the arrests of Spavor and Kovrig were legal and just while the arrest of Meng was the opposite.
Earlier this week, a Chinese court sentenced Canadian Robert Schellenberg to death for his alleged role in the smuggling of 222 kilograms of methamphetamines. His lawyer said he plans to appeal.
In the wake of that ruling, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accused Beijing of arbitrarily using the death penalty and called world leaders to solicit their support.
Lu said the current impasse could be resolved through negotiations, but those negotiations would be threatened if Canada were to ban Huawei Technologies from participating in Canada's new 5G network for security reasons.
Trudeau spoke today with United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres. The two "reaffirmed their commitment to supporting multilateralism and the rules-based international order," according to a PMO readout of the call.
"Trudeau and the secretary-general discussed the arbitrary detention of two Canadians in China, the application of the death penalty to a third Canadian in China, and the importance of safeguarding international norms, including diplomatic immunity, judicial independence and respect for the rule of law," the readout said.
The Conservatives have urged Trudeau to speak directly to Chinese Xi Jinping. Canada's ambassador to Beijing, John McCallum, was in Ottawa Friday to brief a Parliament committee. He described a phone call to Xi as the "last arrow in our quiver."
"I think it is more effective if other means are deployed before we get to that point," he said.
The briefing was held behind closed doors. McCallum told reporters he expected to tell the committee some things that the families of Spavor and Kovrig might not want aired publicly.
Despite the diplomatic tensions, McCallum said he believes it's safe for most Canadians to travel to China, but added anyone who has had a past run-in with Chinese authorities might want to stay away.
He said his security detail suggested he remove the Canadian flags on his diplomatic car, but he called it a "crazy idea."
"I drive proudly with the Canadian flag," he said.
Both countries have issued travel warnings.
A day later, China issued its own advisory and urged its citizens to "fully evaluate risks" and exercise caution when travelling to Canada, citing the "arbitrary detention" of Meng.


I think it's a bug ?
@nemfoz said: RTFM. If people did that, I'd have no one to help. You're welcome bud.
Following this documentation I encounter the following error during the installation of node.js: root@hostname:/tmp/tmp.pyF6uh5JlH# fakeroot checkinstall -y --install=no --pkgversion $(echo $(pwd) | sed -n -re's/.+node-v(.+)$/\1p') make -j$(($(nproc)+1)) install sed: -e expression #1, char 19: unterminated `s' command checkinstall 1.6.2, Copyright 2009 Felipe Eduardo Sanchez Diaz Duran This software is released under the GNU GPL. checkinstall: unrecognized option '-j2' Use --help or -h to get more information I am running Debian. Any help or thoughts?
When you update Nodebb to latest code,guest and normal user can't see the website.
@song19891121 The permissions were refactored so that by default, if a category has no permissions checked (in the Access Control modal), nobody can access it. This is a departure from the previous behaviour, which was: Registered users can access and post Guests can access but cannot post Which was confusing for some. Long story shot The upgrade script should transparently convert your existing permissions properly, but clearly there are some bugs. When you upgrade, go through all of your categories and ensure the permissions are set correctly.


Some options, but not enough.
Eating out with dietary restrictions can be difficult. It's hard to know what ingredients are actually used, and even when I try to avoid my triggers, I usually end up going home with a stomachache. So when Chipotle announced they were releasing a dietary options menu, I was super excited to check it out.
Chipotle's website gives you a bunch of different diet options, ranging from paleo to low carb to vegetarian. Each dietary option also gives you three categories: "go for it", "go easy", and "no go", that detail which foods you can eat according to your specific diet.
It sounds good in theory, but the lists don't give you any specific information about the ingredients within the foods. Additionally, most of the information they provide is obvious - avoid the tortillas and chips if you're low-carb, avoid the meats if you're vegetarian, etc.
The menu also doesn't cater to diets for people with stomach conditions, like the low-fodmap diet for IBS. Instead, it focuses on more fad diets, like low-fat and low-calorie. As someone with IBS, it's frustrating that such a popular (and delicious) chain as Chipotle doesn't recognize a condition that affects 10-15% of the world's population.
Even though I was bummed after looking at the menu online, I still decided to go through with my test of the menu. I knew there was no way I would be able to do low-fodmap without more details about the ingredients, so I decided to go with one of the meal suggestions in the high-protein section: a chicken bowl.
The bowl boasts 50g of protein, a win for anyone trying to add extra protein to their diet. It also has other yummy and relatively healthy ingredients like brown rice, pinto beans, and guacamole. This combo of lots of protein, complex carbs, and healthy fats is super-filling and a well balanced meal all around.
Even though I was disappointed that Chipotle's dietary options menu didn't have a wide variety of options for people with dietary restrictions, it was still helpful to see a breakdown of foods based on their nutritional content. Overall, I think they could have done a better job of catering to more people's nutritional needs.
I wouldn't recommend relying on this menu if you have specific dietary restrictions or allergies, but it's a useful tool if you want to switch up your diet or opt for something healthier. Hopefully one day more restaurants will recognize the struggle of eating out with dietary restrictions, but until then I'll just stick to making my own Chipotle burrito bowls.


How should therapists approach the issue of social media and online relationships, when they intrude into the therapy process?
The controversy over Joe Biden and inappropriate touch misses a more dangerous culprit: the quick-to-anger synapses of social media. Also: the science of touch.
What does screen time really tell you?
Joe Biden is being judged for his actions. Sides are taken quickly. Many expend great efforts and energy to comment on the events as they come.
Are we fooling ourselves into thinking we are happier than we actually are with social media? The short answer is yes.


In our prior column, Mark and I wrote about $21 trillion in unaccounted government transactions, primarily on defense. The DOD's (Department of Defense) as well as HUD's (Department of Housing and Urban Development) Offices of Inspector General (OIG) reference these transactions as "unsupported journal voucher adjustments." This is polite accounting language for lost, hidden or stolen money. If such "adjustments" were small, it would be one thing. But they totaled some $21 trillion between 1998 and 2015!
The origin of our column was a report, released some nine months ago, by Mark and Catherine Austin Fitts. Catherine is a former (under Bush 1) Assistant Secretary of that the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).Billions in unaccounted government transactions ($278.5 billion in 2015 alone!) emanating from HUD originally caught Catherine's attention in 2000 in connection with subsequent responsibilities as lead financial advisor to the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). Catherine was unable to secure an explanation for HUD's lost money and became concerned that something terribly inappropriate might be going on at HUD and DOD and in the related financial marketswithout the public's knowledge. She has remained concerned for years and shared her concern with Professor Skidmore more than a year ago. From then till now, Fitts and Skidmore have repeatedly asked the DOD's OIG to explain why it can't account for trillions in apparent irregular if not illegal outlays. They've received no response whatsoever apart from acknowledging the requests.
Recently, a C-Span video recording came to our attention in which David Norquist, Comptroller of the DOD, offered an explanation to Congressman Walter Jones regarding the nature of the $6.5 trillion in unsupported adjustments for the Army in fiscal year 2015. You can view his testimony here. To summarize, Norquist says that unsupported adjustments are the result of changes in the “property book” that can amount to hundreds of billions of dollars. According to Norquist, since the system that tracks the property book is not integrated with the system that tracks the general fund ledger, large unsupported adjustments are required for reconciliation. Though it is not entirely clear from his testimony, it seems Mr. Norquist is suggesting that changes in the valuation of property and equipment due to depreciation, base closures, equipment becoming obsolete, etc. are leading to enormous undocumentable adjustments.
If we were present at the hearing, we would have asked Mr. Norquist follow-up questions. The report highlighting unsupported adjustments of $6.5 trillion does indeed indicate that $164 billion in undocumentable adjustments were needed to address issues related to “property” (see page 27 of the report). Clearly, $164 billion in adjustments is substantial. Yet there is no indication as to why properties, equipment, etc. required such enormous changes in valuation. Moreover, the $164 billion accounts for less than 2 percent of the $6.5 trillion. Why were an additional $6.3 trillion in unsupported adjustments needed? To our knowledge, there are no public reports with detailed explanations or additional data. Furthermore, the DOD's OIG's failure to respond to reasonable inquiries and Mr. Norquist's clearly inadequate explanation suggests our government accountants can't figure out what's going on when it comes to trillions in "unsupported" outlays/transactions.
Let's recall that this is not simply a matter of boring accounting. Trillions in unaccounted outlays, if that's what's involved here, is trillions of our tax dollars being spent without our knowledge. If that's the case, we're talking about the biggest government financial deception in the history of the country.
In late May 2018, Skidmore's graduate student at Michigan State University found the most recent report for the DODon the OIG website, It summarizes unsupported adjustments for fiscal year 2017. However, this document differs from all previous reports in that all the numbers relating to the unsupported adjustments were redacted. That is, all the relevant information was blacked out. The report can be accessed here. We believe the redactions are the direct results of our exposing this issue. That exposure was significant. Our prior column went viral with over 129,000 views.
Despite OIG reports showing trillions of undocumented adjustments, Congress continues to appropriate funds without requiring meaningful improvements in transparency and accountability. The Washington Post's motto is Democracy Dies in Darkness. It sure does. It is time for Congress and their audit arm, the General Accountability Office (GAO), to turn on the lights -- to investigate and explain to the American public these massive undocumented adjustments that may be signaling government malfeasance and legal violations on a massive scale. Unlike some countries' founding documents, our Constitution does not countenance losing money, hiding money or stealing money. Indeed, misuse of assets is an impeachable offense.
All this said, the $21 trillion in undocumented financial adjustments might have some innocent explanation. If so, why can no one provide it? And why is our government now systematically hiding these adjustments from public sight? I'm not one to see a conspiracy under every bush. But our countries' history includes a goodly number of fully documented government conspiracies, the Watergate conspiracy being perhaps the best known.


O eterno dilema: a galinha ou o ovo.
Neste caso o ovo cor-de-rosa recheado com frituras de chocolate é de Pier-Marie Le Moigne, do Park Hyatt de Paris, e a galinha multifacetada, uma fabulosa criação de Daniel Mercier para a Grande Épicerie de Paris. A escolha é difícil.
No espírito pascal, fiquei fascinada com este bolo do Francisco Gomes. Só falta o coelhinho, que talvez esteja para chegar, visto este ser apenas o primeiro ensaio segundo ele diz na sua página do FB.
Sexta-feira santa,e está quase a terminar o meu jejum quaresmal de doces, e eu já começo a pensar nos doces da época. Recordo-me da paixão que tinha pelas lindíssimas drageias, tão bonitas que não as conseguíamos comer de repente, além de que apenas podíamos comer uma de vez em quando, eram coisa de crescido porque tinham recheio de licor. Segurávamos-las na mão, revirando-as até começarem a derreter ligeiramente. Os bebés eram as que as que mais gostava e mais me custavam a comer, sentia-me culpada, homicida. Deixo-as aqui na versão da Arcádia, a nossa maravilhosa confeitaria.
Nunca fui muito de amêndoas confeitadas, e nesta época sempre preferi o chocolate. Não sei quais são as vossas preferências mas aqui fica o eterno dilema: quem veio primeiro, a galinha ou ovo? Estas duas peças são as minhas favoritas, depois de uma ronda pelos confeiteiros parisienses.
Este é o folar sem o qual a Páscoa não é Páscoa. Aprendi a fazê-lo desde sempre com esta minha querida avó, mulher transmontana de Macedo de Cavaleiros. É muito simples de fazer, nada receiem.
1) Numa tigela média, esmague o fermento com um garfo e acrescente um pouco de leite morno e o açúcar. Desfaça o fermento no leite. Cubra a tigela com um pano e leve ao forno previamente aquecido a 50ºC, mas desligado. Reserve enquanto leveda (até aumentar muito de volume). Como alternativa, coloque a tigela do fermento dentro de outra com água morna. Este processo leva mais ou menos 1 hora.
2) Quando o fermento tiver levedado, misture-lhe a manteiga derretida e o fio de azeite e bata com uma colher de pau. Junte os ovos previamente batidos e o resto do copinho de leite. Em seguida, incorpore a farinha batendo na máquina com o batedor das massas até a massa ficar elástica. Pode ter de levar mais um pouco de farinha.
3) Ponha a massa a levedar na tigela tapada com um cobertor em sítio quente. Para esta fase conte com mais 1 hora. Quando tiver crescido, deite a massa sobre a bancada da cozinha e amasse-a à mão como se estivesse a lavar roupa.
4) Unte uma forma redonda alta ou um tabuleiro com manteiga ou azeite. Espalhe um terço da massa em camada fina no fundo e cubra com metade das carnes. Espalhe mais um terço da massa, o resto das carnes e novamente a massa. Pincela-se com gema de ovo e vai ao lume a 170ºC. Meta um palito comprido no centro até ao fundo para verificar se já está cozido. O tempo de forno ronda os 45 minutos.
To get there it took us almost one hour, through the ugliest São Paulo suburbs, and I kept thinking, it better be worth, it better be worth it, it better be worth it. When we finally stopped at Vila Medeiros, right across the Mocotó, than I started to to think, that Rodrigo de Oliveira better be really good. And I start right through the end of this story: it sure was and worth the ride, even if I had to walk all the way. The pleasure I had with that meal was far from inferior to what I felt in Alex Atala’s DOM. It exceeded my expectations, Rodrigo made me happier than all the other meals I had there. But I better explain why.
The typical views on the way to Mocotó.
Mocotó tables are full of young people.
Rodrigo is very tall, very talented and very kind.
When we entered, there was Rodrigo de Oliveira’s father, “seu” Zé Almeida, a man form the Northest region, o Nordeste, and the original owner of the house he opened back in 1973, a boteco where he sold northeast dishes, specially the caldo de mocotó (a broth made with cow trotters), together with the pinga (or cachaça, the distilled sugarcane beverage). In 2004, Rodrigo Oliveira, his son and current chef, took over the restaurant and made some huge changes. So huge that this restaurant is now one of the trendiest in São Paulo, serving a large menu of Brazilian food, mainly using northeast and amazonian produce and ingredients.
Saladinha de Pirarucu com Cuscuz : couscous with an amazonian fish.
Once you pass the entrance and get inside the first big dining room, 340 cachaça bottles lined up in a huge bar greet you.
Mocotó is a huge boteco, like a Portuguese tasca or taberna, and the staff is young, lively and very professional. I was taken to a second dining room, full of light, its Windows open to the buzz of the street. The long and common tables are full of young people, some from the neighbourhood, some outsiders, as Rodrigo puts it, people from different tribes.
The petiscos (appetizers) start pouring in. I became nostalgic, wondering that if our tascas could always cook such simple stuff (some of which are even a Portuguese heritage), in such a perfect way, our cuisine would be top of the world. To start with, two types of torresmos (fried pork lard and meat), some with more meat, some with less, but all equally crispy. As soon as they became colder, they would take them in and bring fresh and hot ones. The secret that makes them so crispy is a double frying, the second one just before coming to the table. Impossible to eat just one or two of the little manioc cubes with queijo coalho (a special cheese that doesn’t melt easily).
Through all the meal we drank several beers and cachaças, all harmonized with the dishes. To star, some caipirinhas made of different Brazilian fruits like the jabuticaba, a berry typical of São Paulo region.
Cachaça Rapariga and beer Coruja, two of the cachaças and beers of the meal.
Jabuticaba, the berry fruit used in one of the caipirinhas.
Next came the famous Caldinho de Mocotó (cow trotters broth), seconded by Bolinho de Mandioquinha com Linguiça, a fried ball of manioc purée containing an inetrior of chouriço. Each day there is a different bolinho, always fried on the moment. I had imagined a haeavy and gelatinous soup, instead came a flavourful and clear broth with a refreshing leek garnish that sure is soul food.
The first appetizer, Saladinha de Pirarucu com Cuscuz, is a fish salad made from pirarucu, a big amazonian white fleshed fish and good texture. The flesh was cubed and sealed, than combined with a refreshing cornflour couscous, rich in herbs, namely the electrifying jambu, the tingling herb, and Brazil nuts. Couscous was brought to Brasil from North Africa by the Portuguese, being tham adapted to the regions and the local cereals (in the Northeast of Brazil that cereal is the corn).
Sun cured meat in carpaccio.
Main dish results of a bull’s eye combination. The star is the Costelinha de Porco (pork cutlet), marvellous in textures after spending 12 hours in the oven, in very low gear, in the company of lots of garlic, much softer than ours in taste, and the typical peppers.
This is the type of food that gives you an intense desire, from your mouth and from your heart. Escorting the meat, a whole series of sides: yellow mini beans (in Northeast Brazil, there are over a hundred species of beans), slowly stewed with Legumes Caipiras (local vegetables), farofinha de flocos de milho (cornmeal flour or farofa), a true delight. Last but not least, the Escondidinho de Carne da Panela em Puré de Mandioca, is a sort of toad in the hole with stewed meat hiding in a ball of manioc purée. Comforting. All the menu names come in diminutive versions because the food is motherly and loving, not only for me, whose DNA contains theses tastes but also for my table fellows the Syrians, the Belgians, the German and the English, who eat with the same enthusiasm, the same desire, the same pleasure.
For dessert, Caju Confit com Doce de Leite e Castanha Caramelada com Flor de Sal, a harmony of the very sweet cooked milk with the acidity of the whole cashew fruit and saltiness of the salt flower. Amazingly simple.
I keep thinking in what we Portuguese could do with our products, our traditions, if we always opted for quality and for this simplicity of the ingredients.
The only complexity lies in the science of marrying the products, all artisanal and of the best quality. The cooking methods are Basic, yet practiced with uttermost care. Service is warm, spontaneous but efficient. Chef Rodrigo de Oliveira has a unpretentious approach to people, has the knowledge and a head full of projects. The restaurant’s capacity is now being upgraded to 180 guests. Rodrigo wants to lighten up traditional cuisine and is currently studying traditional products in a laboratory kitchen in the company of Carlos Alberto Dória, the famous Brazilian gastro-sociologist. As for me, one of my projects is to come back to Mocotó for another meal.


Dr. Panzo received his undergraduate degree from the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana, and his medical degree from Temple University School of Medicine in Philadelphia. He completed his medical internship and served his residency in Ophthalmology at Cleveland Clinic Foundation in Ohio. His many accomplishments include a Fellowship in Glaucoma and Anterior Segment Surgery at the University of Iowa. He is past Chief of Surgical Staff of Leesburg Ambulatory Surgical Center. Dr. Panzo is board certified in Ophthalmology.
Dr. Panzo is always very thorough and professional. Before I saw him professionally, I was seen by eye specialists in the Detroit area. When, I moved to Florida, I had a recommendation to see Dr Panzo. I have never been sorry. He has provided my eye care for more than 12 years and has kept me from having to have surgical procedures on my eyes. The Dr's I saw previously in Detroit, were saying surgery was eminent. If asked who I would recommend for a friend to see for an eye specialist? Dr. Panzo is my Dr. of choice.


(i) F, m d , I d g a d.
(ii) G a, m m d !
(iii) W a h P.
(iv) Y t t m? Y t t m?
(v) H, w h a p!
(vi) S m t m!
The seven lines above contain famous movie quotations reduced to the 1st letters of the quips' words.
Decode the phrases and comment on their sources.
(i) Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn.
(ii) Go ahead, make my day!
(iv) You talkin' to me? You talkin to me?


What are 100 million Chinese lives worth to LaRouche?
I had occasion to observe a meeting in the mid-1990s between LaRouche and a student from the Chinese democracy movement. The student had been an important figure in the movement that led to Tiannamen Square in 1989, and had many contacts throughout this movement in China and abroad.
To my surprise, LaRouche showed no interest in learning about the Chinese democracy movement and how it saw China before Tiannamen and after. The student tried to talk as would be expected when meeting with someone who might have political advice to offer.
This went nowhere, however. Instead, LaRouche interrupted him: "There is no need to worry about the Chinese leadership. They will never compromise China's sovereignty, even if they have to kill a 100 million Chinese, eh?" seeking approbation from the confused student. LaRouche repeated the same sentences again and again, each time with a bigger glint in his eye. I got the feeling he wished he were a leader of China and could kill the 100 million himself.
Lyndon LaRouche Watch asks: Is it any wonder that media controlled by the Chinese government today depict LaRouche as a major world thinker? Or that the Chinese government underwrites Schiller Institute conferences on Chinese soil (with the keynote address, naturally, by Helga Zepp-LaRouche--herself once a Maoist)? Perhaps another ex-LCer could provide a description of the LaRouche movement's former close ties with the Taiwanese military and security apparatus and elucidate whether LaRouche has severed his Taiwan connection or is still trying to play both ends against the middle.


Need to find out how far is Lafayette, TN from Nashville, TN? Following information will answer the question. Driving distance from Lafayette, TN to Nashville, TN is 0 miles or 0 km. Travel time by car is . Don't forget to check out our "Gas calculation" option. It will calculate approximate cost of driving the distance between Lafayette, TN and Nashville, TN.
How to calculate cost of gas for the road trip? Total driving distance divided by MPG (miles per gallon). It will give you the total amount of gas for the upcoming trip. Than multiply it by gas price and you will get the approximate cost of your road trip. With our "Gas Calculator" you already have how many miles from Lafayette, TN to Nashville, TN. Enter your MPG and set the gas price. Press "Calculate" and you will receive the final numbers.


Which is best: 4WD or AWD?
The terms "four-wheel drive (4WD)" and "all-wheel drive (AWD)" are often confused; even by those in the car business. If you are a member of the group that can raise your hand and confess that these terms are confusing, this article is for you. Let's jump right in.
4WD systems are typically seen on trucks and large SUVs. These systems divide up the power coming from the vehicle's engine and transfer a fixed amount to each of the four wheels. Here's the key concept: each wheel receives approximately the same amount of power.
The device that does the splitting of the power is called the transfer case. Transfer cases are usually mounted in the center of 4WD vehicles and they power two small drive shafts that connect to front and rear differentials. Typically, these 4WD are rugged systems. Another thing you should know is that the transfer cases in four-wheel drive vehicles usually provide high- and low-speed gearing. Also, one of the key points with four-wheel drive is that it can be turned on and off by the driver.
All-wheel drive systems are typically seen on smaller SUV and sporty model cars. The way they work is that they send a variable amount of power to each of the four wheels depending on driving conditions. Got that: a variable amount of power, not an evenly split amount of power like 4WD.
It is important to note that the driver doesn't typically control the power distribution, the vehicles CPU does. Instead of a transfer case, all-wheel drive systems split the engine power between all four wheels with a center mounted differential driving controllable clutch packs on each wheel.
4WD is great for off-roading and other low-traction situations because 4WD systems send a fixed amount of power to each tire. This is ideal for low-speed or off-road conditions but not so good for highway speeds. Typically, 4WD systems are shut off at highway speeds.
Volvo Cars of North Miami (FL) insists that AWD systems are smarter. They actively send power to the wheel (or wheels) that need it most. Because the power can be adjusted on the fly, all-wheel drive systems typically corner very well and can be used for highway driving.
While four-wheel drive and all-wheel drive systems are common designs in today's cars, others do exist. Take the Chrysler Corporation's RAM truck line, for example. RAM trucks have typical part-time four-wheel drive drivetrains centered around two-speed transfer cases that offer three operating ranges: 2HI (two-wheel drive), 4HI (four-wheel drive) and 4LO (low-range reduction four-wheel drive).
Jeeps also offers another type of 4WD system called "Active Drive." It is a fully automatic 4WD system that seamlessly shifts in and out of four-wheel drive at any speed once slip is detected. This system requires no driver intervention. A fully variable wet clutch housed in the rear-drive module utilizes the Jeep brand's proprietary controls to provide the proper amount of torque for any driving condition, including low-traction surfaces and dynamic off-road driving.


On January 2, 2013, President Obama signed the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 into law. Summarized below are highlights of those and other changes to Federal tax laws affecting income, payroll, gift and estate, and generation-skipping transfer taxes beginning in 2013.
In tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2013, for individuals above the threshold taxable incomes listed below, the highest marginal ordinary income tax rate increases from 35% to 39.6%. The 39.6% rate is a reinstatement of the highest rate from before the 2001 Bush-era tax cuts.
The threshold amounts will be adjusted for inflation annually.
In tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2013, for individuals above the threshold incomes listed above, the tax rate on long term capital gains and qualified dividend income increases from 15% to 20%.
For individuals above the threshold “modified adjusted gross income” amounts listed below, the net investment income tax, or NIIT, of 3.8% applies. The NIIT applies to a wide range of investment income, including certain long term capital gains and qualified dividends. In effect, the top tax rate on long term capital gains and qualified dividend income will be 23.8% for those whose income exceeds $450,000 ($400,000, if single).
The NIIT also applies to certain short term capital gains, ordinary dividends, interest, rental and royalty income, nonqualified annuities, income from businesses involved in trading of financial instruments or commodities, and income from businesses that are passive activities for the taxpayer.
Beginning in 2013, the itemized deduction phaseout will be reinstated for taxpayers above the applicable threshold amount listed below. The phaseout reduces itemized deductions by the lesser of 3% of the adjusted gross income amount above the threshold amount, or 80% of the otherwise allocable itemized deductions.
Beginning in 2012 tax years, the AMT exemption amounts are permanently increased as listed in the table below and will be adjusted annually for inflation.
Beginning on January 1, 2013, an additional 0.9% FICA Medicare tax applies to earnings above the threshold amounts listed below. The highest applicable FICA Medicare tax rate for employees increases from 1.45% to 2.35%, and for the self-employed from 2.9% to 3.8%.
Beginning on January 1, 2013, the 6.2% rate is reinstated for the employee portion of FICA Social Security tax. This is due to the expiration of the temporary 2% rate reduction in the employee portion of FICA Social Security tax from 6.2% to 4.2% on December 31, 2012. For the self-employed, the FICA Social Security tax rate of 10.4% reverts to 12.4%. The FICA wage base for 2013 is $113,700 and will be adjusted annually for inflation.
The 100% exclusion of certain gains from the sale of qualifying small business stock, or QSBS, under Section 1202 has been extended to acquisitions of QSBS from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013. Generally, QSBS must meet the following conditions: the stock was acquired at original issue from a domestic C corporation with gross assets of no more than $50,000,000, the C corporation met certain active business requirements, and the stock was held for more than five years. The amount of excludible gain is limited to the greater of $10,000,000 in aggregate gains, or 10 times the aggregate basis in QSBS.
The previously reduced five year recognition period for computing built-in gains tax of an S corporation under Section 1374 has been extended to taxable years beginning in 2012 and 2013. The recognition period was to increase to ten years in 2012 until the five year recognition period was extended through 2013.
This tax applies if, during the recognition period, a C corporation converts to an S Corporation and then sells, for a gain, assets that were appreciated in value at the time of the conversion. Those “built-in gains” are taxed at the highest marginal corporate tax rate of 35%. Normally, the recognition period is the ten year period from the first day of the first taxable year for which the S election is effective.
The gift and estate tax, and generation-skipping transfer tax exclusion amount has been permanently set at $5,000,000, adjusted annually for inflation. The exclusion amount for 2013 is $5,250,000. Without this change, the exclusion amount would have fallen to or around $1,000,000 as of January 1, 2013.
The gift and estate tax rate on transfers as of January 1, 2013 above the exclusion amount were increased as listed below. The highest rate increased from 35% to 40%. Without the new 40% rate, the highest marginal gift and estate tax rate would have increased to 55%.
A surviving spouse’s election to include his or her deceased spouse’s unused exclusion amount will now be a permanent option. This portability election would have expired on December 31, 2012 without this change.


As with exclamation marks, a question mark goes before the closing quotation mark when it belongs to the sentence inside the quotation marks. In the fifth sentence, Martin is �... If your quoted material contains a question, a question mark will need to be included within the quotation marks. Additionally, if a quoted question ends in midsentence, the question mark replaces the standard comma.
Your article talks about question marks. That is not my problem. I cannot find a way to type a backslash, either on the question mark key or on the # symbol. That is not my problem. I cannot find a way to type a backslash, either on the question mark key or on the # symbol.... This time around, to create the quotation mark, you put two quotation marks together inside the text portion of the formula. The previous formula results in: The previous formula results in: NY Times calls the movie Some random title "amazing."
Place a comma inside of the end quotation mark when the explanatory words appear after a direct quotation. End punctuation, such as periods, exclamation points, and question marks, should always go inside of the end quotation mark when the end punctuation accompanies the quotation. how to take care of gardenias in a pot Indirect questions: As a general rule, do not use a question mark at the end of an indirect question, a declarative sentence that reports a question and ends with a period rather than a question mark.
The question of whether to place other punctuation marks inside or outside quotation marks is a controversial one, both the British and American practices being to some extent at variance with logic. how to wish a client well with their new home Any punctuation associated with the word or phrase in question should come before the closing quotation mark or marks: He called this phenomenon "the memory of water." Next, a hollow spout, known as a "feeder tube," is placed in the hole.
The placement of question marks with quotation marks follows logic. If a question is within the quote material, a question mark should be placed side the quotation marks. If a question is within the quote material, a question mark should be placed side the quotation marks.
A kind of pecking order of punctuation marks takes over: other marks are stronger than a period and an exclamation mark is usually stronger than a question mark. If a statement ends in a quoted question, allow the question mark within the quotation marks suffice to end the sentence.


La repetición de Smackdown 17 de octubre de 2014 en diferido, el evento de este viernes. Las peleas fueron las siguientes: Lucha no titular: Seth Rollins vs Dolph Ziggler, donde Seth Rollins se lleva la pelea; la segunda pelea fue la de AJ vs Layla, donde AJ gana en el ring; la tercer pelea fue la de Sheamus y Los Usos vs Gold, Stardust y The Miz, donde ganan Sheamus y Los Usos; la cuarta pelea fue la de Nikki Bella vs Naomi, donde ganó Nikki Bella; la quinta pelea fue la de Dean Ambrose vs Kane, donde gana el primero por descalificación.
Delayed repetition of Smackdown 17 of October 2014, the event on Friday. The fights were as follows: no holder fight: Seth Rollins vs Dolph Ziggler, where Seth Rollins takes the fight; the second fight was AJ vs Layla, where AJ WINS in the ring; the third fight was Sheamus and the applications vs. Gold, Stardust and The Miz, where they earn Sheamus and the applications; the fourth fight was Nikki Bella vs. Naomi, where won Nikki Bella; the fifth bout was Dean Ambrose vs Kane, where the first wins by disqualification.


So check it out: Kelly Comfort, an amazing polymath who knows about Latin American modernism, Cuban writing, and German literature, has cooked up a collection of essays called Art and Life in Aestheticism: De-Humanizing and Re-Humanizing Art, the Artist, and the Aesthetic Receptor. The second part of the title may be a bit of a mouthfull, but it does its job, giving as it does a shout-out to José Ortega y Gasset's 1925 treatise The Dehumanization of Art, which examined with a skeptical (but not a dismissive) eye the emerging emphasis on formalism in the art of the twentieth century. The essays in Kelly's book tackle ideas of formalism and the aesthetic as they intersect with, or eschew, lived experience, the social, and the political. The emphasis of the book is on the aesthetic movement of the late nineteenth century, but the essays reach further back in time, and forward as well, as far as the present day, with a notes in one essay (by, uh, me) on Charles Bernstein, Ron Silliman, and company.
Art for art's sake addresses the relationship between art and life, between the aesthetic and the social, and promotes the former term over the latter one in each instance. Although it has long been argued that aestheticism aims to de-humanize art, this volume seeks to consider the counterclaim that such de-humanization can also lead to re-humanization, to a deepened relationship between the aesthetic sphere and the world at large and between the artistic receptor and his or her human existence.
If you are personally acquainted with any significant number of poets, you will perhaps not be surprised to find that the thesis of this essay is as follows: poets want to have their cake and eat it too. The particulars of the argument, though, go beyond the intuitive and the obvious, or so I hope. What I want to say is this: since the nineteenth century, poets have faced a dilemma. On the one hand, many poets have felt the allure of the radical freedoms of an entirely autonomous art, an art not in the heteronomous service of any religious function, ideological formation, moral system, cause, or institution, an art that exists for art’s sake alone. On the other hand, poets have faced the anxieties that such autonomy seems, inevitably, to create: fears of losing their readerships, their social roles, and their political utility. Many poets of the twentieth century, especially those affiliated with avant-garde movements, have been haunted by such anxieties, and have sought to assuage them by claiming that a commitment to aesthetic autonomy can, in and of itself, be a form of political action. Such an identification does not bridge the chasm between a belief in autonomous art and a belief in the kind of heteronomous art that serves a cause. Rather, it denies the existence of such a gap, and asserts that the disinterested pursuit of art for its own sake is also, by its very nature, politically efficacious.
Positions of this kind are by their nature fraught with contradictions, and raise many a question. Can withdrawal from political engagement be anything other than quietism? What are the politics of audience, when the art speaks neither to the disempowered classes nor to a significant element of the power elite? Can a political art still be autonomous, or does it bend its craft to a political end? Indeed, the attempt to work through such questions has been the driving force behind many an avant-garde polemic. Despite the difficulty of maintaining the identity of aesthetic autonomy and political utility, though, this dream of the poets has endured for the better part of a century.
Langpo fundamentalists will probably want to punch me, but I'm hoping they'll get bored by my turgid academic prose half-way through the essay, and I'll be able to sneak off to my escape while they snore.
Anyway. You can pre-order the book now from Amazon or Barnes and Noble. Shop early! It makes a great gift!