Bretton Woods, compared to what?
The Bretton Woods Transcripts, which I edited with Andrew Rosenberg, is now available as a 700-page hardback–at, I might add, an unusually low price for such a book. Also available, for free, is a document called Questions and Answers on the Bank for Reconstruction and Development distributed at the Bretton Woods conference to explain the proposed organization now best known as the World Bank.
A post by Pete Boettke on Henry Hazlitt and Pete's accompanying working paper (which you can go to from the post) reminded me that Hazlitt was a great critic of Bretton Woods and was eventually proved right about the Bretton Woods system of pegged exchange rates. Though I respect Hazlitt, in editing the book and the "Questions and Answers" document I have come to a greater appreciation for the founders of the Bretton Woods system. The late Don Lavoie, one of my professors at George Mason University, always stressed that in economics a key question was "Compared to what?" What is the proper standard for evaluation? He particularly emphasized it in connection with comparisons between economic systems. (This was in the 1980s, before the collapse of the Soviet bloc.) Comparing real capitalism to hypothetical socialism, for instance, was faulty because it compared an imperfect but workable system with a perfect but unworkable, in the sense of never existing, system.
Looking back at the Bretton Woods conference, there are a number of possibilities to compare its consequences to. One is the pre-World War I arrangements of the gold standard, free movement of capital and people, and small government. Another is the currency controls and trade restrictions of the 1930s that arose out of the Great Depression. Still another is the war economies that existed at the time of Bretton Woods, with their extensive price controls, quotas, and other features of centralized economic planning. Compared to the pre-World War I system, Bretton Woods looks less free and less robust. (Remember that it took a world war to end the pre-World War I system, whereas no such great shock was present when the United States brought down the Bretton Woods gold standard in 1971.) Compared to the 1930s, Bretton Woods looks superior as a way of promoting harmony among national economic policies and creating space for freer trade. Compared to wartime centralized economic planning, it looks far superior, though of course it was explicitly designed as a peacetime system, not applicable in wartime.
Hazlitt was comparing Bretton Woods to the pre-World War I status quo. The delegates at Bretton Woods, on the other hand, were comparing it to the terrible experience of the previous 15 years. Hazlitt notwithstanding, a return to the pre-World War I status quo was not politically feasible in 1944, not in the United States and especially not elsewhere. I consider that under the circumstances the relevant comparison was the experience of the previous 15 years. Despite its flaws, Bretton Woods laid foundations for the increasingly liberalized trade that has marked the nearly 70 years since. It is also worth mentioning that for a few months there appeared to be the tantalizing possibility that the Bretton Woods agreements would be fully global, including the Soviet Union, all the countries occupied by Germany and, after a period of postwar rehabilitation, the Axis powers. That was worth sacrificing a little purity; it would have been as close as humanity has ever come to making real Immanuel Kant's dream of suitable arrangements to foster Perpetual Peace. The Soviet Union signed the Bretton Woods agreements but then failed to ratify them, and its satellites never joined or withdrew from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Not until after the collapse of the Soviet Union would most of their successor states join. The IMF and World Bank then became fully global institutions, reflecting that the failure of socialism in the Soviet bloc had created more of an international consensus about economic policy than had existed at any time since before World War I.


Is it a conflict of interest for a harbor developer to pay a portion of the fees for the Urban Land Institute (ULI) to assess what developments should take place in the Redondo Beach harbor and pier area?
Redondo Beach City Manager Lou Garcia doesn't think so.
"To me, it's a non-issue," says Garcia.
He does say that several developers in the harbor, including the AES power plant, have been asked by the city to "voluntarily" offset a part of the $105,000 ULI fee.
A partial list of those who have been asked to help "sponsor" the ULI study, in addition to AES, are La Caze Development Corp., Redondo Beach Marina, Crowne Plaza Hotel, and Marina Cove, Ltd.
The contributions received so far total about $18,000 out of about $50,000 asked for by the city, said Garcia.
The developers who helped pay were invited to a special dinner with the ULI team last Sunday. Contributors to ULI will also be on the list of local persons for the ULI team to interview before completing its study. But they were on the 120-name interview list before they were approached for money.
Garcia compares asking for contributions from developers to offset part of the ULI fees to the regular fees the city assesses developers when they bring in plans to be approved by the city. In those instances, applicants must pay for such things as environmental impact studies.


A delay of a critical component reportedly led to a delay of Microsoft's next 2-in-1 laptop.
In October 2015, software giant Microsoft (NASDAQ:MSFT) launched its take on the detachable PC that it dubbed the Surface Book. Interestingly, back in May, Digitimes claimed that Microsoft had originally intended to release a refreshed model of the Surface Book sporting an Ultra HD (i.e., 4K) display as well as Thunderbolt 3 connectivity support in June, but that the device was delayed due to "some design issues."
Interestingly, in the article reporting on the upcoming Surface All-in-One, Digitimes claimed that the refreshed Surface Book was pushed from the second half of 2016 to the first half of 2017. The culprit? Microprocessor giant Intel (NASDAQ:INTC).
The original Surface Book was powered by Intel's sixth-generation Core processor family, widely known by the code name Skylake. Naturally, when a system manufacturer puts out a new PC model, it would like to make meaningful upgrades across the board, such as the inclusion of a new, faster, and more feature-packed microprocessor.
It would make sense, then, that Microsoft would wait to introduce a next-generation Surface Book until its own next-generation processor family, code-named Kaby Lake, is available in the marketplace.
At Computex 2016, Intel's Navin Shenoy said that Kaby Lake would enter mass production during the second quarter of 2016 for system launches "at the end of this year."
In light of Shenoy's comments, it isn't at all surprising that a next-generation Surface Book won't be ready to launch until the first half of 2017. Microsoft could either go for a launch early in the year at that point, or ultimately choose to hold off launching the product until May or June in order to hit the back-to -chool shopping season.
A while back, an internal memo from Intel's Murthy Renduchintala (he oversees the company's client computing and Internet of Things groups) leaked in which he observed a "lack of product/customer focus in execution that is creating schedule and competitiveness gaps in [Intel's] products."
The reported delay in releasing the new Surface Book is a prime example of this "lack of product/customer focus in execution."
I am sure Microsoft would have liked to put out a new Surface Book this year, if only for the buzz and brand awareness that it would generate. Further, if Microsoft can't get Kaby Lake CPUs for system refreshes this year, the other companies that actually make a living selling computers can't be all that pleased that they don't have new processors available in order to launch updated PCs.
The problem for Intel's customers is that there aren't exactly compelling alternatives out there to Intel's processors right now, particularly for higher-end systems. The PC makers are currently bound by Intel's schedule, so if Intel delays the launch of its next-generation processors and platforms, the PC makers have no choice but to delay the launches of systems based on those processors.
Intel CEO Brian Krzanich recently explained that the PC industry declines have been driven by longer replacement cycles as well as cannibalization of PCs by ultra-mobile devices. Introducing new, compelling systems is really the best way to try to speed up that upgrade cycle, and Intel's chip delays certainly aren't helping its partners achieve that.


I've decided on my router that I'm going to use supported linear bearing rails on the X-axis. Two parallel rails, with two bearings on each fixed to the gantry.
Z = distance from cutter to centre point of Z axis linear bearings.
z = distance from X linear bearings to X axis leadscrew.
Which shows the force on the bearings could act upwards if the Z axis is long enough, or the bearing spacing is small.
You've not allowed for the unequal force when cutting of centre.
Ideally, you should calculate the static load on each bearing.
Then calculate the force applied in the worst case scenario of the maximum cutting force being applied at one side of the gantry i.e. all the cutting force being applied through just 2 bearings.
In an ideal world, where the gantry is completely flex free, the cutting force would be transmitted through all 4 bearings, but in the real world it's not going to happen. Of course, some of the force will still be transmitted through the opposite side, but without lots of calculations or FEA modeling, it's simpler to use the worst case scenario.
That makes it, for worst case, m*g/4 + F/x*(Z+z). That makes it 340N and -63N for my router which is still well within the ratings.
I'll try working out the equations for if you've got 8 bearings and 4 rails next. That's a bit more difficult though.
Another thing I've neglected is the cutting force parallel to Y (and Z if you're drilling). The former isn't going to be that great, and I think the drilling force is only significant if it's more than the weight of the gantry ...though for Z there is a moment on the bearings assuming the drill isn't centered between them.
Can anyone point me to how to work out cutting force when drilling?
For 4 rails, the forces are still the same, just the force is applied over more rails/bearings.
For simplicity, I'd assume each pair of rails/bearings will see an equal load, as the flex in the gantry/bearing mounts on each side is going to be pretty negligible. Of course, that depends on how you plan on mounting each rail in relation to the ballscrew.
Of course, that depends on how you plan on mounting each rail in relation to the ballscrew.
I don't follow that last sentence?
I'm using supported round rail, with the supported surface mounted flat on the bed.
Just realised I should also include the additional load on the bearings from the gantry accelerating. Need to know the where center of mass of the gantry is for that...can get it from the CAD model I suppose. Might be taking it too far!
The pivot point for any cutting forces is going to be the ballscrew.
Actually rephrase that, the pivot point for any cutting forces parallel with the x-axis is going to be the lead screw.
Oh, yes i see now - if the screw isn't centered between the bearings the forces won't be equal. That's where I took moments about originally for convenience.
Bed time for me now - lecture at 9am!


speakers? that was my question. it seem the front facing speakers are gone.


What was State Senate Majority Leader Russ Decker (D-Weston) thinking? Or why was he not thinking when he inserted his outrageous amendment in the State Senate budget passed last Wednesday evening that would hamstring the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board's ability to mount and/or continue an investigation into government corruption -- particularly if the wrongdoing is happening in the Wisconsin Legislature?
Russ Decker and his staff were around when the Legislative Caucus Scandal occurred. Decker knew that the Government Accountability Board (GAB) was devised by Senator Mike Ellis (R-Neenah) with assistance from Senator Jon Erpenbach (D-Middleton) and Common Cause in Wisconsin (CC/WI) in the months immediately following the criminal chargings for felony misconduct in public office for illegal campaign fund raising of then-State Senate Majority Leader Chuck Chvala (D-Madison), State Senator Brian Burke (D-Milwaukee), Assembly Speaker Scott Jensen (R-Town of Brookfield), Assembly Majority Leader Steve Foti (R-Oconomowoc), and Assistant Majority Leader Bonnie Ladwing (R-Mount Pleasant) in Wisconsin's biggest and darkest political scandal in modern history. Decker even voted for final passage of legislation to establish the Government Accountability Board and its key component -- independent "sum sufficient" funding for investigations not subject to control by the Legislature.
So what was Decker thinking? His spokesperson, Carrie Lynch -- a long time Capitol insider -- issued explanations that no one in the press or anyone who cares about honest, clean, accountable state government could find credible. Here's one: “Many people felt [the board] needed to justify their budget like everyone else.” What people? Names please! The GAB is being subject to the same cuts to its budget as all other agencies. The GAB investigations are separate because they have to be in order for the GAB to be able to investigate without legislative interference -- the whole point of establishing this new agency! Their spending beyond that for GAB staff for investigations has been little - under $50,000. Who, other than Russ Decker, felt this need to eviscerate the GAB's ability to ferret out corruption?
"The only thing this does is put a dollar figure on what is spent. It does not limit their ability to do anything. The provision means that the GAB would use the same process that other agencies use to request more money.The Legislature does them all the time when state agencies need more money for a particular item. These requests are almost always granted."
How stupid does Lynch think we are? She is saying that GAB will have to come before the Legislature to request money to investigate the Legislature! That's the whole point. The GAB was specifically formed to have funding independent of the control and whim of the Legislature for investigations! Eliminate that independent funding source and you render the GAB impotent -- which is perhaps what Decker wants to do. But he should not and must not be allowed to get away with it.
If he has not done so over the weekend in secret conversations with the Assembly, Senator Decker should apologize to the citizens of Wisconsin and just drop this ill-advised, misbegotten scheme and move on. And if he hasn't or won't drop it, then Assembly Democratic leaders and Governor Jim Doyle should declare the Decker amendment "out of bounds" and off the table as a precondition to working out the rest of the differences in the budget between the two legislative chambers. On Friday morning, one powerful Democratic legislator told CC/WI that the Decker amendment "makes us [Democrats] look horrible." Well yes. And worse. It makes a mockery of the establishment of the GAB.
When Mark Pitsch and the Wisconsin State Journal first uncovered and reported this incredibly shocking stunt early Thursday morning, CC/WI jumped on it immediately. We talked to reporters, editorial page editors and legislators-- immediately putting the heat on to get rid of this outrageous proposal.
On Thursday morning we issued this statement which resulted in an article in the statewide Associated Press: Senate Budget Limits Funding For Investigations with CC/WI's "take" on the Decker Amendment, an article in the Wisconsin State Journal, and on the statewide Wisconsin Radio Network, this news story: Budget item could hamper investigations. And then there was this story Friday morning by Shawn Johnson over Wisconsin Public Radio: Senate provision would affect financial independence of GAB.
We also consulted with the State Journal for their Friday editorial: Don't go back to bad old days at Wisconsin State Capitol, and with the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel for their Sunday editorial: A budget in need of nips, tucks and major surgery -- which listed the Decker provision crippling the GAB as the first item to "delete." Other newspapers have joined in the condemnation of the Decker Amendment. None have come to its defense.
Steve Walters, the State Capitol bureau chief of the Journal Sentinel wrote about the Decker amendment: Senators vote to control watchdog's budget. On Friday evening, CC/WI condemned the Decker Amendment on Wisconsin Public Television's program, Here and Now.
CC/WI also commented extensively on the secretive, closed-door character of the shaping of the state budget, even as it nears the end game, for Associated Press: Democrats might reach deal on budget in secret.
And on Up Front, the news and public affairs program hosted by Mike Gousha for WISN - TV in Milwaukee, and broadcast on television all over Wisconsin, CC/WI talked about that shameful budget process and the chances for meaningful campaign finance reform this year (which are good!) in a five-minute segment that you can watch here: Budget Passed With Closed-Door Meetings.
Your reactions and comments? Stay tuned to see how this "Decker drama" is resolved. We cannot imagine that Decker will not be forced to withdraw his shameful measure.
There were small stories in the Journal Sentinel and Milwaukee Magazine recently about an easily overlooked obituary.
The deceased is an idea called SEED (School for Educational Evolution and Development).
I was a witness to its Wisconsin birth a couple of years ago.
SEED was invented in Washington, D.C., and Baltimore a few years ago.
It is a boarding school which takes students at random from poverty-stricken and otherwise non-functioning areas in the city and gives them a boarding school opportunity.
The students come to school at 8 a.m. on Mondays and go back home at 8 p.m. on Fridays if there is a home to go to. If not, they stay at the school full time.
As you can imagine, this is not cheap. It costs something like $30,000 per student (more than three times the per-student costs in public schools) and a facility has to be built to house them as well.
The reasons the Milwaukee leaders who listened to a presentation about SEED greeted the idea more warmly than one would imagine is the results it was producing in the east. Almost 100 percent of the students finish high school. More than 80 percent go on to college, where they also succeed. And, best of all, many if not most of them return to the places they came from when they entered the SEED program where they become role models and leaders for the larger community.
All of a sudden $30,000 per student--which compares favorably with the cost of incarceration in Wisconsin--didn’t seem so expensive after all.
The Milwaukee audience whose members have been desperately seeking solutions to the cultural, educational, social problems of that city finally felt that they were seeing an idea that might work.
It was expensive. It would take a very long time to get to speed. It attracted the best and brightest and most eager teachers. It offered hope.
The gestation period did not go smoothly. The first entrepreneur to step forward stepped aside to pursue another opportunity and then went away. His successor picked up the pieces, but before he could put them back together all of the people and organizations who would have to come up with the money were much less affluent than they had been. Worse yet, the state, which was looking for this kind of a solution for its largest and troubled city, had fiscal troubles of its own.
There were also rumors that the teachers’ unions were not enthusiastic and perhaps there were dissidents from the policy, from the idea itself, but the immediate cause of death was money-starvation. Governor Jim Doyle called SEED a “wonderful thing” but unaffordable right now.
No matter. The governor, the economy, the expense, the city, whoever or whatever, the sad fact is that SEED is dead. The cancer for which it might have offered a cure is not. Mourn its passing.
The Wisconsin State Assembly is demonstrating commendable initiative and responsiveness in considering and moving forward major campaign finance reform legislation strongly supported by CC/WI. On May 27th, the Assembly Elections and Campaign Reform Committee held a public hearing on the measures and will vote next Tuesday, June16th, on the measures. The Chair of the Committee, Rep. Jeff Smith (D-Eau Claire) has been a strong and responsive supporter of campaign finance reform.
The first measure to be voted on is ASSEMBLY BILL 63, introduced by Rep. Kristen Dexter (D-Eau Claire), that would require the disclosure of donors and regulation of money used in currently undisclosed, unregulated campaign communications masquerading as issue advocacy, better known as "phony issue ads." These measures would apply only to widely disseminated communications that run 60 days or less prior to an election. This legislation, first proposed and devised by CC/WI in 1997, would close the single largest loophole in Wisconsin's currently loophole-ridden campaign finance laws.
The second measure to be voted on is ASSEMBLY BILL 65, introduced by Rep. Gordon Hintz (D-Oshkosh) and Rep. Steve Hilgenberg (D-Dodgeville), which is better known as the "Impartial Justice" bill. It would provide full public financing to qualified candidates for the State Supreme Court who voluntarily agree to abide by spending limits totaling $400,000.
To read CC/WI's written testimony on AB 63 and AB 65 go here.
To watch video excerpts of the testimony go here.
CC/WI has learned that if consideration of the state budget is not complete by next Tuesday, the committee votes on the two measure may have to be postponed. Consideration of the reform measures by the full Assembly would likely occur in September, when the Assembly will hold its next floor session after completion of the state budget.
Yesterday, Assembly Speaker Mike Sheridan and Assembly Majority Leader Tom Nelson made the wise decision to postpone the golf outing until after the Assembly was finished with the budget, which led to another front page article in this morning's Journal Sentinel: Assembly Democrats postpone golf fund-raiser.
CC/WI, which first proposed banning all campaign fund raising while the budget is being crafted back in 1997, is very pleased and grateful to Assembly leaders for doing the right thing and postponing their event.
Finally, the United States Supreme Court on Monday, ruled for the first time that elected judges must disqualify themselves from cases involving people who spend large amounts of money to put them on the bench. The Court said that the due process clause of the U.S. Constitution does play a role in judging the influence of money in judicial elections, and that money can lead to "actual bias." The ruling has tremendous implications for the role of money in Wisconsin's Supreme Court elections--which ought to boost even further the prospects for passage and enactment into law of Assembly Bill 65, the "Impartial Justice" measure.
For more on the federal decision and its Wisconsin implications click here.
To read the joint statement issued by CC/WI, the League of Women Voters of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Democracy Campaign, go here.
There are some early signs that the new rules of the new "needs" economy, which is quickly and traumatically replacing the "wants" economy that we had all come to overindulge in, may extend to political donating and donations.
Advocacy organizations all seem to be hurting. This is hardly surprising because their contributors are no less immune to market shocks, housing realities, the precipitous drop in automobile industry driven jobs, and lots of trouble in discretionary market sectors generally.
Lobbyists and lobbying organizations are being asked to get along on less. Their clients may even decide that while their expertise and influence are needed, their role as bagmen is going to have to be curtailed.
A candidate is going to find it hard to convince a hard-pressed and less affluent constituency that he or she can't run a successful campaign without a multi-million dollar war chest which will be used to pay for an endless stream of evocative (as opposed to informative) television commercials and other annoyances like automated telephone appeals for money and/or votes.
Even the zealots with their emotional causes will find their appeals are not as effective when addressed to millionaires whose fortunes are impaired and to the rest of us who have hunkered down until and unless we get a bead on a suddenly unfathomable future. People are deciding that eating well or sending their kids to college is more important than whether gays get married, buying automatic weapons we can't afford, gaining icon status from icon-sized contributions, or any of the multitude of ideas large and small that we were willing to throw money at when money was a lot easier and more plentiful.
It may be wishful thinking, but the market may do what good reform ideas and worthy informers haven't been able to do.
The market seems to be saying no to the Hummer and McMansions.
Could lavishly endowed campaigns on issues and for and against candidates suffer the same fate?
The market as the ultimate reformer?
To read CC/WI's full written testimony, go here.


And on Wednesday, the royal gave an insight into life with Prince George, Princess Charlotte, and Prince Louis, when she met with two lively twins at Leicester University.
"They admitted immediately that there had been friction and William rose to his feet to emphasise the fact that it was Kate's project in the way that a spouse often will when protecting their "territory" from a usurper".
Markle, who famously married Prince Harry in May, and Simpson, who married King Edward VIII, are surprisingly both connected to Meghan and Harry's new house at Windsor Castle's Frogmore Cottage.
The Duchess of Cambridge appears to have tried to put rumours of a feud between her and the Duchess of Sussex to bed, following claims the strain is "pulling Harry and William apart".
She was asked about sister-in-law, the Duchess of Sussex's pregnancy and when asked if she were excited for "Meghan and her new baby", Kate said: "Yes absolutely, no it's such a special time to have all kiddies".
A spokesperson for the company released an official statement through Us Weekly that says: 'An unprecedented amount of bets on Meghan Markle and Prince Harry to have twins forced us to stop taking any more bets on the market altogether.
They added that Windsor is a special place for The Duke and Duchess of Sussex, who also formed a part of the decision to make the move. "They've started their Christmas songs and Christmas trees are going up", she said. And Louis's getting big.
"Kate and Meghan are very different people and they don't have a lot in common but they have made an effort to get along", Nicholl's source said.
New reports suggest the two aren't particularly close after the Duke and Duchess of Sussex announced they were moving out of Kensington Palace, where they now live next to Prince William, Duchess Kate and their three children. "He's getting to be a big boy".
"Robbie Williams is a lively character, but she worked for him longer than she worked for Meghan". Sai and Taran Gotani were among the lucky guests who had the chance to meet Prince William and Kate, who enthusiastically quizzed the Duchess on everything from Charlotte to her age.


The authors of the article below are mad at Erdugan for failing to achieve his Nato's duties. Therfore, he "Should Mind His Own Glass House". The USA will leave Iraq by the end of this year, and there is a fiece struggle about filling the vacum.
Erdugan, failed to get a share in Iraq, and with fall of Hariri's govenment, he lost his dream to get a share in lebanon's cake. Consequently, his last hope to be "a would-be “leader” was in Syria, his "backyard", where his Syrian Muslem brothers are ready.
According to the Authors,"Turkey failed because Assad knows both the dreadful price of looking weak and that Iran will support him"
Yes, Assad as a member of the axis of resistance, who worked for years to get Turkey in the axis of restance, knows the dreadful price of surrendering to Erdugan's blackmailing, and the consequences of letting Erdgan succeed in adding Syria to "His Own Glass House".
Via Syria Erdugan would be a main player in both Lebanon and Iraq, and would save his chance to stay "a would-be “leader”" of the new middle east. He failed and betrayed his Syrian brothers who called him a "coward".
We say in Arabic: He tried to satify both his grand mother and grand father, and the outcome was, both are mad at him. طلع لا مع ستو بخير ولا مع سيدو بخير thats exactly what Sultan Erdugan achived.
His "zero problems with neighbors" and insistance in staying above the wall ended with tens of problems; not only with neighbors, but with his Nato master, after failing to show substantial results.
His Syrian adventure closed his gate to Arab world, and his Irani gate gate to Assia, consequently, he tried his luck in Eqypt, and heard the same advise even from his Egyptians brothers: Welcome, but mind your business.
Outwardly, the tour appeared to succeed. Erdogan’s airport arrivals won him “rock star” treatment, and he even addressed the Arab League – the first non-Arab afforded that distinction. Arab Spring activists, worried that hold-over militaries might yet derail their revolutions, marveled at Erdogan’s ability to reassert Islamism and, most recently, his success in bringing Turkey’s generals to heel. But his greatest appeal sprang from his vociferous attacks on Israel, which he threatened with naval war, and the West, whom he accused of seeking to exploit Libya’s wealth. By contrast, he cited Turkey as a long and selfless friend. Here was a man, he would have people say, willing to confront Israel like a Nasser, willing to lead like an Ottoman.
But it is in Syria that Erdogan has suffered his most serious setbacks. He had once loudly advertised a regional foreign policy of “zero problems with neighbors"; helped create an EU-like free trade and travel zone with Syria, Iraq and Iran; and backed Syria’s President Assad and Iran’s rulers in their quarrels with the West, even seeking to shield Iran’s nuclear program. But today, Turkey staggers under problems with Syria, Iraq and Iran. Worse yet, Erdogan has appeared ineffective. The Syrian crisis is the proximate cause, but Erdogan’s problems run deeper still.
Turkey failed because Assad knows both the dreadful price of looking weak and that Iran will support him. Herein lies the deeper cause of Erdogan’s failures in Syria: Iran also seeks to lead the region. For that, it needs its proxy Syria. Erdogan is in Syria’s and Iran’s way. So Iran charges that Turkey’s suppression of its Kurdish opposition is no different than Assad’s suppression of his opposition. Iran - which is itself shelling Iraqi territory – refers sometimes to the PKK not as “terrorists” but as “insurgents,” who are an authentic voice of legitimate Kurdish aspirations. As Erdogan squirms, Iran chortles.
Indeed, some in the Turkish opposition have begun to denounce Erdogan’s morally hypocritical “glass house.” They ridicule his government’s travels as motion without results. They deride his vanity, a man given to delivering moral sermons whose tests he fails - ironic commentary on the man who still holds with pride the Gaddafi prize for human rights.


Will I have raw vegetables in my stuffing? I haven't added any if the liquid ingredients or binders yet; wondering if I could spread everything out on a sheet pan to roast for a bit and then proceed as usual.
Not to worry. The vegetables will cook, maybe in a minute or two longer than planned.
Many people prefer to cook the stuffing outside the bird, as it gives more control and food safety for both dishes.
Even if you were planning to stuff the bird, maybe you should should choose the separate-cooking method. Then you can add your liquid ingredients and binders.
And to ensure you get turkey flavor in the stuffing (now maybe called "dressing"), cook it with some turkey broth and/or serve with turkey gravy.


If you have a sweet tooth and happen to come across a Mini Stop in your travels to Japan, head in and get yourself anything on the menu with its vanilla soft serve ice cream. You will not regret it. It's so good that I crave for it at random times of the day. As I'm typing this out right now, I am wishing that I have a cone in my hand. Oh man! Why is there no Mini Stop around my area?! You won't have any problems finding 7-Eleven, Lawson or Family Mart when traveling around Japan, but Mini Stop is a rarity. Moral of this story? If you see a Mini Stop, stop and get these 3 food items!
If you are traveling to Japan and happen to come across a Mini Stop Convenience Store, stop whatever you are doing, head on in and get yourself these 3 food items!
The best part of this list is that nothing is above 1,000 yen!
You won't have any problems with finding 7-11, Lawson or Family Mart when traveling around Japan, but Mini Stop is a rarity.
Every other convenience store specializes in one type of food, but 7-Eleven has so many different types of delicious food.
If you are a fan of snacking, you have to get this snack.


The plantoid [ …] will have a central stem containing a reservoir of liquid plastic of a sort that can be frozen by ultraviolet light. Half a dozen cylindrical roots will branch off this stem, and the plastic will flow through these from the reservoir to the tip. As in a real root, the tip will be a specialised structure.
Having or containing the centre of something.
Being very important, or key to something.
Cleverley was a central figure as England took the lead inside three minutes. He saw his shot handled by Moldovan defender Simion Bulgaru and Lampard drilled home the penalty in trademark fashion.
(anatomy) Exerting its action towards the peripheral organs.
ARB usage did not influence success rates, whereas betablockers, antidepressants, and central antihypertensives did (Table 23 ).
Rather, the phylogeographically validated palaeomodels presented here show that the central region had much higher stability relative to the south.
If Eniola Aluko was struggling in a rather thankless lone attacking role for England, at least Jill Scott was making her presence felt in central midfield.
Central was defined as juxtapapillary and within the vessel arcade, midperipheral as between the vessel arcade and the equator, and peripheral as anterior to the equator.
Central lymph nodes were divided into three or four subgroups in some articles: ipsilateral paratracheal, pretracheal, contralateral paratracheal, and prelaryngeal.
Meaning of central for the defined word.
Grammatically, this word "central" is an adjective.


I am betwixt and between as to whether to refit the remote brake booster on my BGT(V8) restoration. I know that braking efficiency cannot be improved but is it worth doing for the lower pedal effort?
In my experience (I have driven the same car with and without booster connected) the difference was marginal, I was surprised how little difference it makes. We had to disconnect a friends as he had the problem where the brakes keep locking on and I had a go afterwards as well. After the first prod at low speed just to see how much difference it made, I never noticed at all, neither going back to my own car with the same system with booster working.
The integral booster, on the other hand, makes a big difference, making the brakes really heavy without assistance.
Many thanks for your comments. Unless someone else chimes in with major positives I think that I won't bother re-fitting the servo.
I guess it depends on what Paul means by 'with and without the booster connected' - do you mean with the vacuum pipe removed, or do you mean by connecting the pipe from the master cylinder directly to the three way union (ie taking the servo cylinder out of the loop)?
In my 1970 GT, the difference between 'engine on' and 'engine off' braking is huge. I also think that the servo gives you more feel, as you are pressing more gently for the same braking effort it is easier to make small adjustments to the braking effort.
Whether fluid pressure goes through the booster with no vacuum connected or goes direct bypassing the booster shouldn't be any different, I would have thought. But to clarify we disconnected the vacuum pipe from the servo and plugged the end with a spare spark plug, which should be the same as 'engine off' braking. I've never done that, but I will try. The servo must work if fitted and is part of the MOT test. Mine pass, so I presume that the testers satisfy themselves that they are working as they should, regardless of how little assistance they may give.
Remember the remote servo was only an option at one point, the remainder of the braking system being unchanged. So the brakes must have been 'adequate' without, and the MGB is unlikely to ever be accused of having over-sensitive brakes.
Pedal pressure will depend on the master cylinder. in the US 75 and later cars had the integral booster and the master cylinder had a larger bore, I believe 7/8". If your master cylinder has the same bore diameter as the non boosted system the pedal pressure should remain the same as a non boosted system, if the booster isn't working. If however you have a larger master cylinder bore, there should be a difference in pedal pressure without the booster working.
Thanks all for you input.


Questions and answers about Welsh Terrier temperament, personality, behavior, physical traits and characteristics, feeding, health care, buying, adoption, puppies and adult dogs.
What kind of temperament and personality does the Welsh Terrier have?
I give you my honest opinions about Welsh Terrier temperament and personality traits and characteristics – positives AND negatives – in my dog breed review, Welsh Terrier Temperament and Personality Traits (What's Good About 'Em, What's Bad About 'Em).
Do crossbred or mixed breed Welsh Terriers make good pets?
Can you help me decide whether the Welsh Terrier is the best breed for me?
There's an adorable Welsh Terrier puppy at the pet shop. The store manager assures me they only buy from responsible breeders. Could this be true?
No. There are no responsible Welsh Terrier breeders who would ever place one of their Welsh Terrier puppies in a pet shop for resale. To find out more about pet shop puppies, visit Pet Shop Puppies: Buying a Puppy From a Pet Store.
How do I find a good Welsh Terrier breeder?
It's hard! The sad truth is that the vast majority of people offering Welsh Terrier puppies for sale are unknowledgeable, irresponsible, completely clueless – or all of the above. Visit Dog Breeders: How To Find a Good Breeder.
How do I pick the best Welsh Terrier puppy from a litter?
I'm interested in adopting a dog rather than buying from a dog breeder. How do I find Welsh Terriers for adoption?
You can find Welsh Terriers available for adoption from dog rescue groups or from the animal shelter. Visit Adopting a Dog From Rescue and Adopting a Dog From The Animal Shelter.
I just got a new Welsh Terrier. Which pages should I read first?
Welsh Terrier Health, which includes my advice on feeding, vaccinations, and health care. These pages are very important, because if you start your Welsh Terrier puppy off on the wrong foot, he will probably experience health problems later on. Starting off RIGHT is essential!
Training Welsh Terriers, which includes my advice on respect training, housebreaking, and socialization. Again, you must start your Welsh Terrier puppy off on the right foot by teaching him what he needs to know and you must avoid doing the wrong things with him so that he doesn't develop bad habits that will be much harder to fix later on.
What's a good training schedule for training Welsh Terrier puppies? What things should I teach, and when?
Here's the puppy training schedule I use for Welsh Terriers: Puppy Training Schedule.
How do I housebreak my Welsh Terrier?
The key to housebreaking your Welsh Terrier is confinement, confinement, confinement. Visit Housebreaking Your Puppy or Adult Dog.
My Welsh Terrier has some behavior problems I'd like to solve.
What's the best dog food for Welsh Terriers?
I have to take my Welsh Terrier to the vet soon for shots. Which vaccinations does he really need?
The schedule of vaccinations that dogs really need has changed dramatically – but unfortunately most vets are not telling you the truth about this, because a good chunk of their income depends on frequent vaccinations. Please don't get any more shots for your Welsh Terrier until you've read my article on Puppy Shots and Dog Vaccinations.
What are the pros and cons of spaying and neutering my Welsh Terrier, and when should it be done?
I have a question about Welsh Terriers that I don't see answered on your web site.


add a fun/funny title to the name of the addressee - even for internet orders ;)!
it makes getting the package even better!
my boys love their veggies, but little rabbits and bears and other creatures love them even more ;)!
.....but trust me, even plain, uncolored ears are loads of fun!
yes, even animals like to play with their food :)!
our favorite movie at the moment is "how to train a dragon"
..........so we had to make some dragon wings!
we made St's tail using the side flap, but Ji wanted the bottom part of the tail(top part on the photo) wider than the flap was, and he wanted the crease, so we made it on the crease.
...we left the outside plain(cheerios cover), since the wings stay pretty much open and the boys didn't mind, but you could also glue some construction paper on to hide the cover.
wings: make 2 holes on each side of the middle piece(...first photo) and thread some string or ribbon through the holes, or you can cut short incisions on the ends of the creases and just latch the string/ribbon in place. then tie around the arms.
tail: i just folded the tail into the waistband of their pants and that way it stands out a bit instead of laying flat. you can secure it with masking tape, or you could also tape it to the bottom of the wings.


There are numerous categories of rodents that are more likely to invade a home or a commercial building. The basic step that you should do to get an effective rodent extermination is to understand the type of rodent that is causing havoc to your home.
The rodents like white-footed, deer, harvest, pocket and pack forms of mice usually enter a building if it is very close to wooded areas.
You'll have to look closely on the behavior of the rodents to find out the type of mice that would enter your home.
The size of the rat, the kind of its fur and its general conduct will give you an idea on which types of rodent is in your house.
An effective rodent removal program will enable you to get rid of the rodents before they go on to the next location. The best plan will guarantee that the rodents won't get the opportunity to multiply in your own home. For a high success of eliminating the rodents from your home, you'll need to combine both the baiting and trapping formulations.
You may realize that you're dealing with a high population of rodents at the start of the control program. For this, you must invest on good quality rodent bait and give them a quick knock down. That way, you will remove the risk of the rodents spreading all over your house within no time.
When you involve experts in the rodent control program, they'll give your home an intensive clean up at the beginning of the exercise. It would include the elimination of all the places the rodents are more likely to hide. The rats will only survive in your house if they have a comfy shelter.
The skilled workers will, therefore, ensure that the rodents do not have a place they would hide comfortably.
These professionals would take their time investigating the activities of the rodents. The ideal time for them to do this is during the active hours of the rodents which is often at dusk or soon after darkness. The professional will co-work with you so that you agree on timings which will not affect the smooth running of your family activities.
Another efficient rodent control method is the use of ultrasonic sounds to repel the rodents. Rodents are incredibly particular with sounds as it would imply that someone is coming and they'll definitely go away when they hear it. Rodents will detect sounds with a frequency of up to 76000 HZ while a human being will hear sounds up to 23000 HZ. The rodents will unquestionably leave an environment with these noises.
The ultrasonic repellents are extremely friendly to humans since you won't be able to hear the sounds from these. It indicates that you can use the repellents even in the places where people spend most of their time. You could even put the repellents in your rooms and it will not have any direct effect from the individuals who are sleeping there.
You'll have to note that these repellents won't kill the rodents. It will, nevertheless, aid in keeping them away from your environment. It is advised, therefore, to use the repellents outside the living area and use it in places like the garage or the shed. This will also keep the rodents from taking shelter in the walls and cracks.
You may observe after some time that the rodents will still inhabit areas where the repellents exist. This would suggest that the rodent is already prone to sounds. You should realize that this is not a permanent solution.
If it comes to that point, you'll have to engage an expert to intervene in the rodent control program. The expert can provide long-term solutions.
You must not underestimate the importance of effective rodent pest control. The rodents are said to contaminate food ten times more, the amount they consume.
These pests have fleas which will result to plague and other ailments. If the virus attacks a family with a weak immune system, it will unquestionably lead to headaches, meningitis and fever. Expectant mothers could experience complications during pregnancy if they get attacks from the rodents or contamination through them.
It is possible that you would see wild rodents, but do not attack or hurt them. They're known to have large teeth, and they transmit bacteria, viruses, and diseases through their saliva, droppings, and urine. If you actually see this type of rodent, you have to find a pest control expert right away. The professional will deal with the rodent while safeguarding you at exactly the same time.
You find yourself in a situation where a rodent has invaded your home. Keep the children away as you handle it. If you will attach the rodent, it will defend itself.
They could even cause massive destruction for the agricultural products. The reason is that most of them feed on grains and seeds leaving the farm in lousy shape. The droppings and urine also cause contamination leading to the destruction of several products.
You may certainly save more time by hiring critter control experts. The experts have the tools and skills to do the job right speedily.
If you tried doing the removal by yourself, you would take long before you could comfortably state that you no longer have rodents in your own home.
The rodent control specialists have been on the job for a long time. The knowledge they have acquired over that time gives them the skill on where to start when they get to your home to help you out. You should not waste any time trying to guess what they need to do.
It will be very hard to learn where these rodents are coming from. You are going to even spend lots of time looking for every hiding place that they have. The other issue will be removing these pests from your house and making sure that they'll not come back.
If you could hire a professional, they already have the knowledge and skills to find these rodents and remove them fast. You won't have to help these experts in searching for the places where the rodents may be hiding. You'll have one less thing to think about instead of doing this by yourself.
By hiring an expert, you could save yourself from spending over and over again because the rodents are returning. The specialists will see to it that these rodents won't be returning to your home in the near future.
There are tons of ways to know if your house is infested by rodents. Nonetheless, if you observe one rodent in your space, it is a clear sign that some more rodents are hiding within your environment. It will certainly be a big challenge for you to find the rest of the rodents and eradicate them.
You'll certainly need a specialist that would help you eradicate these rodents and keep your home free from them.


All the tools included in Glary Utilities are generally very intuitive and in case they make important changes to the system (like the Registry repairing tool) Glary Utilities creates a backup copy first.
Not all the tools included in Glary Utilities include configuration settings, something we missed in some of them such as the Disk cleaner. Also, we would like to have a Firefox Assistant, the same way the program includes an Internet Explorer Assistant.
Software update broken. Software update is absolutely useless with version 5.20.0.35.
Dangerous for the novice.. Be very careful with programs that clean the Registry. My experience with early versions of GL were a disappointment. That has not changed with the current version 5.15 on Windows 7. It "broke" essential file associations in several programs including MS Office 2010 where VBA functionality also broke. All that was via the "one click maintenance option", let alone "in depth cleaning", meaning a novice can easily break a working system. Sadly unless a registry backup is made (no prompt to do so) it may be very difficult to restore the registry and hence the system to a working state prior to running the "one click maintenance" option in GL. Luckily I am regimented to always make a current "system image" prior to using such potentially dangerous tools. Sadly this has not changed with my experience for GL then and now. I will stick to CCleaner which has a much less aggressive "registry cleaner" and defaults to an easily restoreable registry backup in the event things go wrong. To be clear, over the many years I have used CCleaner, I have yet to resort to using a registry restore on Windows; XP, Vista, 7, 8 & 8.1 on Desktops to laptops. It took several hours to restore a previously working Windows 7 Pro laptop to a state prior to using GL 5.15 via a known working "system image".
I won't be trying GL again! It's not worth any highly unlikely system improvements. Although I use CCleaner at boot time primarily to remove accumulated "temp" files and browsing histories not configurable in some browsers (Google Chrome). Other than that I found that most of these utilities cause more problems than they fix. Any system improvements are often very difficult to verify or justify in time and energy spent assessing performance gains.
GREAT APP!!. great app. helps my computer with disk space problems and has good service.
Until Glary fixes program, looking for alternate. Glary Utilities duplicate file finder hasn't worked for months.
firefox support. I use glary, and it's great, for cleaning registry etc, but unfortunatly I use Firefox browser which it does not support.
Why is this I wonder? Would it be so hard to enable that facility?
has a free download option.


What is the recommended daily amount of iodine? Can you give me an idea of a meal plan so I can get this amount?
It is difficult to give an accurate meal plan that will provide sufficient iodine as this depends on the age of the individual. Furthermore, the concentration of iodine in foods varies with season (for example in milk), the soil iodine content, and many other factors. Our iodine fact sheet provides approximate iodine concentrations in a range of foods that can act as guide.
It is important that excessive iodine intake is avoided as this can also lead to problems with the thyroid.
Can you please tell me what foods contain iodine?
The richest dietary sources of iodine are fish, milk, other dairy products and eggs.
Half a pint of milk would provide, on average, 85 μg. Winter milk contains more iodine than summer milk (as cows receive mineral-fortified feed when indoors during the winter).
There is up to 40% less iodine in organic dairy products(link to fact sheet section of website).
Fish is a good source of iodine; there is much more iodine content in white fish than in oily fish. A portion (120g) of cod contains approximately 190 μg and a portion of salmon contains approximately 25 μg. Three fish fingers would provide approximately 90 μg.
Seaweed and Kelp products contain a variable amount of iodine and are not routinely recommended as supplements as they can lead to excessive iodine intake.
Unlike in many countries, iodine is not added to salt or bread in the UK.
I have heard that organic milk does not contain iodine – is that true?
No, organic milk contains iodine. However, research has found that the amount of iodine in organic milk is considerably lower than in conventional milk. Organic milk can still make an important contribution to iodine intake. For more details on the amount of iodine in organic and conventional milk, please check the table in our factsheet.
I've just read that iodine can be bad for your thyroid. i like to eat a small pack of sushi every day for my lunch. Should I stop?
In 100g of sushi there is 9 μg of iodine, on average. There might be more (around 20 μg iodine per 100g) in vegetable sushi. Although seaweed generally has a very high concentration of iodine, the seaweed used in sushi (nori) is a green seaweed that has a lower iodine concentration than brown seaweed. The iodine concentration in a portion of sushi (190g) at 17-38 μg would not therefore give excess iodine.
I eat a lot of broccoli/kale/seafood does this interfere with my iodine absorption and affect my thyroid?
The Brassica family of plants, which includes broccoli and kale, interfere with thyroid hormone manufacture in the thyroid and can therefore cause goitre. These type of foods are known as goitrogens. However you would need to eat very large amounts of these products to cause a clinical problem and this is a rare occurrence. Furthermore, these foods tend to be a problem only when iodine deficiency exists, so it is important that you ensure adequate iodine intake.
Sea food contains iodine as does kelp and seaweed. If consumed in large amounts the iodine could damage the thyroid gland, especially if the person is more susceptible due to the presence of thyroid disease or thyroid abnormalities. People who eat vast amounts of kelp (which would provide excess iodine) have been known to have thyroid abnormalities. For this reason, kelp is not recommended.
What is the best way to get iodine into my children, as they will not eat vegetables or fish?
Vegetables actually have a relatively low amount of iodine. However, fish is a rich source of iodine. If your children like fish fingers, this will provide a reasonable source of iodine (two fish fingers contain approximately 60 μg).
However, if your child doesn’t eat any fish, milk and dairy products are also rich sources of iodine (see fact sheet). Half a pint of milk would provide 85 μg and a pot of yoghurt would provide around 75 μg. Therefore milk and dairy products can provide the bulk of the requirement for children.
Eggs are also a good source of iodine – two eggs would provide around 50 μg of iodine.
I do not have a thyroid disorder but I do take an iodine support formula, can you tell me if this will give me more energy?
There is no evidence that this kind of formula will provide more energy.
I have read on the internet that taking kelp supplements is good for your thyroid/can help you lose weight. Is this true?
The short answer is no. In fact kelp supplements can damage your thyroid as they often contain excessive amounts of iodine, even if taken within the dose recommendations on the label.
I have Graves’ disease, should I stop eating all foods that contain iodine?
Normally you should continue on your current diet. You should not eat kelp or brown seaweed which have a very high iodine content.
I have been told by my doctor that I have a borderline thyroid disorder. Will kelp/iodine supplements help me?
Kelp or iodine supplements will almost certainly not help anyone with a borderline thyroid disorder because the disorder is probably an autoimmune condition. In fact kelp supplements could make things worse.
I've just been diagnosed with hypothyroidism, should i be taking iodised salt/iodine supplements?
There is no value in taking extra iodine if on levothyroxine as you are receiving manufactured hormone ready made without needing the raw material to make it yourself.
I've had hypothyroidism for 5 years and want to take some multivitamins. Can I take one that includes iodine?
It may be difficult to find a multivitamin preparation without iodine but if it does contain iodine that won’t matter – your thyroid won’t be affected.
Is there any benefit in taking kelp (iodine) supplements when you have a thyroid disorder?
High dose iodine preparations such as kelp can lead to both hypo- and hyperthyroidism in susceptible individuals with an underlying thyroid disorder so are best avoided.
I have thyroid cancer and need to follow a low iodine diet in preparation for radioactive iodine treatment. Can you tell me why? And can you tell me what foods to avoid, and for how long?
Iodine-containing foods can inhibit the uptake of the radioiodine isotope used in the treatment of the majority of thyroid cancers. If this treatment is planned then you will be given a list of foods to avoid including fish. Our article on low iodine diets has more information.
I have Graves’ disease and will soon have radioactive iodine treatment. Do I need to follow a low iodine diet?
I know that taking iodine is beneficial when planning a baby and during pregnancy, but is it possible to take too much?
The current recommendation for those who have no history of a thyroid disorder is that for the 3 months prior to pregnancy and during the pregnancy you should ensure adequate iodine intake. For more information on thyroid in pregnancy, see our pregnancy project pages.
For those with pre-existing hypothyroidism no additional iodine is required. They need to ensure that they have adequate replacement of their thyroid hormone pre-conception and ensure this in pregnancy particularly in the first trimester when they may require between 25-50mcg extra of levothyoxiine daily.


Rep. Sanford (R-S.C.) speaks after his Republican primary defeat on Tuesday.
It’s Thursday afternoon, less than 48 hours after Sanford’s shocking loss to a Republican primary challenger. It was the first and only electoral loss of a career that began with his election to Congress in 1994 and continued with eight years as South Carolina governor, punctuated by the now-infamous “hiking the Appalachian Trail” cover story for an extramarital affair he had with a woman in Argentina while in office. In 2013, Sanford bounced back, surprising those who believed his political career was finished by once again winning a seat in Congress.
First, I wanted to hear your reflections on Tuesday. You’ve had 48 hours to think about it.
I’m still digesting it, to answer your question. But like I say, it sits right there [points to his chest].
Have you talked to other colleagues here about it?
Oh yeah. It’s sort of a weird experience. I wrote to one of my sons – I said the good part of a funeral is you get the eulogies.
You get the eulogy without physical death. The conversations on the floor are the full gamut. Pretty morose. What every political figure fears most is losing at some level, and maybe that’s a simplification, but it’s not too far from the truth. It’s always like, I’m so sorry for your loss. You know it’s like you’ve died.
Is it strange that on a Tuesday, you lose your race and you’ve lost your seat, but you still have to go to work the next day?
Last night I was giving a night tour of the Capitol for [the Audubon Society] because I’ve always been tied to environmental issues.
You gave a tour of the Capitol the day after losing?
Here’s the real kicker. So I’m doing that, and around the corner comes Jeff Flake and his wife. They give me a hug. I had this conversation with Jeff. I was like it was the weirdest race – I’ve run a lot of races over the years. I’ve supported the president the bulk of the times. But on a handful of issues I’ve disagreed based on these principles or these promises or what the voters thought. And [my race] was just: Are you for Trump or against Trump? And he’s going, it’s completely the same in Arizona. One question: Are you for or against Trump? No gray.
That’s the dynamic that you saw in your race – be for or against Trump?
Yes. And that’s where the race has big implications well outside of whether I’m a member of Congress or not. I’m not using the cult of personality thing, but you have in my case a guy the Congressional Quarterly rated like 89 percent concurrence (voting with Trump). [Editor’s note: Roll Call found that Sanford’s percentage was much lower on votes where Trump had a clearly defined stance before the vote.] But basically you have two fascinating components that have come up. One, the president sends out a tweet that’s completely not true. And we’ve become so calloused to what he says or the way he might say it that nobody bats an eye. Nobody even questions the hypothesis of, wait, is that true or not?
“MIA” was the president’s tweet.
Missing in action. That’s the world in which we’re living. What it says, then, is it’s clearly not about issues; it’s about allegiance to him.
Just this week Chairwoman McDaniel of the RNC put out this tweet that if you’re not with the Make America Great Again agenda, you’re making a big mistake. So it’s spreading.
Yeah, it is metastasizing. That fits exactly what my opponent said in her victory talk back home on Tuesday night. This is the party of Donald J. Trump. Those were her words and I could not more vigorously disagree. It’s the party of a lot of people across this country that have worked hard and licked envelopes and stamps and all the things you do in advancing campaigns and the ideas that surround them. It doesn’t belong to somebody at the top in Washington D.C. And yet that’s what we’ve morphed into.
It’s cultural, attitudinal. You weren’t loyal or perceived to be loyal enough.
What it suggests – and this is what the president has at times played to – is the easy answer. And my point there in the talk the other night was: democracy is hard. It’s painful. It’s cumbersome. It’s all those different things. But it is the best system designed by man. The founding fathers did an incredibly great job. And what you see at least within that small group but a group that seems to be metastasizing given the comment you mentioned from the chairwoman of the RNC is “No, we want the easy answer. These institutions, these checks and balances, all of this debate, really hard stuff. Just get something done.” Vigorous debate is what our government is built upon. Legislative is a check on the executive, a check on the judicial. That’s what the system is built upon. And so I keep going back to the feedback loop that I got in the course of this campaign is tied to something that goes well beyond this campaign in the First District. Do we or don’t we believe in dissent? Is it OK?
You used the word metastasize. We use that word for a cancer, a disease. Is that what this allegiance is? Senator Corker called it a cult of personality.
I’m not calling it that but yeah, it is a cancerous growth. The basis on which people’s frustrations have been built is real and understandable in the way that at times Washington doesn’t work for them or their families and those they love. And I think that again that which gave rise to the Trump phenomenon needs to be acknowledged as real and valid. I think the metastasization component is the way in which at times the president has pandered in his answers suggesting that there’s an easy cure.
Would you have done anything differently with the campaign? Would you have run it differently?
You always do that. You Monday afternoon quarterback yourself to death about woulda coulda shouldas.
You had over $1.5 million on hand at the end of May. Should you have spent more of it on this campaign?
We had the resources. But again they talk about symmetry in war, or proportionality is what it’s called. But I’ve run a lot of races and I’ve run them successfully. All I’ll say is that particular model has worked well for me for a lot of different races, many of them incredibly tough races. I wasn’t unaccustomed to running races. And what worked for me in the past didn’t work in this instance.
How does the Republican Party pull back from this? Where everything is boiled down to are you for or against Trump?
The Founding Fathers’ admonishment that an educated citizenry was vital to the Republic. The systems that they set up which I’ve come to revere were really built upon the notion of the fallen nature of man. That we weren’t perfect. We oughta debate. Nobody has a lock on wisdom. That’s why I started my talk the other night with humility. We all ought to have the humility to say I don’t know what I don’t know. But I don’t even fully know what I think I know.
And there is such hubris that’s at times emanated out of the administration about “this is the way it is. Or let me demean somebody else as a way of advancing my point.” Or you can fill in all the blanks. But all I know – and this has been seared hard for me, given my implosion in 2009 and its aftermath and the reflection that comes with that, and was doubled down again in a different way with this latest experience – I’ve come to very strongly believe that a humility in one’s perspective is vital to listening to somebody else. And at the end of the day if we’re going to solve solutions in a collective sense, you better be listening pretty closely to that somebody else. We’re not doing that in the American political system right now.
Not listening and presuming you already have all the answers.
Do you think the president sets the tone on that?
He does. One ought to have the courage of one’s convictions but one ought to balance that with some degree of humility in the courage of one’s convictions. And that ain’t a selling message right now. That’s just not where the political marketplace is.


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I improved my code based on the reviews. What next?
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REST command (body) with tcp port range?
I'm trying to add a flow on my OVS with tcp port range (e.g. 1000-1007) via controller. I have successfuly installed this flow directly through CLI on my OVS (command: sudo ovs-ofctl add-flow bridge1 dltype=0x800,nwproto=6,tp_dst=1000/65528,actions=output:1) so I know my OVS version supports this.
What I want to do now is send REST command to my controller, and then the controller sends appropriate OpenFlow command to OVS which will add specified flow. To do this, I need appropirate XML body to send in my REST command. I've tried with the .xml body presented below, but I'm getting an error.
I think that I'm not using correct .xml tag for tcp port since I get an error below. Does anyone know how to do this?
<error-message>Error parsing input: Incorrect lexical representation of integer value: 1000/65528.
- an octal number (prefix 0).
I've searched through all these examples and haven't found the REST body I need. The example I've shown in my question is derived from your link.
I may be wrong, but I think this might be a limitation of openflowplugin. You can ask for clarification by sending an email to openflowplugin-dev@lists.opendaylight... . If that's the case, you could request the enhancement on that list or open a bug on bugzilla.
In the meantime, as a workaround, maybe you could add 8 separate flows, one for each of the ports in your 1000-1007 range?
Thank you very much, it really appears that yang model does not support tcp port masking. I'll send an e-mail to openflowplugin-dev@lists.opendaylight.org and ask them about my problem.


Natural selection may occur at multiple levels of the biological hierarchy, including at the molecular level. It may occur on any phenotypic trait that evidences variation and that is heritable. This research uses computational methods to investigate whether the stability of the secondary structures of mRNAs has been the subject of natural selection.
The DNA sequence that codes for a particular target protein is only partially determined by that protein, since the redundancy of the genetic code permits multiple possible synonymous codons for each peptide. An RNA transcript of a DNA protein template (gene) folds back on itself through complementary base pairing, resulting in an mRNA secondary structure. This mRNA secondary structure tends to have a configuration that minimizes free energy. Two synonymous mRNAs, coding for the identical protein with different sets of synonymous codons, will in general fold into different secondary structures with different minimum free energies (MFEs). The secondary structure of an mRNA is therefore a phenotypic trait that could be a target of natural selection.
Several related questions were investigated: 1) Is there natural selection on the stability of RNA secondary structure, across various types of organisms? 2) Does the MFE of microbial mRNAs correlate with the function of the target protein? 3) Is there evidence of natural selection on the nucleotide composition and/or secondary structure of the prefixes and suffixes of bacterial mRNAs? 4) Is there natural selection on the secondary structures and substructures of subviral RNAs?
and eukaryotes. Two types of randomized experiments were performed on each genetic data set, providing an independent confirmation of the results. In the first method of randomization, synonymous mRNAs were generated for each gene, creating sequences that code for the identical protein, with a frequency of codon use characteristic of the organism. In the second method of randomization, the nucleotides of the mRNA were permuted in manner that does not preserve the mRNA sequence's target protein, but exactly preserves the mRNA sequence's nucleotide and dinucleotide frequencies.
The MFE of each naturally occuring mRNA sequence is then compared with the MFEs of the corresponding randomized sequences. A pattern of deviation, across an entire organism, of the value of the MFE of the naturally occurring sequence from that of the corresponding randomized sequences is evidence of natural selection on the stability of the mRNA transcript.
In all prokaryotes studied, natural selection has favored of highly stable (lower MFE) mRNAs. In some prokaryotes, natural selection has also favored highly unstable mRNAs. No statistically significant evidence of such selection was found in eukaryotes.
The distributions of MFEs of mRNAs of 25 broad functional classes of proteins (COGs - Clusters of Orthologous Groups) of five microbes and yeast correlate to functional class.
mRNA prefixes have a distinctive MFE signature. The naturally occurring prefixes display more structure, on average, than randomized sequences with identical nucleotide and dinucleotide content, suggesting that natural selection favors secondary structure in the prefix of mRNA.
Viroids (with RNA genomes) have highly stable secondary structures and the structures are similar among the viroids belonging to the same family.
The results indicate that natural selection on the MFE of mRNA is widespread in the evolution of the genome.
Solaimuthu, Suresh, "Natural selection on MRNA secondary structure and its correlation with protein functional groups" (2010). Dissertations. 224.


How can diabetes affect the eye?
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is the most common cause of visual loss in the working age population in UK (fig 1a and 1b). Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) occurs when the fine blood vessels in the retina start to become leaky as a result of damage from diabetes. As a result of the leak, the fluid accumulates in the macula and starts to cause disruption of photoreceptors (fig d5). Diabetes can also cause vision loss through formation of cataract and bleeding inside the jelly (vitreous cavity) of the eye. (fig d3). It is vital that you seek urgent professional advice if you are diabetic and have visual symptoms as some causes can be serious. Duration of diabetes, poor control, uncontrolled hypertension and raised serum lipids, renal failure and pregnancy are just some factors which may speed up the onset of DR and so the patient can themselves help to minimise occurrence of DR by ensuring that the factors mentioned above are controlled by consulting appropriate healthcare professionals.
How do I know if I have diabetic eye disease?
Patients with DMO will note gradual blurring of vision and distortion for far and near vision. The vision loss is painless and constant and unless treated symptoms will worsen. When the condition progresses, new abnormal blood vessels can develop in the retina which can cause bleeding in the jelly of the eye significantly reducing vision. Patients may note sudden rush floaters if this complication occurs. Urgent treatment will be required to manage this complication. The list of these symptoms are not exhaustive and if you are concerned you must consult a healthcare professional.
Intravitreal anti VEGF: Lucentis, Avastin and Eylea injections are the main pharamacotheraputic agents used to manage DMO. These drugs are injected in to the vitreous cavity. Lucentis and Eylea are approved for patients diagnosed with DMO on the NHS. However NICE has placed 400um of central oedema as a precondition for treatment. This is nearly twice the normal amount of macula thickness and undoubtedly there will be patients who will benefit from this treatment but sadly NHS will not provide cover for them. These patients may decide to have laser or IVTA (see below) if this is appropriate or fund the anti VEGF treatment themselves. Avastin (off label and off license) is a more cost effective alternative to lucentis and there is ample evidence for its effectiveness in patients with diabetic macular oedema. Both Lucentis and Avastin have a good chance of improving vision (up to 45%) unlike laser which tends to stabilize vision in general.
These injections are given monthly and usually are repeated to control the disease as the condition cannot be cured. The frequency of injections will vary between cases and will also depend on severity of the presenting condition. However the studies indicate that with time the need for injections is significantly reduced especially after the first year of treatment. Controlling your diabetes, hypertension and cholesterol are all vital in managing diabetic retinopathy. The treatments mentioned here should be used in adjunct in ensuring that your general medical conditions are also optimised.
Laser: Macular laser was the first line of treatment for DMO (Fig D1) prior to arrival of anti VEGF injections and is the first choice if the retinal thickness is less than 400um, as this is a precondition for patients accessing anti VEGF on NHS. Macular laser helps to reduce macula fluid though it can cause damage to the retinal tissue. Macular laser may also not be possible if DMO involves the very centre of macula.. Laser mainly stabilizes vision by preventing further vision decline. It often will not improve vision. We have seen decline in use of macula laser since advent of anti VEGF injections.
Ozurdex implant: has now received NICE approval to be used in patients with DMO with central thickness of 400um and if the patient has had previous cataract surgery and if they are not responding to anti VEGF therapy such as Lucentis or Eylea. One advantage of ozurdex is reducing frequency of your appointments as the effect of one implant can last between 4-6 months. Mr Kashani can discuss with you in detail if this is the suitable agent to treat macula odema.
Intravitreal Triamcelenone (IVTA): injection of unpurified steroid in to the globe could be an option if the patient has laser resistant DMO and is losing vision. IVTA is off license and off label and carries many side effects including cataract formation and raised eye pressure sometimes even causing glaucoma. These side effects could offset any potential gain from its use though the advantage of this mode of therapy is it can be offered through the NHS and may be of potential value in those who have had cataract surgery.
What should I expect after an injection?
Patients can expect some discomfort once the aneastethic has worn off later. I advise on using paracetamol to minimize the discomfort. Lubricating eye drops can also help in particular in those whom have had repeated injections over time as the cornea becomes more ‘sensitive’ to treatment. Occasionally the pain can be more severe and this may indicate a corneal abrasion. The watery and painful eye should settle by the morning. You must inform us if the pain and redness persists, you become photosensitive or if the vision starts to decline. Floaters can also be present and represent air bubbles which disappear within 48 hours. Flashing lights, floaters more than 48 hours and shadow in the vision should prompt you to call us as soon as possible. Sometimes a haemorrhage will appear on the eye ball. This is a regular occurrence as the eye ball is covered by blood vessels and the needle can nick a blood vessel. The heamorrhage will disappear over next couple of weeks but note it should not be associated with vision loss, pain or general redness of the eye.
Take home message is if in doubt please call in and get your symptom checked.
What are the risks with injection treatment?
Like any medical procedure there is a small risk of a complication from Anti VEGF injections.. Here I have listed the main complications from the procedure, although it must be emphasised that such events are unusual and permanent loss of vision as a result of the injection is very rare.
What is the difference between anti VEGF injection like Lucentis and an Ozurdex implant?
There are currently no head to head published trials comparing efficacy and safety of anti VEGF agents to Ozurdex implant, though studies are underway looking at this very issue. The choice of the agent should ideally be tailored according to the needs of the patient, though often many other factors are involved in making this choice. Ozurdex has the advantage that the treatment is delivered at longer period of time, reducing burden of disease on patients and clinicians alike. However as Ozurdex is an implant, it is delivered through a thicker needle compared to Anti VEGF agents (Lucentis, Avastin). The Ozurdex implant is therefore more of a traumatic procedure to the eye. Furthermore with repeated implants there is a significant risk of cataract formation which may or may not be bothersome to the patient. Finally eye pressure can increase with these implants and they are not treatment of choice in patients with pre existing eye pressure problems such as glaucoma.
Can I have cataract surgery if I have diabetic eye disease?
Yes you can however like other retinal conditions affecting the retina, the timing has to be right and Mr Kashani can discuss this with you when surgery is planned.
What are the advantages of private treatment?
In a small group of patients, DMO can cause visual symptoms before the central retinal thickness reaches 400um. If the odema is central, laser may not be effective either. Anti VEGF therapies have shown to be effective in this subgroup (less than 400um) as well though sadly they don’t have access to treatment until the fluid increases. Of course it is up to the patient whether to observe or fund the treatment themselves to prevent progression. Mr Kashani can go through all the pros and cons of treatment at this point.
Most insurance companies, if you are insured will fund the treatment to a certain point depending on your level of cover and thankfully in most cases we can treat sub 400um if treatment is deemed beneficial by the clinician.


While VMware pursues its sales strategy in down times, it seems most other vendors in the virtualization galaxy are pursuing VMware. The common pitch is to talk about cost savings versus comparable VMware installations.
Take Virtual Iron's Chris Barclay, for example: He touts that his company's Enterprise Edition software costs about $800, compared to VMware's minimum $3,000 price tag.
"Our price comes in at VMware's maintenance cost," he says.
Fortisphere's Lilac Berniker notes that her company's product "costs a fraction of the price of the VMware platform," assuring customers of an even quicker ROI.
And then there's Microsoft. "The options in the past were limited to a closed proprietary version from VMware," Microsoft's Zane Adam says. "With Microsoft and Citrix you get machines that can move back and forth, and you can save 50 to 60 percent with our platform versus VMware. Customers get everything they ever had, along with the management of the service."
Such challenges, especially from the Microsoft juggernaut, have raised questions about VMware's long-term prospects. Although still acknowledged as the industry leader, with somewhere around 80 percent of the market share, popular speculation centers on how long VMware can maintain its grip.
VMware has acknowledged the competition. Last July it announced it would offer its embedded hypervisor, ESXi, for free, as a means of luring customers in for other products, such as VMware Infrastructure.
VMware's John Gilmartin dismisses the idea that his firm's days as a leader are numbered. "Our vision of bringing out new products and innovation will allow us to maintain a pretty good technology lead," he says.
Those interviewed for this article weren't ready to write off the industry leader, either -- not even Microsoft. The consensus? VMware may see its share shrink some, but it will be a lesser share of a greater market.
"I'm not going to predict [VMware's] demise," says Barclay. "Companies like us are going to be taking business from them and Microsoft is forecasted to take a bigger share of the pie, but I believe the pie itself is getting bigger."
Hyper9's Dave McCrory takes the view that there's room for everybody, especially for firms like Hyper9, which is developing products that can be used across different platforms. "People are looking to have mixed environments," he says. "We want to support them all."
Author Fred Bayles, a Boston-based freelance journalist, writes regularly about customer service and other business issues. He is a former national reporter for The Associated Press and USA Today. His work appears in Virtualization Review, a publication and site in the 1105 Media Network.


Some yeast fermentation terminology will be given here so that you will understand what you are reading in the homebrewing texts, what's going on in your carboy or bucket, and so you can communicate these terms concisely.
Attenuation: Beer Attenuation is usually represented as a percentage of the total wort that the yeast convert into alcohol and CO2. This is actually called the "apparent" attenuation. It is derived by comparing the original gravity (OG) of the beer with the final gravity (FG). The formula is (OG-FG)/(OG) and is represented as percentage.
As an example, if you have a beer with an OG=1.050, and a FG=1.010, the apparent attenuation would equal (50-10)/50=0.80 or 80%. Because alcohol weighs less than water, the apparent attenuation of a beer can be more than 100%.
Since this isn't possible, the "real" attenuation will always be less. For our purposes though, apparent attenuation will suffice as a way of measuring the degree of fermentation.
The apparent attenuation of yeast strains differ and are usually quoted. Since each fermentation will depend on temperature and the amount and types of fermentable sugars in your wort, the actual apparent attenuation you get will vary from that that is quoted for each strain. The quoted amounts are usually averages obtained under laboratory conditions, but are a good guide for the homebrewer to use when formulating recipes and deciding which yeast is appropriate.
Apparent attenuation for most yeast ranges from 67-77%, but can be much lower or as high as 85-90% (although I don't think I'd enter these beers in any competitions). Because it's not totally up to the yeast how much sugar they have to eat, the fermentability of your beer, (which you determine with your recipe and mash schedule,etc.) generally determines how much a beer will attenuate.
Lag Time: This refers to the amount of time it takes the yeast to go from when you pitch the yeast into your wort, through the reproductive phase, until you begin to see signs of fermentation. These would include a change in color of the beer to an opaque creamy color, foam beginning to form on the top of your beer, and bubbles rising up from the bottom of your fermenter and out the bubbling airlock.
Long lag times may or may not indicate problems. Long lag times are normal for lager yeasts and ale yeasts pitched cold. But in general, lag times for ales longer than 24 hours may indicate problems with oxygen levels, yeast health, or yeast pitching rates.
Pitching Rate: Pitching rate refers to the yeast cell count per volume of wort. Various pitching rates are encountered in brewing texts. As discussed on Jamil's website Mr Malty.com (Click Here to go to MrMalty's Pitching Rate Calculator), the consensus pitching rates are about 1 million cells of healthy yeast per milliliter of wort per degree Plato, less for ales and more for lagers. He recommends .75 million yeast cells for ales and 1.5 million for lagers and those are the numbers his pitching rate calculator uses.
I recommend you use the calculator and always know how much yeast you need to pitch for your beers. Pitching the correct amount of healthy yeast is just one less thing to worry about in your beers.
Both the White Labs vials of yeast and the Wyeast Activator packs of yeast have about 100 billion healthy yeast cells per container. As an example of proper pitching rates, for 5 1/2 gallons of wort with an OG of 1.048, you would need two vials or two smack packs of yeast to get the proper amount of healthy yeast ion your beer.
Flocculation: Flocculation refers to how yeast cells will congregate and form clumps of yeast that settle to the bottom of the fementer after fermentation is complete. Each yeast variety flocculates to a different degree.
Some form nice compact lees or sediment on the bottom while others form a fluffy mass of yeast which disturbs easily. Some of the highly flocculant yeast may even settle out before fermentation is complete. By gathering the bottom-most yeast from your primary for repitching, you are favoring those yeast that flocculate the most and drop out first.
This sometimes leads to undue sweetness in your beer from the extra fermentable sugars that are left. And since the yeast that flocculate last are the ones that consume the byproducts such as diacetyl, this is sometimes the cause of high levels of that substance in your finished beers.
All you as a homebrewer can do is to pitch the proper amount of healthy yeast into a well aerated wort, and when choosing yeast to re-pitch from a prior fermentation, use the yeast from the middle of the yeast cake. Click here to go to the Yeast Selection Guide.
Understanding yeast fermentation terminology will help you understand the processes of fermentation and allow you to communicate these processes to other homebrewers or winemakers. Although yeast fermentation terminology is pretty straightforward, there is some confusion when it comes to the specific application of terms such as apparent attenuation versus real attenuation. For most homebrewers, apparent attenuation is more than adequate for communicating degree of fermentation.
Information for this article on yeast fermentation terminology was taken from Jamil Zainasheff's MrMarly.com, John Palmer's How To Brew, Randy Mosher's Radical Brewing, and Al Korzonas' Homebrewing Vol.1.


What do I need to know when using an HMO plan?
While reading health plan materials may not be high on your list of things to do, an hour or two spent reviewing these documents is crucial when choosing or using an HMO. You need to understand what the plan covers and what it does not cover (exclusions and limitations). Review all coverage with the specific health needs of your family in mind. Look closely at the coverage provided in these areas: chronic conditions (such as asthma or diabetes), emergency care, prescription drugs, mental health, reproductive health and maternity benefits, coverage while traveling and referrals to specialists.
As an HMO member, you are less likely to have problems if you know what your rights and responsibilities are under the plan. If you don't understand something in your plan description, call your HMO member services department and ask for an explanation. Most plans have a toll-free number, which can be found on your membership card. Before obtaining care, confirm with the HMO that all the provider(s) you would be using are covered by the plan (for example, not just the ER facility, but also any attending specialist or surgeon).


gibt es einen Unterschied in der Verwendung beider Wörter?
Wenn ich beispielsweise jemanden wörtlich zitiere oder eine Gesetzesvorlage zitiere, ist es egal, welches Wort ich verwende?
bel: ,,to quote" bedeutet zitierern; ,,to cite" bedeutet eine gerichtliche Instanz zu identifizieren.
ist "to quote" die 3. Bedeutung von "to cite".
Frank D. Taff, der vermutlich Jurist ist, kennt nur die 1. Bedeutung.
Der Eintrag im LEO-Wörterbuch kann so bleiben.
Ich war bisher immer der Ansicht, dass "to quote" eher die wörtliche Wiedergabe, "to cite" dagegen eher die sinngemäße Wiedergabe einer Aussage meint. Lag ich damit falsch?
If you repeat something someone has said it's a quote. If it's something someone has written you're citing.
Für mein Verständnis bedeutet "to quote" und "to cite" dasselbe (abgesehen von Websters Bedeutung 1 von "to quote"), wobei bei "to quote" die Nebenbedeutung "wörtliche Wiederholung" deutlicher ist und bei "to cite" die Nebenbedeutung "anführen als Beleg / Beweis / Unterstützung einer Meinung".
Was den Unterschied zwischen mündlich und schriftlich betrifft, ergibt sich das vielleicht aus dem Gebrauch, bin aber keineswegs sicher.
@Rosentod: Damit dürftest du grundsätzlich Recht haben.
"Then he said - quote .... unquote -"
"She quoted a short passage from the grammar book"
"A government spokesman was quoted as saying that ..."
"Don't quote me on that"
"The film provides, to quote the director, "a huge amount of ..."
Some theorists say that Bacon was the author. Others cite Shakespeare.
May I cite an example from training?
When you quote someone what you are doing is repeating what he/she has said or written. You use the exact words that the individual has used; when you quote, you are reproducing and not paraphrasing. Here are a few examples.
*My father loves to quote Shakespeare.
*I have a lousy memory. I find it extremely difficult to quote people.
*In tomorrow's test I expect you to quote some of the important lines from the poem.
When you are having a debate and you cite someone, you are not really reproducing what he/she has said. You are merely using what he/she has said as proof of what you are saying. In other words, you normally "cite" someone or something when you wish to support the point that you are making. You are using what these individuals have said to substantiate what you are saying. It is for this reason that when you cite, you normally cite those who are considered to be an authority on the subject.
*Anand cited the low turnout figure as evidence of voter apathy.
*The young lawyer cited several cases to support his argument.
*The Minister couldn't cite a single legislation which could support his claim.


the arrangement of the electron in the atom.
Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or Shells around the nucleus of an atom.
9. There are orbitals in the 3rd energy level.
9. There are a total of orbitals in the 3rd energy level.


Odds are your child will have to take at least one standardized test each academic year and, considering the bills in the U.S. Congress, standardized tests will become high-stakes tests. A high-stakes test is a standardized test tied to a major education decision, such as whether a student will advance to the next grade, enter a preferred program, or receive a high school diploma. High-stakes tests could also be tied to district or school funding, and teachers' and administrators' salaries.
To help children prepare adequately for tests (whether teacher-made or standardized), you can do several things to provide support and create a positive test-taking experience.
1. The best way to prepare for tests is to study, know the work, and take the right courses.
2. If your child is nervous at test time, ask the teacher for tips on helping her relax.
3. Make sure that your child is in school during the testing sessions. Do not plan any doctor or dental appointments on test dates.
4. Make sure that you are aware of your child's performance and that you can help interpret the results when they become available.
5. Remember to keep well-informed about your child's tests. Know how test results are used and how they will affect your child's placement in school.
6. If there are major differences between standardized test scores and school grades, find out why.
7. Encourage your child to study over a period of time rather than "cram" the night before.
8. Encourage your child to listen carefully to all test-taking directions given by the teacher and to ask questions about any directions that are unclear.
9. See that your child gets his/her regular amount of sleep before the tests and is well-rested.
10. Make sure that your child eats his/her usual breakfast on the day of the test. Hunger can detract from a good test performance.
11. Encourage your child to do his/her best.
1. How many machine-scored, multiple-choice tests will my child take each year?
2. Who mandates them? Are these high-stakes? If so, what is at stake?
3. Do the results have an impact on specific children, or is it the school that is being measured and rated?
4. How much time is devoted to test preparation and practice? How much money is the district spending on outside testing?
6. What are the district, the school, and individual teachers not doing because of these tests?
7. How does a particular test influence the curriculum?
8. What are academic standards for each grade?
9. What is the district's policy on high-stakes testing?
1. Don't be too anxious about a child's test scores. If you put too much emphasis on test scores, this can upset a child.
2. Do encourage children. Praise them for the things they do well. If they feel good about themselves, they will do their best. Children who are afraid of failing are more likely to become anxious when taking tests and more likely to make mistakes.
3. Don't judge a child on the basis of a single test score. Test scores are not perfect measures of what a child can do. There are many other things that might influence a test score. For example, a child can be affected by the way he or she is feeling, the setting in the classroom, or the memory of a problem at home or on the playground.
4. Talk to your child's teacher when problems arise. Ask the teacher to suggest activities for you and your child to do at home to help prepare for tests and improve your child's understanding of schoolwork. Parents and teachers do their best work together.
5. Provide a quiet, comfortable place for studying at home. Make sure that your child is well rested on school days and especially the day of a test. Children who are tired are less able to pay attention in class or to handle the demands of a test.
6. It's important for children to review test results. This is especially true when they take teacher-made tests. You and the child should read and discuss all comments written by the teacher. If there are any comments that aren't clear, the child should ask the teacher to explain.