Understanding the role of genetic divergence and recombination in adaptation is crucial to understanding the evolutionary potential of species since they can directly affect the levels of genetic variation present within populations or species. Genetic variation in the functional parts of the genome such as exons or regulatory regions is the raw material for evolution, because natural selection can only operate on phenotypic variation already present in the population. When natural selection acts on a phenotype, it usually results in reduction in the levels of genetic variation at the causal loci, and the surrounding linked loci, due to recombination dynamics (i.e. linkage); the degree to which natural selection influences the genetic differentiation in the linked regions depends on the local recombination rates.
Studies investigating the role of genetic divergence and recombination are common in model species such as Drosophila melanogaster. Only recently have genomic tools allowed us to start investigating their role in shaping genetic variation in non-model species. This thesis adds to the growing research in that domain. In this thesis, I have asked a diverse set of questions to understand the role of genetic divergence and recombination in adaptation in non-model species, with a focus on Lepidoptera.
First, how do we identify causal genetic variation causing adaptive phenotypes? This question is fundamental to evolutionary biology and addressing it requires a well-assembled genome, the generation of which is a cost, labor, and time intensive task. In paper I, I present a tool, MESPA, that stitches together exonic sequences in fragmented assemblies to produce high-quality gene models. These high-quality gene models can be used by researchers in the downstream analyses, providing genomic insights for a fraction of cost of a high quality genome.
Second, what does the pattern of recombination rate look like in chromosomes that lack centromeres (i.e.holocentric chromosomes)? In paper II, I compare the recombination landscape and the patterns of nucleotide diversity in three Lepidotera with holocentric chromosomes, Pieris napi, Bombyx mandarina, and Bombyx mori, with a monocentric species. Our results show that on average these three Lepidoptera have high rates of recombination across the vast majority of their genome. Our results also suggest that given similar effective population sizes, these species are likely to harbor more genetic diversity compared to monocentric species, which has important evolutionary consequences for these species.
Third, what is the potential for parallelism at the genetic level in convergent melanic phenotypes? In paper III, I investigated the genetic basis of the female-limited melanic phenotype in the green-veined white (Pieris napi) butterfly, and found a 20kb region, approximately 50kb from the gene cortex, associated with this trait. This gene has been implicated in melanic phenotypes in other Lepidoptera that diverged from Pieris approximately 100my, indicating very high predictability for this trait.
Finally, what is the role of cis-regulatory variation in local adaptation? In paper IV, I analyzed the relationship between allele specific expression (ASE) and genetic divergence (FST) in the F1 hybrids of Pieris napi napi and Pieris napi adalwinda. I show that intersecting results from ASE with FST is a powerful approach to identify genes involved in local adaptation.
Stockholm: Department of Zoology, Stockholm University , 2019.
Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology. Pennsylvania State University, USA.
While large-scale genomic approaches are increasingly revealing the genetic basis of polymorphic phenotypes such as colour morphs, such approaches are almost exclusively conducted in species with high-quality genomes and annotations. Here, we use Pool-Seq data for both genome assembly and SNP frequency estimation, followed by scanning for F-ST outliers to identify divergent genomic regions. Using paired-end, short-read sequencing data from two groups of individuals expressing divergent phenotypes, we generate a de novo rough-draft genome, identify SNPs and calculate genomewide F-ST differences between phenotypic groups. As genomes generated by Pool-Seq data are highly fragmented, we also present an approach for super-scaffolding contigs using existing protein-coding data sets. Using this approach, we reanalysed genomic data from two recent studies of birds and butterflies investigating colour pattern variation and replicated their core findings, demonstrating the accuracy and power of a Pool-Seq-only approach. Additionally, we discovered new regions of high divergence and new annotations that together suggest novel parallels between birds and butterflies in the origins of their colour pattern variation.


The Dark Pictures - Man of Medan is the first game in the Dark Pictures horror anthology series. Man of Medan is a cinematic horror adventure game about four young Americans and their captain taking a diving trip to the rumoured location of a wrecked World War 2 ship. Players step into the shoes of five protagonists, each of which can live or die depending on the player's decisions.
Your PC will need a graphics card thats as powerful as a GeForce GTX 1060/Radeon RX 580 8GB and it should be paired with either a FX-8370/Core i5-4670K 3.4GHz CPU to match the The Dark Pictures: Man of Medan recommended system specs. This PC setup will deliver 60 Frames Per Second on High graphics settings on 1080p monitor resolution. You should also have 4 GB system memory for min specs. Make sure your GPU can run DirectX 11 or The Dark Pictures: Man of Medan won’t run. To summarise, The Dark Pictures: Man of Medan needs around a 3 year old PC to play at recommended settings.
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Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Most of us spend our lives seeking the natural world. To this end, we walk the dog, play golf, go fishing, sit in the garden, drink outside rather than inside the pub, have a picnic, live in the suburbs, go to the seaside, buy a weekend place in the country. The most popular leisure activity in Britain is going for a walk. And when joggers (慢跑者) jog, they don’t run the streets. Every one of them instinctively heads to the park or the river. It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not.
But despite this, our children are growing up nature-deprived (丧失). I spent my boyhood climbing trees on Streatham Common, South London. These days, children are robbed of these ancient freedoms, due to problems like crime, traffic, the loss of the open spaces and odd new perceptions about what is best for children, that is to say, things that can be bought, rather than things that can be found.
The truth is to be found elsewhere. A study in the US: families had moved to better housing and the children were assessed for ADHD—attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (多动症). Those whose accommodation had more natural views showed an improvement of 19%; those who had the same improvement in material surroundings but no nice view improved just 4%.
A study in Sweden indicated that kindergarten children who could play in a natural environment had less illness and greater physical ability than children used only to a normal playground. A US study suggested that when a school gave children access to a natural environment, academic levels were raised across the entire school.
Another study found that children play differently in a natural environment. In playgrounds, children create a hierarchy (等级) based on physical abilities, with the tough ones taking the lead. But when a grassy area was planted with bushes, the children got much more into fantasy play, and the social hierarchy was now based on imagination and creativity.
Most bullying (恃强凌弱) is found in schools where there is a tarmac (柏油碎石) playground; the least bullying is in a natural area that the children are encouraged to explore. This reminds me unpleasantly of Sunnyhill School in Streatham, with its harsh tarmac, where I used to hang about in corners fantasising about wildlife.
But children are frequently discouraged from involvement with natural spaces, for health and safety reasons, for fear that they might get dirty or that they might cause damage. So, instead, the damage is done to the children themselves: not to their bodies but to their souls.
One of the great problems of modern childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensively treated with drugs. Yet one study after another indicates that contact with nature gives huge benefits to ADHD children. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.
The life of old people is measurably better when they have access to nature. The increasing emphasis for the growing population of old people is in quality rather than quantity of years. And study after study finds that a garden is the single most important thing in finding that quality.
In wider and more difficult areas of life, there is evidence to indicate that natural surroundings improve all kinds of things. Even problems with crime and aggressive behaviour are reduced when there is contact with the natural world.
Dr William Bird, researcher from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, states in his study, “A natural environment can reduce violent behaviour because its restorative process helps reduce anger and impulsive behaviour.” Wild places need encouraging for this reason, no matter how small their contribution.
We tend to look on nature conservation as some kind of favour that human beings are granting to the natural world. The error here is far too deep: not only do humans need nature for themselves, but the very idea that humanity and the natural world are separable things is profoundly damaging.
Human beings are a species of mammals (哺乳动物). For seven million years they lived on the planet as part of nature. Our ancestral selves miss the natural world and long for contact with non-human life. Anyone who has patted a dog, stroked a cat, sat under a tree with a pint of beer, given or received a bunch of flowers or chosen to walk through the park on a nice day, understands that.
We need the wild world. It is essential to our well-being, our health, our happiness. Without the wild world we are not more but less civilised. Without other living things around us we are less than human.
Walk: Break the rhythm of permanently being under a roof. Get off a stop earlier, make a circuit of the park at lunchtime, walk the child to and from school, get a dog, feel yourself moving in moving air, look, listen, absorb.
Sit: Take a moment, every now and then, to be still in an open space. In the garden, anywhere that’s not in the office, anywhere out of the house, away from the routine. Sit under a tree, look at water, feel refreshed, ever so slightly renewed.
Drink: The best way to enjoy the natural world is by yourself; the second best way is in company. Take a drink outside with a good person, a good gathering: talk with the sun and the wind with birdsong for background.
Learn: Expand your boundaries. Learn five species of bird, five butterflies, five trees, five bird songs. That way, you see and hear more: and your mind responds gratefully to the greater amount of wildness in your life.
Travel: The places you always wanted to visit: by the seaside, in the country, in the hills. Take a weekend break, a day-trip, get out there and do it: for the scenery, for the way through the woods, for the birds, for the bees. Go somewhere special and bring specialness home. It lasts forever, after all.
1. What is the author’s profound belief?
［A］ People instinctively seek nature in different ways.
［B］ People should spend most of their lives in the wild.
［C］ People have quite different perceptions of nature.
［D］ People must make more efforts to study nature.
2. What does the author say people prefer for their children nowadays?
［B］ Things that are natural.
［D］ Things that are purchased.
3. What does a study in Sweden show?
［A］ The natural environment can help children learn better.
［B］ More access to nature makes children less likely to fall ill.
［C］ A good playground helps kids develop their physical abilities.
［D］ Natural views can prevent children from developing ADHD.
4. Children who have chances to explore natural areas ________.
5. What does the author suggest we do to help children with ADHD?
［A］ Find more effective drugs for them.
［B］ Provide more green spaces for them.
［C］ Place them under more personal care.
［D］ Engage them in more meaningful activities.
6. In what way do elderly people benefit from their contact with nature?
［A］ They look on life optimistically. ［C］ They are able to live longer.
［B］ They enjoy a life of better quality. ［D］ They become good-humoured.
7. Dr William Bird suggests in his study that ________.
10. The five suggestions the author gives at the end of the passage are meant to encourage people to seek _________________ with the natural world.
11. ［A］ The man should visit the museums. ［C］ The beach resort is a good choice.
［B］ She can’t stand the hot weather. ［D］ She enjoys staying in Washington.
12. ［A］ Her new responsibilities in the company.
［B］ What her job prospects are.
［C］ What the customers’ feedback is.
13. ［A］ Combine her training with dieting.
［B］ Repeat the training every three days.
［C］ Avoid excessive physical training.
［D］ Include weightlifting in the program.
14. ［A］ When she will return home.
［B］ Whether she can go by herself.
［C］ Whether she can travel by air.
［D］ When she will completely recover.
15. ［A］ The woman knows how to deal with the police.
［B］ The woman had been fined many times before.
［C］ The woman had violated traffic regulations.
［D］ The woman is good at finding excuses.
16. ［A］ Switch off the refrigerator for a while.
［B］ Have someone repair the refrigerator.
［C］ Ask the man to fix the refrigerator.
［D］ Buy a refrigerator of better quality.
17. ［A］ He owns a piece of land in the downtown area.
［B］ He has got enough money to buy a house.
［C］ He can finally do what he has dreamed of.
［D］ He is moving into a bigger apartment.
18. ［A］ She is black and blue all over.
［B］ She has to go to see a doctor.
［C］ She stayed away from work for a few days.
［D］ She got hurt in an accident yesterday.
19. ［A］ She was a bank manager.
［B］ She was a victim of the robbery.
［C］ She was a defence lawyer.
［D］ She was a witness to the crime.
20. ［A］ A tall man with dark hair and a moustache.
［B］ A youth with a distinguishing mark on his face.
［C］ A thirty-year-old guy wearing a light sweater.
［D］ A medium-sized young man carrying a gun.
21. ［A］ Identify the suspect from pictures. ［B］Go upstairs to sign some document.
［C］ Have her photo taken for their files.［D］ Verify the record of what she had said.
22. ［A］ By reading a newspaper ad. ［C］ By listening to the morning news.
［B］ By seeing a commercial on TV. ［D］ By calling an employment service.
23. ［A］ She could improve her foreign languages.
［B］ She could work close to her family.
［C］ She could travel overseas frequently.
［D］ She could use her previous experiences.
24. ［A］ Taking management courses.［C］ Working as a secretary.
［B］ Teaching English at a university. ［D］ Studying for a degree in French.
25. ［A］ Prepare for an interview in a couple of days.
［B］ Read the advertisement again for more details.


Q: Which Thanksgiving beverage is sad?
47. Which Thanksgiving beverage is sad?
22. Which Thanksgiving beverage is sad?
Which THANKSGIVING beverage is sad? Apple sigh der!
Sarah said the saddest Thanksgiving beverage is apple SIGH-der.


Anyone wishing to travel to the USA for a tourist or business trip must complete the administrative formalities for the issue of the ESTA. This document is an electronic certificate of authorization to stay in the United States exempting you from visa.
You must therefore take steps to obtain it within 72 hours before your departure, whether by sea or air. To know more about the ESTA, read the following article: What is ESTA?. When you board the ship, you will be required to present it.
Why do I need to complete the formalities to get this document?
In the Visa Waiver Program countries, ESTA has been put in place to control entry into the United States while easing the burden on authorities through a simplified inspection system.
You will need to complete a questionnaire to obtain your travel authorization. This document can only be filled out online on the official website or on dedicated partner sites.
Once your questionnaire has been sent, your request will be processed by the administration provided that you have paid the administrative fees between 10 euros and 80 euros. You will get an answer by e-mail within a very variable time from 20 minutes to 72 hours. In any case, if you are not in possession of the ESTA, you will not be able to board. You will be able to follow the progress of your application by indicating your status.
Once the formalities have been completed, am I sure I will get my document?
Your status will tell you where your file is. Until you have "accepted" status, you cannot access your ESTA. If you are in "refused" status, you will not be able to leave for the United States. On the other hand, "pending" status simply indicates that the authorities are considering your application. You only have to wait for their final decision, which will be notified to you by email.
If you have already had an ESTA document, this does not mean that the renewal will be done automatically. You must re-apply when your title has expired and pay the fee again. As for the first time, the same conditions apply to obtain a valid passport, a stay of less than 90 days and never having been expelled from the United States, or having a criminal record with them.
There are great differences between VISA and ESTA. While ESTA is issued for leisure or business trip of up to 90 days, the visa is available in a multitude of possibilities depending on the purpose of your trip and its intended duration. So, you need to know what document the U. S. authorities are asking for.
As much as the visa requires an appointment at the American embassy, ESTA does not require a visit to this place. To find out where you should go to apply for your ESTA, you must follow the steps to set up your file.
Your ESTA may be refused by the American authorities. In case your ESTA is refused, you have other possibilities to go to the USA as you planned.
When you follow the progress of your case, you can see three statuses as you process your application. You will have the status accepted, rejected or pending ESTA. For this last report, you need to know what exactly this means.
At the end of the validity period, you must ask for an ESTA renewal. To do this, you must know the procedures to be carried out with the American authorities.
To obtain your ESTA, you will have to answer a questionnaire. Your answers will be studied to find out if you meet the conditions for obtaining the ESTA to stay on American soil.
You might also want to read about hte hypothetical ESTA coming in Europe.


This recipe was given to me by a friend of mine from the Fiji Islands when I was based in Tema, the Port of Ghana, West Africa. This is a vegetarian dish full of iron.
- 200 gms of lentils.
- 2 large onions, finely chopped.
- 2 green chilis finely chopped.
- 1/2 tsp. ground cumin.
- 1 Tbsp. curry ready curry mix.
- 1/4 - 1/2 tsp. turmeric powder.
- 2 Tbsp. any kind of cooking oil.
- 2 tsp. ground coriander.
- 1 inch worth of fresh ginger grated.
- Add lentils to a sauce pan and cover with water. Add turmeric. Bring to a boil and lower heat to simmer, till lentils are tender.
- Separately fry the onions, the crushed ginger, garlic, chillies, quartered tomatoes, curry mix and rest of spices.
- Stir in lentils, cook for 5 minutes more.
- Add juice of one lemon. Stir.


Equations express relationships between variables and constants. The solutions to two-variable equations consist of two values, known as ordered pairs, and written as (a, b) where "a" and "b" are real-number constants. An equation can have an infinite number of ordered pairs that make the original equation true. Ordered pairs are useful for plotting the graph of an equation.
Rewrite the equation in terms of one of the variables. Note that terms change signs when they move from one side of an equation to another. For example, rewrite y - x^2 + 2x = 5 as y = x^2 - 2x + 5.
Construct a two-column table, also known as a T-table, for the ordered pairs. Label the columns "x" and "y" for the two variables. Write positive and negative values for "x" and solve for the corresponding values of "y." In the example, use values of -1, 0 and 1 for “x” to start the table. The corresponding y-values are y = (-1)^2 - 2(-1) + 5 = 8, y = 0 - 0 + 5 = 5 and y = (1)^2 - 2(1) + 5 = 4. So the first three ordered pair solutions are (-1, 8), (0, 5) and (1, 4). You can plot these first few points to get a preliminary idea of the shape of the curve.
Find the ordered pair for a system of equations. A simple way to solve a two-equation system is to try to eliminate one of the variable terms, add the two equations and then solve for both variables. For example, if you have two equations, 2x + 3y = 5 and x - y = 5, multiply the second equation by -2 to get -2x + 2y = -10. Now, add the two equations to get 2x + 3y - 2x + 2y = 5 – 10, which simplifies to 5y = -5, or y = -1. Substitute the “y” value into either one of the original equations to solve for “x.” So x - (-1) = 5, which simplifies to x + 1 = 5, or x = 4. So the ordered pair that makes both equations true is (4, -1). Note that not all equation systems may have solutions.
Verify if an ordered pair satisfies an equation. Substitute either the x- or the y-value from the ordered pair and see if the equation is satisfied. In the example, examine whether the ordered pair (2, 1) make the equation y = x^2 - 2x + 5 true. Substituting x = 2 into the equation, you get y = (2)^2 - 2(2) + 5 = 4 - 4 + 5. So the ordered pair (2, 1) is not a solution of the equation. For a system of equations, substitute the ordered pair in each equation to see if they are made true.
Basu, Chirantan. "How to Find an Ordered Pair From an Equation." Sciencing, https://sciencing.com/ordered-pair-equation-8103041.html. 24 April 2017.


How Do Ion Channels Really Work, Fundamentals of Biological Electrical Activity, the Bits of the Brain?
Ion channels mediate all forms of biological electrical activity. I developed a new analysis method called covariance fitting(CVF). Unlike conventional methods, CVF does not involve surrogate parameters, but creates a direct link between recorded ion channel data and the properties of the actual channels. It is a form of maximum likelihood fitting, the most powerful method of extracting information from data. Support will allow me to apply this method to data that has already been collected.
Understanding any biological entity involves 2 questions. What it is and what it does, the structure-function relationship. Structurally, a protein is a linear sequence of amino acids that folds into a 3D object. The function of a complex protein comes from its ability to adopt different conformational states, much the same way a dancer might adopt different foot or arm positions.
Ion channel research typically involves recording the flow of ions through small patches of membrane, generating surrogate parameters and using those parameters to make guesses about the conformational states. Covariance fitting (CVF), the method to be used here, allows a direct connection between the data and the conformational states of the channel.
A thermodynamic model is a description of the energy levels of different the conformational states a protein can adopt. It is a bridge between structure and function. Just as the choreography determines what positions a dancer will might adopt during a dance, the respective energy levels determine what conformational states a protein will adopt in response to a changing environment. CVF provides a direct link between experimental data and the energy states of an ion channel. This will opening the door to descriptions of ion channel function never seen before. It will be possible to describe in a more precise way how function is affected both by extrinsic chemical agents such as drugs, as well as intrinsic changes in the amino acid composition.
My current focus is on an ion channel found primarily in the CNS (ASIC1a) that responds to changes in pH. It is implicated in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. Calcium has a dramatic effect on ASIC1a function. My collaborators have recorded data on ASIC1a function at a physiological calcium concentration as well as at both high and low calcium. I am close to publishing a thermodynamic model of ASIC1a at physiological calcium. The next step will be to apply CVF to the data recorded at high and low calcium. This will allow a precise description of how calcium affects ASIC1a function in terms of changes in the energy levels of the different states. It will also serve to demonstrate the power of the CVF method.
In order to maintain my academic position, I am required to be on salary. The funds requested here will satisfy that for at least 6 months. The data I am analyzing has already been collected. The computers I will need have already been purchased.
Jim Celentano’s work on the analysis of data about nerve cells both advances the mathematical methods and promises immediate benefit from interpretation of existing data. At this moment, like many scientists, he requires funding to keep work in progress moving along. I strongly endorse this work and urge you to contribute. Dr. Celentano's research is investigating new mathematical methods called covariance fitting(CVF). which allows a direct connection between the data and the conformational states of the channel.
I started as an MD-PhD candidate at SUNY Downstate in 1981, graduated with an MD in 1989, did an internship from 1989-1990 and completed my PhD in 1991. My thesis work was on modulation of the GABA receptor. I remain fascinated by the process by which small compounds like drugs affect larger entities like ion channels. How does something the size of a marble affect something the size of a basketball? It has become clear to me that the only way to understand this process is on a thermodynamic level.
I completed a residency in emergency medicine in 1997 and returned to Downstate to take a voluntary position as a Research Assistant Professor. Since then I have been practicing Emergency medicine on a part-time basis allowing me to devote more time to research. I was awarded an RO3 from NIH in 2000 to study modulator interaction at the GABA receptor. The first thing I set out to do was test the conventional method of data analysis (still widely used). I found it to be hopelessly flawed. None of the experts in the ion channel field could explain the problem until I met Dr. Alan Hawkes who knew exactly what was wrong and gave me the formula that forms the basis of CVF. Since then my only goal has been to validate the method and apply it to as many ion channels as possible.
By 2006 I had published the paper describing the CVF method, but was unable to get funding despite 7 NIH applications, 3 NSF applications and various appeals to private sources. Nearly bankrupt, I began a collaboration with a lab in Shanghai which is still ongoing. They are interested in acid sensing ion channels and a post-doc collected the data sets described above. Unfortunately ASIC1a is much more complicated than expected. The paper I am preparing describes a model with 32 distinct states. Throughout this process I have remained committed to doing this and doing it right.
The original description of the CVF method is described in Celentano and Hawkes, Biophysical Journal 2004 v87 pp276-294. The method has advanced greatly since then, unfortunately it has thus far been impossible to obtain support. The choice of ASIC1a as a model system also turned out to be unfortunate as it is a very complex channel. That said, once the first paper is published, I am confident it will definitively demonstrate the power of this method.
Thanks to Ruthie Stephens for narrating the video.


Is China aiding Timor-Leste, or vice versa?
Yesterday, the Macauhub news service published East Timor signs agreements with China for aid and to boost cooperation.The article begins "The government of East Timor Friday in Dili signed two agreements with China for Chinese aid to Eat Timor’s development ..." and ends "In 2010 trade between China and East Timor totalled US$43.08 million, which was a year on year rise of 80 percent."
"Eat Timor" in the first sentence may be appropriate. The last sentence is more misleading.
Virtually the entire $43.08 million is partial payment for the ill-fated national electricity project that the government of Timor-Leste is buying from China Nuclear Industry 22nd Construction Company (CNI22).
According to the budget execution report, Timor-Leste spent $89,995,951 on the national electricity project during 2010. Of this, $40 million went to PT Puri Akraya Engineering (PAE, the Indonesian company to which the power stations were reassigned from CNI22 last September) on 30 December, and about $2 million went to ELC/Bonifica, the Italian joint venture which is supervising the construction. The remainder, minus a few thousand dollars in administrative costs, would have been paid to CNI22.
According to ELC/Bonifica, RDTL's payments to CNI22 during 2010 totalled $45.01 million.
If the Macauhub article is correct, there is no trade between Timor-Leste and China other than our Government's purchase of the electricity system from a Chinese company.
Importansia atu estabelese padraun prevensaun ne’ebe maka’as.
Definisaun statutu Funsionariu Publiku la klaru.
Kodigu Penal tenke koresponde ba Lei Anti Korupsaun.
Lei bele foka liu ba korupsaun nivel altu duke korupsaun nivel kiik.
La limita masimu pena multa nian ka aumenta ba $100,000,000.
Estadu iha direitu atu prende eransa koruptor.
Atu hetan informasaun tan, bele liga ba iha ne'e.
Iha 25 Maiu, Konseilu Ministru Timor-Leste nian aprova Dekretu-Lei atu kria Kompania Mina-rai Nasional ho naran Timor GAP, EP (hodi troka naran PETRONATIL). Prezidente Jose Ramos-Horta tenke deside atu promulga ka veta ba Dekretu-Lei ne’e.
Iha nasaun seluk, kompania mina-rai estadu nian ne’e dala barak akompanha ho pratika anti-demokrasia no illegal, korupsaun, estragus ambiental no konsekuensia negative seluk-seluk. La’o Hamutuk fiar katak kria kompania mina-rai nasional sei fo impaktu ba futuru Timor-Leste no tenke halo ho kuidadu, no tuir maneira Konstitusional.
Kompania Mina-rai Nasional ne’e perigozu, no ita tenke aprende husi falansu no susesu husi rai seluk.
Kompania Mina-rai Nasional tenke estabelese husi lei Parlamentu, laos dekretu lei Governu nian.
Kompania Mina-rai Nasional tenke serve povo Timor-Leste.
Kompania Mina-rai Nasional tenke tuir regulamentu ba ajensia estadu nian.
Kompania Mina-rai Nasional presiza atu transparante no akuntavel.
Kompania Mina-rai Nasional tenke dezeinha atu prevene korupsaun.
Kompania Mina-rai Nasional labele hetan poder ne’ebe maka’as liu fali saida mak nia hakarak.
Kompania Mina-rai Nasional nia lukru tenke ba liu Fundu Petroleu, laos investe deit iha kompania.
Kompania Mina-rai Nasional labele hetan poder atu halo impresta ka fan asoens (bonds)/obligasi.
Tuir ligasaun ida ne’e atu hetan informasaun no analiza tan kona-ba asuntu ne’e.
On 25 May, Timor-Leste's Council of Ministers approved a Decree-Law to create a national oil company (NOC) named Timor GAP, EP (the name has been changed from PETRONATIL). President Jose Ramos-Horta is deciding whether to promulgate or veto this Decree-Law.
In other countries, state-owned oil companies are often accompanied by anti-democratic or illegal practices, corruption, environmental destruction and other negative consequences. La'o Hamutuk believes that creating an NOC will impact on the future of Timor-Leste and must be done in a careful, Constitutional manner.
National oil companies are dangerous, and we should learn from failures as well as successes.
The NOC should be established by Parliamentary law, not decree-law.
The NOC should serve the people of Timor-Leste.
This Decree-Law must be written clearly.
The NOC should follow the rules for state agencies.
The NOC needs to be transparent and accountable.
The NOC should be designed to prevent corruption.
The NOC should not be given more power than it needs.
The NOC’s profits must be paid into the Petroleum Fund, not reinvested in the company.
The NOC should not be empowered to borrow or issue bonds.
Follow this link for more information and analysis about this issue.
In April 2011, the Australian auditor Deloitte Touche Tomatsu presented a report on EDTL to the Prime Minister, who delivered it to Parliament on 27 May. Deloitte did not perform a financial audit, but reviewed a number of administrative and technical aspects of the current and future electricity supply in Timor-Leste and made about 50 recommendations.
The report covers EDTL’s activities from 2009 through September 2010, and discusses the agency’s administrative, financial, procurement, fuel, governance and maintenance problems, as well as how it interacts with the Ministry of Infrastructure, Pakote Referendum contractors and management contractor Manitoba Hydro.
Deloitte also reveals quite a bit about the heavy oil power plants and national electricity grid currently being built by Puri Akraya Engineering, Wartsila and Chinese Nuclear Industry No 22.
La'o Hamutuk has just published Cowboys, Ogres and Donors: A Decade of Corporate Social Responsibility in Practice by Mandy White, who represented Woodside in Timor-Leste in 2007-2008. The paper sharply criticizes Woodside's "ogres at the helm" and "sycophantic senior staff" for taking a Public Relations approach to Social Responsibility, "not making even tokenistic efforts" to develop Timor-Leste. Whyte describes the company's "blundering arrogance" in the negotiations over the Greater Sunrise oil and gas fields: "Woodside steadfastly refused to regard the Timor-Leste Government as a partner in the development of the Sunrise fields, seemingly characterising them not only as a 'thorn in the side,' but also as devious and untrustworthy. ... [D]riving forward to a final investment decision without the Timor-Leste Government demonstrates an arrogant lack of regard for the relationship."
Follow this link for information about the debate over Greater Sunrise.


Quantifiers are words that are used to state quantity or amount of something without stating the actually number.
Quantifiers answer the questions "How many?" and "How much?"
Quantifiers can be used with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
Quantifiers must agree with the noun. There are 3 main types of quantifiers. Quantifiers that are used with countable nouns, quantifiers that are used with uncountable nouns. and the 3rd type are quantifiers that are used with either countable nouns or uncountable nouns.
We know few people in the area. I would like to get to know more.
We know a few people in the area. I know enough people to keep me happy.
I know little English. I am going to have a problem getting around England.
I know a little English, at least enough to get England.
** a few/a little - means that there are not a lot of something, but there is enough.
There are a few apples. There are enough apples.
I know a little English. I know enough English to manage.
*few/little - means that is not enough of something.
There are few people. There are not enough people at the meeting. We can't hold a meeting, because there are not enough people.
There is little money. We can't buy a lot of expensive food.
If things for the holiday. I don't have enough money, then we will stay home and have a great time.
They know little English. They can't get around very well. They don't know enough English to manage.


10 µm x 10 µm non-magnetic scanner with 5 µm vertical range.
125 µm x 125 µm non-magnetic scanner with 5 µm vertical range.
The maximum sample size is 15 mm diameter.


FILE- In this Aug. 6, 2015, file photo, FaceBook elections signs stand in the media area in Cleveland, Thursday, before the first Republican presidential debate. Facebooks two top executives, CEO Mark Zuckerberg and COO Sheryl Sandberg, have been radio silent since news broke on Sunday, March 18, 2018, that data firm Cambridge Analytica used data, including user likes, inappropriately obtained from roughly 50 million Facebook users to try to sway elections.
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg will make his first appearance before Congress on Tuesday to answer questions following revelations that personal information from more than 87 million Facebook users may have been shared without their permission by political targeting firm Cambridge Analytica. He will be the sole witness at a joint hearing of the Senate Commerce and Judiciary committees. Over the weekend, Facebook suspended two more data firms with ties to Cambridge Analytica. Can Facebook fix itself? At least one of the senators on the committee has doubts. This is what Zuckerberg plans to say.
The national champion University of Alabama football team will be guests of President Trump in a White House ceremony Tuesday. The Crimson Tide defeated SEC rival Georgia 26-23 in overtime in college football's title game Jan. 8 in Atlanta, giving coach Nick Saban his record-tying sixth national championship. A petition with at least 72,000 signatures before the game urged Saban and the team to skip the traditional White House visit. The Golden State Warriors (NBA) and the North Carolina Tar Heels (NCAAB) skipped their celebratory visits last year. But Alabama appears to follow the lead of the Pittsburgh Penguins (NHL), New England Patriots (NFL) and the Houston Astros (MLB), championship teams which accepted invitations from Trump.
Alabama coach Nick Saban, flanked by Gary Darnell of the AFCA and Heath Tilley of Amway, hoists the crystal football from the Amway Coaches Trophy during a celebration of the Tide's national championship Saturday in Tuscaloosa, Ala.
The Amway Coaches Trophy, signifying the national champion.
Linebacker Shaun Dion Hamilton (20), with QB Jalen Hurts (2) beside him, hoists the College Football Playoff Trophy.
College Football Playoff Executive Director Bill Hancock addresses the crowd.
And so does the Million Dollar band.
Defensive lineman Da'Shawn Hand (9), defensive back Ronnie Harrison (15) and defensive lineman Raekwon Davis (99) pose outside Bryant-Denny Stadium.
Fraternity members, across the street from Bryant-Denny Stadium, take in the parade.
The Alabama Crimson Tide football team celebrates the championship.
A fan has collected the hats of each of Alabama's victims from the championship season.
This sign puts it succinctly.
A parting shot at Alabama's title game victim, Georgia.
The foam finger tells the story.
Coach Nick Saban and his wife, Terry.
Tuesday marks how far into the new year women must work in order to earn the same pay as men did last year. Supporters are expected to commemorate Equal Pay Day, aimed at discussing the impact of gaps in gender pay, with the hashtag #EqualPayDay. According to the American Association of University Women, women working full time in the U.S. earn 80% of what men are paid. The non-profit group also projects if changes continue at their current rates, women won't reach pay parity with men until 2119.
The Department of Housing and Urban Development will award $28 billion in disaster relief aid on Tuesday — the agency's largest single disaster relief grant in history — including $18.4 billion for Puerto Rico in the wake of protests over the pace of disaster relief on the hurricane-ravaged island. The remaining money, a little less than $10 billion, will go to nine states, five city and county governments, and the U.S. Virgin Islands to help repair homes businesses and infrastructure damaged by hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, HUD Secretary Ben Carson said. President Trump signed a bill Feb. 9 authorizing the funding.
And the news is startling. Fourth-graders made no improvements in math or reading, while eighth-graders’ scores were flat in math and only slightly improved in reading, a new study released Tuesday finds. Overall, only roughly a third of American eighth-graders are proficient in reading and math along with about 40% of fourth-graders, according to the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The results, the first since the test was changed from paper to tablet computers, show that racial disparities persist at both grade levels. “There is still much work to be done to close achievement gaps and ensure that our young people are ready for success in college, careers and life,” said Carissa Miller, executive director of the Council of Chief State School Officers.


There are two ways to do this problem.
Method 1: Use the power rule to turn into , the derivative of which is .
Method 2: Use the chain rule.
Either way, the answer is .
This problem requires us to use the chain rule twice.
First, take the derivative of .
Now substitute for and multiply by the derivative of .
Given , calculate the slope of the tangent line when .
For the equation, , find .
Finding for an equation of this complexity requires implicit differentiation.
We need to take the derivative of both sides with respect to x.
For , we will apply the product rule and chain rule.
The product rule is as follows: , where f and g are the two factors of the expression. In this case, and will be and respectively. When we find , we will use the chain rule. This is because the inside of the contains variables other than x. Recall that the derivative of with respect to is .
Observe that which is just 1.
Now we will find the derivative of the next term, . This will also require product rule and chain rule. For this product rule, and will be and respectively.
will be the derivative of with respect to , which is .
will require the chain rule. The derivative of is , and the derivative of with respect to is .
For the right hand side of the equation, the derivative of is still .
The next step in implicit differentiation is solving for . To do this we move all terms that have no factor to one side, and all terms with a factor to the other side.
In this case, we already have all terms on the left, so we will move the non- terms to the right side.
Now we can pull the common factor of out of the left side. We will then divide by what is remaining.
This is the final answer. It cannot be simplified.
Let . Find the derivative, .
The shortest and simplest way to find the derivative of this function is to use the Chain Rule. The Chain Rule definition is . This is somewhat difficult to read and work with at first. Putting it in words helps though. What this definition states is that the derivative of "layered functions" is the derivative of the outer function times the derivative of the inner function. When I say "layered functions", I mean functions inside other functions. In this problem, we have the function, , inside of a cubic function , , where is holding the place of the inner function. The outer function is the cubic, while the inner function is the .
We will need to find the derivative of the inner function, , but first we will write the expression using the actual inner function.
To find , we will take the derivative of the two terms inside separately.
The derivative of is another Chain Rule. We take the derivative of outer function, , to get of the same inner function. Then we multiply it by the derivative of the inner function. The derivative of is .
According to the chain rule .


If you purchased your computer with Windows 95 installed on it, or bought the full version of Windows 95, you already have the Internet Setup Wizard. However, if you purchased the "upgrade" version of Windows95, you don't have the Setup Wizard.
If you have never used your Internet icon before just double click it and it will bring up the wizard and skip to step 3...otherwise do step 2.
Click on the "start" button, followed by: programs, accessories, internet tools, and Internet Setup Wizard... it may also be called "get online" or something similar. This starts up the wizard, and brings you to the "Welcome" screen. Click on "next". If it asks whether or not you want to use an 'automatic' or 'manual' setup, pick 'manual'.
The "How To Connect" screen. Click on "connect using phone line". Click on "next". The second "How To Connect" screen should appear. Make sure that the "I already have an account with another service provider" box is checked. Click on "next".
The "Service Provider" screen. Type in a name for your connection, such as "Southern Maryland Internet". Click on "next".
The "Phone Number" screen. Type in the area code and number that is local for your location to connect to Southern Maryland Internet. It is your responsibility to make certain that the phone call is local from your area. The list of modem lines to choose from is located online and in your Welcome Packet. DO NOT Click on the "Bring up term window after dialing box". Click on "next".
The "User Name And Password" screen. Type in your PPP login username (all lower case) and password (case-sensitive). You must append "@chesapeake.net" after the ppp login name listed on your account setup information sheet. - Click on "next".
The "IP Address" screen. Make sure that the "My Internet Service Provider provides me one" is checked. Click on "next".
The "DNS Server" Screen. Make sure that the "My Internet Service Provider provides me one" is checked. Click on "next".
The "Internet Mail" Screen. Check the "Use Internet Mail Settings" box. Type your email address (username@chesapeake.net) in the "your e-mail address" box. Type mail.chesapeake.net in the "internet mail server" box. Click on "next".
The "Exchange Profile" screen. Unless your computer is connected to a local area network, click on "next".
The "Finished" screen. Click on "next".
Click on the "Dial Up Networking" icon in the "My Computer" Window.
Click on the dial up icon with the name you chose in step 3 above. This will bring up the dialing box. Make sure your username and password appear in the dialing box. Click on the "connect" button.
The modem should dial Southern Maryland Internet and connect. After a moment, if you have correctly typed your username and password, you should see a small window pop up in the center of your screen saying "verifying username and password". A moment later, it will say "connected at (speed)", and start a timer showing how long you've been connected.
You should now be able to use all of your internet software, such as Netscape, Eudora, FTP Telnet, Microsoft Explorer, etc.
Click on the "disconnect" button when you want Windows 95 to drop its connection to Southern Maryland Internet.


Brand integration is a subject that many business owners talk about, but few feel they really control. This is because it is a rather abstract idea. However, you can gauge your brand integration by asking yourself the following five questions.
1. Do I have a professionally designed logo and brand? The first step to brand integration is having a brand that is strong enough to be the basis of your business. You will need to have not just a professional logo design — although this is very important — but values, a personality, and even a promise. These ideas will form the basis of your brand integration.
2. Do my products and services fall within the scope of my brand? If your brand promises a certain type of goods, do not offer anything that is not overtly and obviously not in line with this. Doing so weakens your brand by implying that your brand promise is at least a little disingenuous.
While some items seem fun or like they would be an ‘easy sell’, they will hurt your business over the long run if they end up undermining your viability but damaging your brand image.
3. Do my physical locations and materials match my brand? This is not just about fonts and color schemes, either. Your displays, stationary, and even your shopping bags need to be recognizable parts of your brand. This will make your business feel more professional and also help customers take the crucial first step of associating your brand with your actual brick and mortar location.
4. Does employee behavior reflect my brand? You must interact with everyone you meet in a way that is integrated with your brand identity. Dress and appearance suddenly become very important because they are communicating the details that set you apart from the competition.
If you haven’t already, it is time to begin implementing employee policies about how phones should be answered as well as how and when customers should be interacted with. This may seem like micromanaging, but it is in actuality an essential part of creating a consistent brand experience that is identifiable with your overall brand.
Retail giants such as Macy’s train employees to wear certain clothing and use certain phrases in their customer interactions; your company must have similar training in order to get the same brand integration.
5. Does my customer experience match my brand promise? This is the last and often most important part of brand integration. Your brand promise gives customers an idea of what to expect when interacting with your company.
Because your customer usually is initiating contact with your company based on this promise, breaking it will only disappoint and annoy them. Make sure your customers entire experience with your company is congruent with your brand promise, and you will have achieved complete brand integration.
Do these questions seem difficult to answer? If so, your brand likely needs more fine tuning. If you find yourself answering no to any of these questions, it is time to talk to a branding consultant about how you can improve your brand integration. If you can not afford to hire a professional brand strategist to help you, you can get on the path by implementing the Brand Immersion Marketing methodology.


Is it ever lawful to confess to another than a priest?
Outside a case of necessity, can one who is not a priest hear the confession of venial sins?
Is it necessary for a man to confess to his own priest?
Is it lawful for anyone to confess to another than his own priest, in virtue of a privilege or of the command of a superior?
Can a penitent, in danger of death, be absolved by any priest?
Should the temporal punishment be enjoined in proportion to the sin?
Article 1. Whether it is necessary to confess to a priest?
Objection 1. It would seem that it is not necessary to confess to a priest. For we are not bound to confession, except in virtue of its Divine institution. Now its Divine institution is made known to us (James 5:16): "Confess your sins, one to another," where there is no mention of a priest. Therefore it is not necessary to confess to a priest.
Reply to Objection 4. It may be necessary for two reasons to know the sheep by sight. First, in order to register them as members of Christ's flock, and to know the sheep by sight thus belongs to the pastoral charge and care, which is sometimes the duty of those who are not priests. Secondly, that they may be provided with suitable remedies for their health; and to know the sheep by sight thus belongs to the man, i.e. the priest, whose business it is to provide remedies conducive to health, such as the sacrament of the Eucharist, and other like things. It is to this knowledge of the sheep that confession is ordained.
Article 2. Whether it is ever lawful to confess to another than a priest?
Objection 1. It would seem that it is never lawful to confess to another than a priest. For confession is a sacramental accusation, as appears from the definition given above (Supplement:7:1). But the dispensing of a sacrament belongs to none but the minister of a sacrament. Since then the proper minister of Penance is a priest, it seems that confession should be made to no one else.
Objection 2. Further, in every court of justice confession is ordained to the sentence. Now in a disputed case the sentence is void if pronounced by another than the proper judge; so that confession should be made to none but a judge. But, in the court of conscience, the judge is none but a priest, who has the power of binding and loosing. Therefore confession should be made to no one else.
Objection 3. Further, in the case of Baptism, since anyone can baptize, if a layman has baptized, even without necessity, the Baptism should not be repeated by a priest. But if anyone confess to a layman in a case of necessity, he is bound to repeat his confession to a priest, when the cause for urgency has passed. Therefore confession should not be made to a layman in a case of necessity.
Reply to Objection 2. Although a layman is not the judge of the person who confesses to him, yet, on account of the urgency, he does take the place of a judge over him, absolutely speaking, in so far as the penitent submits to him, through lack of a priest.
Reply to Objection 3. By means of the sacraments man must needs be reconciled not only to God, but also to the Church. Now he cannot be reconciled to the Church, unless the hallowing of the Church reach him. In Baptism the hallowing of the Church reaches a man through the element itself applied externally, which is sanctified by "the word of life" (Ephesians 5:26), by whomsoever it is conferred: and so when once a man has been baptized, no matter by whom, he must not be baptized again. On the other hand, in Penance the hallowing of the Church reaches man by the minister alone, because in that sacrament there is no bodily element applied externally, through the hallowing of which grace may be conferred. Consequently although the man who, in a case of necessity, has confessed to a layman, has received forgiveness from God, for the reason that he fulfilled, so far as he could, the purpose which he conceived in accordance with God's command, he is not yet reconciled to the Church, so as to be admitted to the sacraments, unless he first be absolved by a priest, even as he who has received the Baptism of desire, is not admitted to the Eucharist. Wherefore he must confess again to a priest, as soon as there is one at hand, and the more so since, as stated above (Reply to Objection 1), the sacrament of Penance was not perfected, and so it needs yet to be perfected, in order that by receiving the sacrament, the penitent may receive a more plentiful effect, and that he may fulfill the commandment about receiving the sacrament of Penance.
Article 3. Whether, outside a case of necessity, anyone who is not a priest may hear the confession of venial sins?
Objection 1. It would seem that, outside a case of necessity, no one but a priest may hear the confession of venial sins. For the dispensation of a sacrament is committed to a layman by reason of necessity. But the confession of venial sins is not necessary. Therefore it is not committed to a layman.
Objection 2. Further, Extreme Unction is ordained against venial sin, just as Penance is. But the former may not be given by a layman, as appears from James 5:14. Therefore neither can the confession of venial sins be made to a layman.
I answer that, By venial sin man is separated neither from God nor from the sacraments of the Church: wherefore he does not need to receive any further grace for the forgiveness of such a sin, nor does he need to be reconciled to the Church. Consequently a man does not need to confess his venial sins to a priest. And since confession made to a layman is a sacramental, although it is not a perfect sacrament, and since it proceeds from charity, it has a natural aptitude to remit sins, just as the beating of one's breast, or the sprinkling of holy water (cf. III:87:3).
Reply to Objection 2. Extreme Unction is not given directly as a remedy for venial sin, nor is any other sacrament.
Article 4. Whether it is necessary for one to confess to one's own priest?
Objection 1. It would seem that it is nol necessary to confess to one's own priest. For Gregory [Cf. Can. Ex auctoritate xvi, 1 says: "By our apostolic authority and in discharge of our solicitude we have decreed that priests, who as monks imitate the example of the apostles, may preach, baptize, give communion, pray for sinners, impose penances, and absolve from sins." Now monks are not the proper priests of anyone, since they have not the care of souls. Since, therefore confession is made for the sake of absolution it suffices for it to be made to any priest.
Objection 2. Further, the minister of this sacrament is a priest, as also of the Eucharist. But any priest can perform the Eucharist. Therefore any priest can administer the sacrament of Penance. Therefore there is no need to confess to one's own priest.
Objection 3. Further, when we are bound to one thing in particular it is not left to our choice. But the choice of a discreet priest is left to us as appears from the authority of Augustine quoted in the text (Sent. ix, D, 17): for he says in De vera et falsa Poenitentia [Work of an unknown author]: "He who wishes to confess his sins, in order to find grace, must seek a priest who knows how to loose and to bind." Therefore it seems unnecessary to confess to one's own priest.
Objection 4. Further, there are some, such as prelates, who seem to have no priest of their own, since they have no superior: yet they are bound to confession. Therefore a man is not always bound to confess to his own priest.
Objection 5. Further, "That which is instituted for the sake of charity, does not militate against charity," as Bernard observes (De Praecept. et Dispens. ii). Now confession, which was instituted for the sake of charity, would militate against charity, if a man were bound to confess to any particular priest: e.g. if the sinner know that his own priest is a heretic, or a man of evil influence, or weak and prone to the very sin that he wishes to confess to him, or reasonably suspected of breaking the seal of confession, or if the penitent has to confess a sin committed against his confessor. Therefore it seems that one need not always confess to one's own priest.
Objection 6. Further, men should not be straitened in matters necessary for salvation, lest they be hindered in the way of salvation. But it seems a great inconvenience to be bound of necessity to confess to one particular man, and many might be hindered from going to confession, through either fear, shame, or something else of the kind. Therefore, since confession is necessary for salvation, men should not be straitened, as apparently they would be, by having to confess to their own priest.
Further, as a bishop is to his diocese, so is a priest to his parish. Now it is unlawful, according to canon law (Can. Nullus primas ix, 2; Can. Si quis episcoporum xvi, 5), for a bishop to exercise the episcopal office in another diocese. Therefore it is not lawful for one priest to hear the confession of another's parishioner.
Reply to Objection 1. Gregory is speaking of those monks who have jurisdiction, through having charge of a parish; about whom some had maintained that from the very fact that they were monks, they could not absolve or impose penance, which is false.
Reply to Objection 2. The sacrament of the Eucharist does not require the power of command over a man, whereas this sacrament does, as stated above: and so the argument proves nothing. Nevertheless it is not lawful to receive the Eucharist from another than one's own priest, although it is a real sacrament that one receives from another.
Reply to Objection 3. The choice of a discreet priest is not left to us in such a way that we can do just as we like; but it is left to the permission of a higher authority, if perchance one's own priest happens to be less suitable for applying a salutary remedy to our sins.
Reply to Objection 4. Since it is the duty of prelates to dispense the sacraments, which the clean alone should handle, they are allowed by law (De Poenit. et Remiss., Cap. Ne pro dilatione) to choose a priest for their confessor; who in this respect is the prelate's superior; even as one physician is cured by another, not as a physician but as a patient.
Reply to Objection 5. In those cases wherein the penitent has reason to fear some harm to himself or to the priest by reason of his confessing to him, he should have recourse to the higher authority, or ask permission of the priest himself to confess to another; and if he fails to obtain permission, the case is to be decided as for a man who has no priest at hand; so that he should rather choose a layman and confess to him. Nor does he disobey the law of the Church by so doing, because the precepts of positive law do not extend beyond the intention of the lawgiver, which is the end of the precept, and in this case, is charity, according to the Apostle (1 Timothy 1:5). Nor is any slur cast on the priest, for he deserves to forfeit his privilege, for abusing the power intrusted to him.
Reply to Objection 6. The necessity of confessing to one's own priest does not straiten the way of salvation, but determines it sufficiently. A priest, however, would sin if he were not easy in giving permission to confess to another, because many are so weak that they would rather die without confession than confess to such a priest. Wherefore those priests who are too anxious to probe the consciences of their subjects by means of confession, lay a snare of damnation for many, and consequently for themselves.
Article 5. Whether it is lawful for anyone to confess to another than his own priest, in virtue of a privilege or a command given by a superior?
Objection 1. It would seem that it is not lawful for anyone to confess to another than his own priest, even in virtue of a privilege or command given by a superior. For no privilege should be given that wrongs a third party. Now it would be prejudicial to the subject's own priest, if he were to confess to another. Therefore this cannot be allowed by a superior's privilege, permission, or command.
Objection 2. Further, that which hinders the observance of a Divine command cannot be the subject of a command or privilege given by man. Now it is a Divine command to the rectors of churches to "know the countenance of their own cattle" (Proverbs 27:23); and this is hindered if another than the rector hear the confession of his subjects. Therefore this cannot be prescribed by any human privilege or command.
Objection 3. Further, he that hears another's confession is the latter's own judge, else he could not bind or loose him. Now one man cannot have several priests or judges of his own, for then he would be bound to obey several men, which would be impossible, if their commands were contrary or incompatible. Therefore one may not confess to another than one's own priest, even with the superior's permission.
Objection 4. Further, it is derogatory to a sacrament, or at least useless, to repeat a sacrament over the same matter. But he who has confessed to another priest, is bound to confess again to his own priest, if the latter requires him to do so, because he is not absolved from his obedience, whereby he is bound to him in this respect. Therefore it cannot be lawful for anyone to confess to another than his own priest.
Reply to Objection 1. No wrong is done to a person unless what is taken away from him was granted for his own benefit. Now the power of jurisdiction is not granted a man for his own benefit, but for the good of the people and for the glory of God. Wherefore if the higher prelates deem it expedient for the furthering of the people's salvation and God's glory, to commit matters of jurisdiction to others, no wrong is done to the inferior prelates, except to those who "seek the things that are their own; not the things that are Jesus Christ's" (Philippians 2:21), and who rule their flock, not by feeding it, but by feeding on it.
Reply to Objection 2. The rector of a church should "know the countenance of his own cattle" in two ways. First, by an assiduous attention to their external conduct, so as to watch over the flock committed to his care: and in acquiring this knowledge he should not believe his subject, but, as far as possible, inquire into the truth of facts. Secondly, by the manifestation of confession; and with regard to this knowledge, he cannot arrive at any greater certainty than by believing his subject, because this is necessary that he may help his subject's conscience. Consequently in the tribunal of confession, the penitent is believed whether he speak for himself or against himself, but not in the court of external judgment: wherefore it suffices for this knowledge that he believe the penitent when he says that he has confessed to one who could absolve him. It is therefore clear that this knowledge of the flock is not hindered by a privilege granted to another to hear confessions.
Reply to Objection 3. It would be inconvenient, if two men were placed equally over the same people, but there is no inconvenience if over the same people two are placed one of whom is over the other. In this way the parish priest, the bishop, and the Pope are placed immediately over the same people, and each of them can commit matters of jurisdiction to some other. Now a higher superior delegates a man in two ways: first, so that the latter takes the superior's place, as when the Pope or a bishop appoints his penitentiaries; and then the man thus delegated is higher than the inferior prelate, as the Pope's penitentiary is higher than a bishop, and the bishop's penitentiary than a parish priest, and the penitent is bound to obey the former rather than the latter. Secondly, so that the delegate is appointed the coadjutor of this other priest; and since a co-adjutor is subordinate to the person he is appointed to help, he holds a lower rank, and the penitent is not so bound to obey him as his own priest.
Reply to Objection 4. No man is bound to confess sins that he has no longer. Consequently, if a man has confessed to the bishop's penitentiary, or to someone else having faculties from the bishop, his sins are forgiven both before the Church and before God, so that he is not bound to confess them to his own priest, however much the latter may insist: but on account of the Ecclesiastical precept (De Poenit. et Remiss., Cap. Omnis utriusque) which prescribes confession to be made once a year to one's own priest, he is under the same obligation as one who has committed none but venial sins. For such a one, according to some, is bound to confess none but venial sins, or he must declare that he is free from mortal sin, and the priest, in the tribunal of conscience, ought, and is bound, to believe him. If, however, he were bound to confess again, his first confession would not be useless, because the more priests one confesses to, the more is the punishment remitted, both by reason of the shame in confessing, which is reckoned as a satisfactory punishment, and by reason of the power of the keys: so that one might confess so often as to be delivered from all punishment. Nor is repetition derogatory to a sacrament, except in those wherein there is some kind of sanctification, either by the impressing of a character, or by the consecration of the matter, neither of which applies to Penance. Hence it would be well for him who hears confessions by the bishop's authority, to advise the penitent to confess to his own priest, yet he must absolve him, even if he declines to do so.
Article 6. Whether a penitent, at the point of death, can be absolved by any priest?
Objection 1. It would seem that a penitent, at the point of death, cannot be absolved by any priest. For absolution requires jurisdiction, as stated above (Article 5). Now a priest does not acquire jurisdiction over a man who repents at the point of death. Therefore he cannot absolve him.
Objection 2. Further, he that receives the sacrament of Baptism, when in danger of death, from another than his own priest, does not need to be baptized again by the latter. If, therefore, any priest can absolve, from any sin, a man who is in danger of death, the penitent, if he survive the danger, need not go to his own priest; which is false, since otherwise the priest would not "know the countenance of his cattle."
Objection 3. Further, when there is danger of death, Baptism can be conferred not only by a strange priest, but also by one who is not a priest. But one who is not a priest can never absolve in the tribunal of Penance. Therefore neither can a priest absolve a man who is not his subject, when he is in danger of death.
I answer that, If we consider the power of the keys, every priest has power over all men equally and over all sins: and it is due to the fact that by the ordination of the Church, he has a limited jurisdiction or none at all, that he cannot absolve all men from all sins. But since "necessity knows no law" [Cap. Consilium, De observ. jejun.; De reg. jur. (v, Decretal)] in cases of necessity the ordination of the Church does not hinder him from being able to absolve, since he has the keys sacramentally: and the penitent will receive as much benefit from the absolution of this other priest as if he had been absolved by his own. Moreover a man can then be absolved by any priest not only from his sins, but also from excommunication, by whomsoever pronounced, because such absolution is also a matter of that jurisdiction which by the ordination of the Church is con>fined within certain limits.
Reply to Objection 1. One person may act on the jurisdiction of another according to the latter's will, since matters of jurisdiction can be deputed. Since, therefore, the Church recognizes absolution granted by any priest at the hour of death, from this very fact a priest has the use of jurisdiction though he lack the power of jurisdiction.
Reply to Objection 2. He needs to go to his own priest, not that he may be absolved again from the sins, from which he was absolved when in danger of death, but that his own priest may know that he is absolved. In like manner, he who has been absolved from excommunication needs to go to the judge, who in other circumstances could have absolved him, not in order to seek absolution, but in order to offer satisfaction.
Reply to Objection 3. Baptism derives its efficacy from the sanctification of the matter itself, so that a man receives the sacrament whosoever baptizes him: whereas the sacramental power of Penance consists in a sanctification pronounced by the minister, so that if a man confess to a layman, although he fulfills his own part of the sacramental confession, he does not receive sacramental absolution. Wherefore his confession avails him somewhat, as to the lessening of his punishment, owing to the merit derived from his confession and to his repentance. but he does not receive that diminution of his punishment which results from the power of the keys; and consequently he must confess again to a priest; and one who has confessed thus, is more punished hereafter than if he had confessed to a priest.
Article 7. Whether the temporal punishment is imposed according to the degree of the fault?
Objection 1. It would seem that the temporal punishment, the debt of which remains after Penance, is not imposed according to the degree of fault. For it is imposed according to the degree of pleasure derived from the sin, as appears from Apocalypse 18:7: "As much as she hath glorified herself and lived in delicacies, so much torment and sorrow give ye her." Yet sometimes where there is greater pleasure, there is less fault, since "carnal sins, which afford more pleasure than spiritual sins, are less guilty," according to Gregory (Moral. xxxiii, 2). Therefore the punishment is not imposed according to the degree of fault.
Objection 2. Further, in the New Law one is bound to punishment for mortal sins, in the same way as in the Old Law. Now in the Old Law the punishment for sin was due to last seven days, in other words, they had to remain unclean seven days for one mortal sin. Since therefore, in the New Testament, a punishment of seven years is imposed for one mortal sin, it seems that the quantity of the punishment does not answer to the degree of fault.
Objection 3. Further, the sin of murder in a layman is more grievous than that of fornication in a priest, because the circumstance which is taken from the species of a sin, is more aggravating than that which is taken from the person of the sinner. Now a punishment of seven years' duration is appointed for a layman guilty of murder, while for fornication a priest is punished for ten years, according to Can. Presbyter, Dist. lxxxii. Therefore punishment is not imposed according to the degree of fault.
Objection 4. Further, a sin committed against the very body of Christ is most grievous, because the greater the person sinned against, the more grievous the sin. Now for spilling the blood of Christ in the sacrament of the altar a punishment of forty days or a little more is enjoined, while a punishment of seven years is prescribed for fornication, according to the Canons (Can. Presbyter, Dist. lxxxii). Therefore the quantity of the punishment does not answer to the degree of fault.
On the contrary, It is written (Isaiah 27:8): "In measure against measure, when it shall be cast off, thou shalt judge it." Therefore the quantity of punishment adjudicated for sin answers the degree of fault.
Reply to Objection 1. In the words quoted two things are mentioned with regard to the sin, viz. "glorification" and "delicacies" or "delectation"; the first of which regards the uplifting of the sinner, whereby he resists God; while the second regards the pleasure of sin: and though sometimes there is less pleasure in a greater sin, yet there is greater uplifting; wherefore the argument does not prove.
Reply to Objection 2. This punishment of seven days did not expiate the punishment due for the sin, so that even if the sinner died after that time, he would be punished in Purgatory: but it was in expiation of the irregularity incurred, from which all the legal sacrifices expiated. Nevertheless, other things being equal, a man sins more grievously under the New Law than under the Old, on account of the more plentiful sanctification received in Baptism, and on account of the more powerful blessings bestowed by God on the human race. This is evident from Hebrews 9: "How much more, do you think, he deserveth worse punishments," etc. And yet it is not universally true that a seven years' penance is exacted for every mortal sin: but it is a kind of general rule applicable to the majority of cases, which must, nevertheless, be disregarded, with due consideration for the various circumstances of sins and penitents.
Reply to Objection 3. A bishop or priest sins with greater danger to others or to himself; wherefore the canons are more anxious to withdraw him from sin, by inflicting a greater punishment, in as much as it is intended as a remedy; although sometimes so great a punishment is not strictly due. Hence he is punished less in Purgatory.
Reply to Objection 4. This punishment refers to the case when this happens against the priest's will: for if he spilled it willingly he would deserve a much heavier punishment.