chunk_id stringlengths 32 32 | qid stringlengths 20 52 | source_id stringclasses 61
values | section stringclasses 2
values | text stringlengths 8 71.4k | revision stringclasses 39
values | source_url stringlengths 116 143 | retrieved_at date32 | published_at date32 | license_id stringclasses 1
value | license_evidence stringclasses 39
values | mentions listlengths 0 21 | n_tokens int32 2 14.6k | text_sha256 stringlengths 64 64 | simhash64 uint64 0 0 | quality float32 0 0 | unranked bool 1
class |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
bdc4903c7de36a8c3df9b43c80ed537f | X:osx:algebra-1:m00677 | openstax-algebra-1 | passage | Identify Positive and Negative Trends: Mini-Lesson Review
Identify Positive and Negative Trends
Scatter plots may have a strong linear trend or a weak linear trend. A strong positive trend means as one variable increases, the other variable increases, A strong negative trend means as one variable increases, the other v... | a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-algebra-1/blob/a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4/modules/m00677/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@a277f9bb | [
"Unit 3 Overview and Readiness"
] | 142 | 72aa97bf795834173b6b046a1f6561c5f69290d50fe581477e3911d7888d2a4a | 0 | 0 | true |
3e979f39df5a3db6dc3ef1d10c4dad03 | X:osx:algebra-1:m01600 | openstax-algebra-1 | passage | 6.2.4: Additional Resources
Multiplying Binomial Squares
Mathematicians like to look for patterns that will make their work easier. A good example of this is squaring binomials. While you can always get the product by writing the binomial twice and multiplying the two binomials, there is less work to do if you learn to... | a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-algebra-1/blob/a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4/modules/m01600/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@a277f9bb | [
"Lesson 6.2: Multiplying Polynomials"
] | 246 | e70c99120ee52ae77bc288e9793c0741cad889fcc90bad0d29b448ca17dc215c | 0 | 0 | true |
3207234ab1cca95f3e25c375b1308671 | X:osx:algebra-1:m01644 | openstax-algebra-1 | passage | 6.4.4: Self Check
Factor by grouping: 42m^2 − 18m − 35m + 15 . | a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-algebra-1/blob/a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4/modules/m01644/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@a277f9bb | [
"Lesson 6.4: Greatest Common Factor and Factor by Grouping"
] | 19 | e0e301188126965fa1492048711429119759989a1939601afb46a22fd62b9bee | 0 | 0 | true |
30b983b7062a17b0a8688bcd6f468513 | X:osx:algebra-1:m01645 | openstax-algebra-1 | passage | Be careful with the signs when factoring the GCF from the last two terms.
x(x + 3) − 2(x + 3)
Step 4 - Factor out the common factor. (x + 3)(x − 2)
Step 5 - Check on your own by multiplying. Try It: Factoring Polynomials by Grouping | a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-algebra-1/blob/a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4/modules/m01645/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@a277f9bb | [
"Lesson 6.4: Greatest Common Factor and Factor by Grouping"
] | 67 | ea46278fac1bbf1fdb51c5644e50c023b297ea867aa2d257a0024442fcb1683b | 0 | 0 | true |
7de02424f1d4b9278cd2995cdf8a4a35 | X:osx:algebra-1:m01661 | openstax-algebra-1 | passage | 6.5.2: Additional Resources
How to Factor a Trinomial of the Form x^2 + bx + c
To figure out how we would factor a trinomial of the form x^2+bx+c , such as x^2+5x+6 , and factor it to (x+2)(x+3) , let’s start with two general binomials of the form (x+m) and (x+n) . (x+m)(x+n)
Step 1 - FOIL to find the product.
x^2+mx+n... | a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-algebra-1/blob/a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4/modules/m01661/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@a277f9bb | [
"Lesson 6.5: Factor Trinomials"
] | 196 | 2631eea0b90008cfa93a63216545301e58a53c3092cd1d10e0c8a8de96c689e2 | 0 | 0 | true |
82f3677fe3e3522df335deeabe499c95 | X:osx:algebra-1:m02048 | openstax-algebra-1 | passage | If the scale factor is between 0 and 1, then the dilation is a vertical compression. When quadratic equations are dilated horizontally, the result looks similar but the impact to the function is very different because horizontal dilations affect the input values before the function is applied. The graphs for the parent... | a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-algebra-1/blob/a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4/modules/m02048/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@a277f9bb | [
"Lesson 7.17: Changing the Vertex"
] | 237 | 17e1830c1ea2159ae418d92b1fe088cec252cf4d25b2771cdee43684ee2f64ad | 0 | 0 | true |
1d873d61292f947509327ef58acad79c | X:osx:algebra-1:m02146 | openstax-algebra-1 | passage | 8.4.3: Self Check
The equivalent functions below model the height of a projectile in meters, t seconds after launch.
h(t)=-8t^2+27t+20 h(t)=(-8t−5)(t−4)
Without graphing, determine at what time the height of the object is 0 meters (when the object is on the ground). | a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-algebra-1/blob/a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4/modules/m02146/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@a277f9bb | [
"Lesson 8.4: Solving Quadratic Equations with the Zero Product Property"
] | 57 | 69e0c72526935b9b46ebb72bedd5f2e606b70cb2a8b3f9aa2e7a535c79683bb6 | 0 | 0 | true |
1123a79550c053f4c62a14973670fadb | X:osx:algebra-1:m02546 | openstax-algebra-1 | passage | Unit Sequence and Resources
Unit Sequence
Across the nine units of this course, students progress from linear to exponential to quadratic functions, by exploring what makes the functions different. Students are asked to consider what happens when a pattern is generated from a specific value that is repeatedly added or ... | a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-algebra-1/blob/a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4/modules/m02546/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@a277f9bb | [
"Course Design"
] | 167 | 3a77f949f7027faabc0f049a00ba0507f1a09d60ad6a88738a593f3ec3362f93 | 0 | 0 | true |
0fba47069a921082bdd51ad97952d237 | X:osx:algebra-1:m02546 | openstax-algebra-1 | passage | These resources come from Character Lab and their Playbooks. The image from Unit 5 provides an example of the type of content provided to teachers in these sections. The Building Character topics are provided for teachers in the Unit Level Guide with additional supporting activities embedded within the Lesson Teacher G... | a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-algebra-1/blob/a277f9bb2abcc90d201a66879973463a45e5eaa4/modules/m02546/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@a277f9bb | [
"Course Design"
] | 234 | b9f504a33cc7c15a1c07cc56bbb08f347a50378d21d5bff06b6ee2a1a9b1f536 | 0 | 0 | true |
70f3b5a523ef3542dd5f789207b13280 | X:osx:precalculus-2e:m49347 | openstax-precalculus-2e | passage | These are also referred to as the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of the function. Local and Global Extrema
A local maximum or local minimum at x=a (sometimes called the relative maximum or minimum, respectively) is the output at the highest or lowest point on the graph in an open interval around x=a. If a... | 4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-algebra-bundle/blob/4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c/modules/m49347/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@4922e46e | [
"Polynomial and Rational Functions"
] | 237 | f8c38079e553d58c5f61f63995bc648810994c1d40e81f82d8717ccb542b94a0 | 0 | 0 | true |
2969bac9016e4fcbdf2aa08b36072ef9 | X:osx:precalculus-2e:m49372 | openstax-precalculus-2e | passage | Because x=cost and y=sint, we can substitute for x and y to get cos2t+sin2t=1. This equation, cos2t+sin2t=1, is known as the Pythagorean Identity. See . We can use the Pythagorean Identity to find the cosine of an angle if we know the sine, or vice versa. However, because the equation yields two solutions, we need addi... | 4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-algebra-bundle/blob/4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c/modules/m49372/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@4922e46e | [
"Trigonometric Functions"
] | 230 | 178fe1febf815b79ae0adc0a11e2de3b9aba681119abeb6b4bc5e78bbc30f683 | 0 | 0 | true |
42ddc8e1fc0afd4fe664d83e95642e29 | X:osx:precalculus-2e:m49372 | openstax-precalculus-2e | passage | Because the sine value is the y-coordinate on the unit circle, the other angle with the same sine will share the same y-value, but have the opposite x-value. Therefore, its cosine value will be the opposite of the first angle’s cosine value. Likewise, there will be an angle in the fourth quadrant with the same cosine a... | 4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-algebra-bundle/blob/4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c/modules/m49372/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@4922e46e | [
"Trigonometric Functions"
] | 223 | a7ffb8069f62d5c10b42045ba827193ef20f9f9a1ce8365070569d6e2aff525a | 0 | 0 | true |
fdb454c9f5d5fa01cc75ad04733dccf6 | X:osx:psychology-2e:m82103 | openstax-psychology-2e | passage | Preface
Welcome to Psychology 2e, an OpenStax resource. This textbook was written to increase student access to high-quality learning materials, maintaining highest standards of academic rigor at little to no cost. About OpenStax
OpenStax is a nonprofit based at Rice University, and it’s our mission to improve student ... | e061043bf2f9e86ace51c4e8dc9555160f60a99d | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-psychology/blob/e061043bf2f9e86ace51c4e8dc9555160f60a99d/modules/m82103/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@e061043b | [] | 252 | fcb3a764162e9a5abc6d62617077a98713c04f5f4c8dc7477c583ce1964476cd | 0 | 0 | true |
b6c7450157cbd3197c632dad885578a4 | X:osx:psychology-2e:m82198 | openstax-psychology-2e | passage | Big world, small screen: The role of television in American society. University of Nebraska Press. Hutton, J. L., Baracos, V. E., & Wismer, W. V. (2007). Chemosensory dysfunction is a primary factor in the evolution of declining nutritional status and quality of life with patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Pain ... | e061043bf2f9e86ace51c4e8dc9555160f60a99d | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-psychology/blob/e061043bf2f9e86ace51c4e8dc9555160f60a99d/modules/m82198/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@e061043b | [
"Learning"
] | 230 | 0de6a11cdb3d335bd6ed72d48787454a3516b7d028c010db304ff3a0756f22a5 | 0 | 0 | true |
04ec2cdbe49956fb2878bb3afdbb7cec | X:osx:psychology-2e:m82217 | openstax-psychology-2e | passage | Godkin, M., Krant, M., & Doster, N. (1984). The impact of hospice care on families. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 13, 153–165. Graber, J. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1997). Is psychopathology associated with the timing of pubertal development? Journal of the Academy of Chi... | e061043bf2f9e86ace51c4e8dc9555160f60a99d | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-psychology/blob/e061043bf2f9e86ace51c4e8dc9555160f60a99d/modules/m82217/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@e061043b | [
"Lifespan Development"
] | 226 | 39f22b527cddfa1b4957b272a35321df5fdc1704236355dcf6c72424f3235fb3 | 0 | 0 | true |
5829798577f9e33614c99d7edcca9e85 | X:osx:psychology-2e:m82217 | openstax-psychology-2e | passage | H., & Cachelin, F. M. (1999). Body image concerns and disordered eating in adolescent girls: Risk and protective factors. In N. G. Johnson, M. C. Roberts, & J. Worell (Eds.), Beyond appearance: A new look at adolescent girls. American Psychological Association
Tanner, J. M. (1978). Fetus into man: Physical growth from ... | e061043bf2f9e86ace51c4e8dc9555160f60a99d | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-psychology/blob/e061043bf2f9e86ace51c4e8dc9555160f60a99d/modules/m82217/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@e061043b | [
"Lifespan Development"
] | 229 | 90837b4d06a908730c6c90a0395dc1baebd7e24f952523acabd024433ba0c409 | 0 | 0 | true |
422bf5a30bc57690c440cae2c2fc6231 | X:osx:psychology-2e:m82225 | openstax-psychology-2e | passage | In educational settings, students are more likely to experience intrinsic motivation to learn when they feel a sense of belonging and respect in the classroom. This internalization can be enhanced if the evaluative aspects of the classroom are de-emphasized and if students feel that they exercise some control over the ... | e061043bf2f9e86ace51c4e8dc9555160f60a99d | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-psychology/blob/e061043bf2f9e86ace51c4e8dc9555160f60a99d/modules/m82225/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@e061043b | [
"Emotion and Motivation"
] | 252 | 3036095fba7a02895a9e4eb5903c6b5e628da1752b2273b5a2fc3335dcc93c0f | 0 | 0 | true |
4506939c2a919aa0fb550136d9abbf09 | X:osx:psychology-2e:m82225 | openstax-psychology-2e | passage | A mother’s protection of her baby, the urge to lick sugar, and hunting prey were among the human behaviors proposed as true instincts during James’s era. This view—that human behavior is driven by instincts—received a fair amount of criticism because of the undeniable role of learning in shaping all sorts of human beha... | e061043bf2f9e86ace51c4e8dc9555160f60a99d | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-psychology/blob/e061043bf2f9e86ace51c4e8dc9555160f60a99d/modules/m82225/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@e061043b | [
"Emotion and Motivation"
] | 246 | 9664097780914b0e3f633b0b22db8f6c92062a05e0292fe4d056920f190c2003 | 0 | 0 | true |
a722c874f6f4a4c1328c3b68c55df5a8 | X:osx:psychology-2e:m82236 | openstax-psychology-2e | passage | Bandura also emphasized how we learn from watching others. He felt that this type of learning also plays a part in the development of our personality. Bandura discussed the concept of self-efficacy, which is our level of confidence in our own abilities. Finally, Rotter proposed the concept of locus of control, which re... | e061043bf2f9e86ace51c4e8dc9555160f60a99d | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-psychology/blob/e061043bf2f9e86ace51c4e8dc9555160f60a99d/modules/m82236/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@e061043b | [
"Personality"
] | 123 | a9ba688b57888d6b26d606c4ad7a8f0ed052e42373f1e160adb10c01c9ebd8a8 | 0 | 0 | true |
f95172e91ac4af5e9b69017e4aadb5dc | X:osx:additive-manufacturing-essentials:m00004 | openstax-additive-manufacturing-essentials | passage | A runner trains extensively to be prepared to finish a marathon race. Without training, you introduce a high risk which could include injury or worse. The AM Maturity Model contemplates both direct and indirect use of AM. At the lower levels, the indirect methods include prototypes (Level 0) and tooling (Level 1). In t... | 24bbb8006f63f7f24a5b8f1dc9119ef13b2594b4 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-additive-manufacturing/blob/24bbb8006f63f7f24a5b8f1dc9119ef13b2594b4/modules/m00004/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@24bbb800 | [
"Fundamentals of Additive Manufacturing"
] | 219 | d64c0c435d700ab7fca5451df09a040020e1f0fb790dd499f57d84886f01f088 | 0 | 0 | true |
4a13fda2271d091107c4b42281ef58c7 | X:osx:additive-manufacturing-essentials:m00027 | openstax-additive-manufacturing-essentials | passage | Feedstock specifications contain requirements for items such as the following:
- Classifications – Sub-categories
- Chemistry – Intentional Constituents
- Chemistry – Unintentional Constituents or Contaminants
- Method of Manufacture
- Product Form and Size – Powder size distribution, wire/filament diameter, foil thick... | 24bbb8006f63f7f24a5b8f1dc9119ef13b2594b4 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-additive-manufacturing/blob/24bbb8006f63f7f24a5b8f1dc9119ef13b2594b4/modules/m00027/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@24bbb800 | [
"Additive Manufacturing Qualification"
] | 234 | e53d5c346304fe4a44404437c0580d239581cf76e11ebe819f17db552fa0f234 | 0 | 0 | true |
ff9f4f64682cdde70a4569154525ce30 | X:osx:additive-manufacturing-essentials:m00041 | openstax-additive-manufacturing-essentials | passage | Sustainability Impacts of AM
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, students will be able to:
- Describe potential ways in which AM can improve sustainability in manufacturing.
- Describe potential ways in which AM can improve sustainability in product usage. There are less-tangible and perhaps less-quantifiab... | 24bbb8006f63f7f24a5b8f1dc9119ef13b2594b4 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-additive-manufacturing/blob/24bbb8006f63f7f24a5b8f1dc9119ef13b2594b4/modules/m00041/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@24bbb800 | [
"The Business of Additive Manufacturing"
] | 106 | b342d01693a3709fec7060fe9e36e97bc376de4a06580af8f69d00fcf6cced54 | 0 | 0 | true |
30f357a6bd8b6372a9521efe28d3ab97 | X:osx:additive-manufacturing-essentials:m00041 | openstax-additive-manufacturing-essentials | passage | Level 0
Supply Chain
At level zero, organizations are flexing the first elements of the AM supply chain to understand what is possible. They need to understand the AM supply chain and that begins to reduce risk. Work In Process and Inventory
If they can use AM for prototypes, they are likely to have less Work in Proces... | 24bbb8006f63f7f24a5b8f1dc9119ef13b2594b4 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-additive-manufacturing/blob/24bbb8006f63f7f24a5b8f1dc9119ef13b2594b4/modules/m00041/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@24bbb800 | [
"The Business of Additive Manufacturing"
] | 234 | 953d8c206d439f3fd2c1ba29704c130cb83ac0064aa16633d483cbaf9662278f | 0 | 0 | true |
504e481677ca8286db90275c97f2048d | X:osx:additive-manufacturing-essentials:m00041 | openstax-additive-manufacturing-essentials | passage | Ultimately, understanding the economics of AM unleashes its potential, but also requires asking and answering a series of questions. What requirements need to be met or what must be true for you to succeed? Are you seeking to save money? Reducing schedule? Improving performance? Can you monetize schedule or performance... | 24bbb8006f63f7f24a5b8f1dc9119ef13b2594b4 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-additive-manufacturing/blob/24bbb8006f63f7f24a5b8f1dc9119ef13b2594b4/modules/m00041/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@24bbb800 | [
"The Business of Additive Manufacturing"
] | 231 | d660147162fdb6ad88fe1529b513b2c924ab5d019af158ca73923a66ae1f1514 | 0 | 0 | true |
249c1934c9a953bbaee87439543f1e14 | X:osx:college-physics-2e:m42091 | openstax-college-physics-2e | passage | And we shall find that (even in the potentially mundane discussion of meters, kilograms, and seconds) a profound simplicity of nature appears—most physical quantities can be expressed as combinations of only four fundamental physical quantities: length, mass, time, and electric current. We define a physical quantity ei... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42091/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
"Introduction: The Nature of Science and Physics"
] | 212 | d2fa4da72135155fe47047fd6654e75620724a62f37269d0b9c3cd53c242ab8a | 0 | 0 | true |
e326812605db5be2360075ec750a68c8 | X:osx:college-physics-2e:m42243 | openstax-college-physics-2e | passage | Attach a small object of high density to the end of the string (for example, a metal nut or a car key). Starting at an angle of less than 10º, allow the pendulum to swing and measure the pendulum’s period for 10 oscillations using a stopwatch. Calculate g. How accurate is this measurement? How might it be improved? Pen... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42243/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
"Oscillatory Motion and Waves"
] | 223 | 6ed0f82bd1e3ac8ae0fed5992c5871e5a07acbc59cdcd128d6e6c3115a587e7c | 0 | 0 | true |
45135bab8d9503240dda8c3f2b282be5 | X:osx:college-physics-2e:m42296 | openstax-college-physics-2e | passage | Other instruments also use air resonance in clever ways to amplify sound. shows a violin and a guitar, both of which have sounding boxes but with different shapes, resulting in different overtone structures. The vibrating string creates a sound that resonates in the sounding box, greatly amplifying the sound and creati... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42296/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
"Physics of Hearing"
] | 250 | 1cc71853a857caff893f47cedbad927666dc1295ed97d00e378f974fd412c5f7 | 0 | 0 | true |
5e9ed170caa826e3d3e5da788587d8f3 | X:osx:college-physics-2e:m42512 | openstax-college-physics-2e | passage | That is, their bright regions are narrower and brighter, while their dark regions are darker. shows idealized graphs demonstrating the sharper pattern. Natural diffraction gratings occur in the feathers of certain birds. Tiny, finger-like structures in regular patterns act as reflection gratings, producing constructive... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42512/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
"Wave Optics"
] | 227 | 64f02975c358e9bf8bffc199caa9d1654fab5c1fe4fbdac483da22a83a2f34af | 0 | 0 | true |
3973d4d72d7212015ef454743500961d | X:osx:college-physics-2e:m42512 | openstax-college-physics-2e | passage | Another vital use is in optical fiber technologies where fibers are designed to provide optimum performance at specific wavelengths. A range of diffraction gratings are available for selecting specific wavelengths for such use. Take-Home Experiment: Rainbows on a CD
The spacing d of the grooves in a CD or DVD can be we... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42512/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
"Wave Optics"
] | 229 | b08f07d7f05bcf2eaffb2a6519463eeaf824a7f994f0f586acd01035cdb0477d | 0 | 0 | true |
fb3bbad53930fe16ae9714165dd1c204 | X:osx:college-physics-2e:m42563 | openstax-college-physics-2e | passage | This is why in the IR range, skin is almost jet black, with an emissivity near 1—there are many states in water molecules in the skin that can absorb a large range of IR photon energies. Not all molecules have this property. Air, for example, is nearly transparent to many IR frequencies. Microwaves are the highest freq... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42563/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
"Quantum Physics"
] | 230 | 29b9c6ecf181daf6f1ec1c351a42d1fc9d5cd989ca3af67afc6d7cbc48af8701 | 0 | 0 | true |
d45fb95683775eec1ebfc229bdb3460f | X:osx:college-physics-2e:m42563 | openstax-college-physics-2e | passage | Visible light, IR, microwaves, and all lower frequencies cannot produce ionization with single photons and do not ordinarily have the hazards of higher frequencies. When visible, IR, or microwave radiation is hazardous, such as the inducement of cataracts by microwaves, the hazard is due to huge numbers of photons acti... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42563/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
"Quantum Physics"
] | 227 | ec357296cd0f03a27c8a3c3922739d5de4eb007329a0e0c6b851a86b78ca35c0 | 0 | 0 | true |
a8f83c3754d6c5033a32fcf84717b2ea | X:osx:principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e:m63802 | openstax-principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e | passage | This growth has fallen below its potential GDP and, at times, has exceeded its potential. For example from 2008 to 2009, the U.S. economy tumbled into recession and remained below its potential until 2018. After the pandemic-induced recession of March and April 2020, the economy again fell below potential GDP and remai... | 020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-principles-economics-bundle/blob/020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a/modules/m63802/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@020e54db | [
"The Neoclassical Perspective"
] | 229 | aaa0f381b38bc130826916bca166585ba803e9257f78d8d776e129f85a7bbd13 | 0 | 0 | true |
fb1d949e3e11b733b0efd556e63d0f76 | X:osx:principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e:m63970 | openstax-principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e | passage | From the graph, we see that national defense spending as a share of GDP has generally declined since the 1960s, although there were some upward bumps in the 1980s buildup under President Ronald Reagan and in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. In contrast, Social Security and healthcare have g... | 020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-principles-economics-bundle/blob/020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a/modules/m63970/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@020e54db | [
"Government Budgets and Fiscal Policy"
] | 226 | 8153424c68aec7c53de101f6ff112a728214378da3e6db7604f1d13a7ca93b7f | 0 | 0 | true |
1d6ea0871afb5f33fa9de8d401bcd7a9 | X:osx:principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e:m64022 | openstax-principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e | passage | Introduction to Macroeconomic Policy around the World
In this chapter, you will learn about:
- The Diversity of Countries and Economies across the World
- Improving Countries’ Standards of Living
- Causes of Unemployment around the World
- Causes of Inflation in Various Countries and Regions
- Balance of Trade Concerns... | 020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-principles-economics-bundle/blob/020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a/modules/m64022/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@020e54db | [
"Macroeconomic Policy Around the World"
] | 219 | 67290512220f5c30a48ddf347d74117ccf6c0627255c50e7e41178a4ab483966 | 0 | 0 | true |
838e1d12454a3f8d2c6db7e63efe2193 | X:osx:principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e:m64022 | openstax-principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e | passage | Every economy has its own distinctive economic characteristics, institutions, history, and political realities, which imply that access to these “ingredients” will vary by country and so will economic performance. For example, South Korea invested heavily in education and technology to increase agricultural productivit... | 020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-principles-economics-bundle/blob/020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a/modules/m64022/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@020e54db | [
"Macroeconomic Policy Around the World"
] | 244 | c8a108aa9871016b43dd61d86852589fa2c376dda5874bc4ced033d291964ceb | 0 | 0 | true |
1802e212e6141f5868a69979d6d5231c | X:osx:principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e:m63992 | openstax-principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e | passage | First we will explore the meaning of one particular indifference curve and then we will look at the indifference curves as a group. The Shape of an Indifference Curve
The indifference curve Um has four points labeled on it: A, B, C, and D. Since an indifference curve represents a set of choices that have the same level... | 020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-principles-economics-bundle/blob/020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a/modules/m63992/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@020e54db | [] | 226 | a0d9945c310b54f844a39237221c10b75e07f2e0423bd2a8dc96e5f4426a1b6c | 0 | 0 | true |
1fc30a58e05458bff7e467770eb56a7b | X:osx:principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e:m63992 | openstax-principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e | passage | Given these gentle assumptions, a field of indifference curves can be mapped out to describe the preferences of any individual. The Individuality of Indifference Curves
Each person determines their own preferences and utility. Thus, while indifference curves have the same general shape—they slope down, and the slope is... | 020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-principles-economics-bundle/blob/020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a/modules/m63992/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@020e54db | [] | 235 | c12c936206d5bf5ebb6a9eb005b8759e21ee2bdc2ed5e1b2348f12d14c1f6dce | 0 | 0 | true |
06a4755d64b336290a7d3e02b19f4b77 | X:osx:principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e:m63992 | openstax-principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e | passage | When one indifference curve crosses the budget line in two places, however, there will be another, higher, attainable indifference curve sitting above it that touches the budget line at only one point of tangency. Changes in Income
A rise in income causes the budget constraint to shift to the right. In graphical terms,... | 020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-principles-economics-bundle/blob/020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a/modules/m63992/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@020e54db | [] | 241 | 72443f995620e87a64782e17945449543d79f01d8ee0d911f3076322514b41bd | 0 | 0 | true |
3b0cc4f8dd018211b4b0cad8f22f05a7 | X:osx:principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e:m63992 | openstax-principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e | passage | The substitution effect is illustrated by the movement along the original indifference curve as prices change but the level of utility holds constant, from A to C. As expected, the substitution effect leads to less consumed of the good that is relatively more expensive, as shown by the “s” (substitution) arrow on the v... | 020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-principles-economics-bundle/blob/020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a/modules/m63992/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@020e54db | [] | 219 | d0e7b6ae53989a6cd10e76bf8c5d762456cd808381b77fe9ac35ef9c33b3700b | 0 | 0 | true |
88300f310260a9ccdf30ffda1cfefc89 | X:osx:principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e:m63992 | openstax-principles-macroeconomics-ap-courses-2e | passage | If you insert point B so that it lies a little to right of the original point A, then the substitution effect will exceed the income effect. If you insert point B so that it lies a little to the left of point A, then the income effect will exceed the substitution effect. The income effect is the movement from C to B, s... | 020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-principles-economics-bundle/blob/020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a/modules/m63992/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@020e54db | [] | 253 | 80f0f5c3e8222d18e9c5304f891109079837236df26d2d36020b40dfda20d3d5 | 0 | 0 | true |
6c7fbddd944236352609f64bb2824b92 | X:osx:world-history-volume-1:m00056 | openstax-world-history-volume-1 | passage | Causation and Interpretation in History
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Describe causation as it is used in the study of history
- Identify the levels of causation
- Analyze the role of interpretation in producing an accurate historical record
The study of history has always been ... | 3e17beda9130380d24be881e6d1942dfcc1be845 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-world-history/blob/3e17beda9130380d24be881e6d1942dfcc1be845/modules/m00056/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@3e17beda | [
"Understanding the Past"
] | 230 | ddeb2ca4636e591ac939ad133da2ad20d02e0e5be21e16e39dc721e0bc4e6bac | 0 | 0 | true |
f3f7880415c881bd71ccd7baade0db05 | X:osx:world-history-volume-1:m00056 | openstax-world-history-volume-1 | passage | That this type of history remained the norm for so long was also a function of who was writing it. In the West, Thomas Carlyle, a nineteenth-century Scottish historian, considered the study of the lives of “big men” enough to understand all of history. Higher education was the privilege of only the rich; it must have s... | 3e17beda9130380d24be881e6d1942dfcc1be845 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-world-history/blob/3e17beda9130380d24be881e6d1942dfcc1be845/modules/m00056/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@3e17beda | [
"Understanding the Past"
] | 248 | 1f896872d142c8a582bea9c0f3ec36e4156f6fd3902e195ef93ebddff3d19b4b | 0 | 0 | true |
fa036925307004286b3a73a7984917c4 | X:osx:world-history-volume-1:m00056 | openstax-world-history-volume-1 | passage | Historians with this “progressive” view believed societies were becoming more democratic over time and that the advance of republican governments was inevitable. Their perspective might also be considered a form of teleological history, which proposes that history is moving to a particular end, a culmination of the hum... | 3e17beda9130380d24be881e6d1942dfcc1be845 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-world-history/blob/3e17beda9130380d24be881e6d1942dfcc1be845/modules/m00056/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@3e17beda | [
"Understanding the Past"
] | 244 | f45267871de68958e21da17c69d5b5de6b4d319eba6796300d102099f1e00235 | 0 | 0 | true |
fafe9ddf9e446327d7b51d1581ae6590 | X:osx:world-history-volume-1:m00090 | openstax-world-history-volume-1 | passage | When functioning well, agriculture created a constant supply of food and even a surplus that could be stored. As early humans left their hunter-gatherer existence behind beginning around twelve thousand years ago, they also drifted away from the egalitarianism it fostered because agriculture required labor specializati... | 3e17beda9130380d24be881e6d1942dfcc1be845 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-world-history/blob/3e17beda9130380d24be881e6d1942dfcc1be845/modules/m00090/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@3e17beda | [
"Early Humans"
] | 234 | 39516ac295293d6836bd5686ca4beca24c491020d08adfca8d49dceb0cccfb02 | 0 | 0 | true |
9a051f642d56af1aaae4fd24cb0c2f86 | X:osx:world-history-volume-1:m00090 | openstax-world-history-volume-1 | passage | Neolithic Peoples
By around nine thousand years ago, groups in a few different areas around the world were not only practicing agriculture but also beginning to establish large and complex permanent settlements. A number of these Neolithic settlements emerged in Europe, the Near East, China, Pakistan, and beyond. One o... | 3e17beda9130380d24be881e6d1942dfcc1be845 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-world-history/blob/3e17beda9130380d24be881e6d1942dfcc1be845/modules/m00090/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@3e17beda | [
"Early Humans"
] | 237 | 6be04e83aed863f97998f7b3af666169adfdb8dc0231ba35b824d59bba4b878c | 0 | 0 | true |
83b66c93d17ad5c1b07889980d31977a | X:osx:world-history-volume-1:m00106 | openstax-world-history-volume-1 | passage | The Ba was also a type of spiritual essence, but it separated from the body after death, going out in the world during the day and returning to the body each night. The duty of the Ahk, yet another type of spirit, was to travel to the underworld and the afterlife. The belief in concepts like the Ka and Ba was what made... | 3e17beda9130380d24be881e6d1942dfcc1be845 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-world-history/blob/3e17beda9130380d24be881e6d1942dfcc1be845/modules/m00106/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@3e17beda | [
"Early Civilizations and Urban Societies"
] | 241 | d04bb60967f52e9d3dfe41b972313cbc441cc262cc36e8ec0aecefffd728422d | 0 | 0 | true |
5406fff3b60227b088905b73e120e99f | X:osx:world-history-volume-1:m00146 | openstax-world-history-volume-1 | passage | The Mongols, with allied peoples from north China and other parts of the steppe, dominated the Song on land. The Song military never developed good cavalry, perhaps hoping their fiery and explosive weapons would intimidate enemy horses and render their opponent’s cavalry useless. Retreating to the cities was not an opt... | 3e17beda9130380d24be881e6d1942dfcc1be845 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-world-history/blob/3e17beda9130380d24be881e6d1942dfcc1be845/modules/m00146/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@3e17beda | [
"Pax Mongolica: The Steppe Empire of the Mongols"
] | 239 | 185750c83a61109b97d521d73d85daa375ae1faed97ada89a7e8cd893e952510 | 0 | 0 | true |
35dcdad406fbadb57f6f5fcb89c88422 | X:osx:biology-2e:m66434 | openstax-biology-2e | passage | We calculate the pH as the negative of the base 10 logarithm of this concentration. The log10 of 1 × 10-7 is -7.0, and the negative of this number (indicated by the “p” of “pH”) yields a pH of 7.0, which is also a neutral pH. The pH inside of human cells and blood are examples of two body areas where near-neutral pH is... | d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-biology-bundle/blob/d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120/modules/m66434/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d2779c2e | [
"The Chemical Foundation of Life"
] | 250 | e2a300ce39fe48a1f9564e5ca3b357d2e98f8fe9c26c73b270e7a7564afe5b75 | 0 | 0 | true |
3b4bf4e31b7b3ce10e3d79ec55b6b0b3 | X:osx:biology-2e:m66379 | openstax-biology-2e | passage | Propagation of the Signal
Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. Continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell s... | d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-biology-bundle/blob/d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120/modules/m66379/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d2779c2e | [
"Cell Communication"
] | 242 | ce8c1eb8c08f6f217615938c56ef7bb0afa7d9ccba42124af988bb0c7f213cb7 | 0 | 0 | true |
e3d6ebb1ef3f05bd188b1c47b0f93b0d | X:osx:biology-2e:m66383 | openstax-biology-2e | passage | When AHL enters target bacteria, it binds to transcription factors, which then switch gene expression on or off. When the number of bacteria increases so does the concentration of the autoinducer, triggering increased expression of certain genes including autoinducers, which results in a self-amplifying cycle, also kno... | d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-biology-bundle/blob/d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120/modules/m66383/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d2779c2e | [
"Cell Communication"
] | 204 | 31f7aac303e082b6c3f15e001385b523fb39706370d93b8a1bbd0600053d220a | 0 | 0 | true |
04989c79d6e7f3f53eece92080e7a4f0 | X:osx:biology-2e:m66483 | openstax-biology-2e | passage | Diploid organisms inherit one copy of each homologous chromosome from each genetic contributor. Meiosis is the nuclear division that forms haploid cells from diploid cells, and it employs many of the same cellular mechanisms as mitosis. However, as you have learned, mitosis produces daughter cells whose nuclei are gene... | d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-biology-bundle/blob/d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120/modules/m66483/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d2779c2e | [
"Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction"
] | 234 | d4443418d87661ba84c1dc2d81198f1af0ee6a5b0ddb4e1ee3500c82353a43da | 0 | 0 | true |
24b3408b028acbd79c7237bc70067e4b | X:osx:biology-2e:m66483 | openstax-biology-2e | passage | In contrast, meiotic divisions include two nuclear divisions that ultimately produce four genetically different daughter nuclei that have only one chromosome set (instead of the two sets of chromosomes in the parent cell). The main differences between the two nuclear division processes take place during the first divis... | d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-biology-bundle/blob/d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120/modules/m66483/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d2779c2e | [
"Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction"
] | 156 | e993b2c1e1641f31b7c35ac4b8439ddb4594d96afc403899b24752d93191d2f6 | 0 | 0 | true |
0d3b5a1d2138a9724dd6d2a5be0b23de | X:osx:biology-2e:m66499 | openstax-biology-2e | passage | Instead of the simple σ factor that helps bind the prokaryotic RNA polymerase to its promoter, eukaryotes assemble a complex of transcription factors required to recruit RNA polymerase II to a protein coding gene. Transcription factors that bind to the promoter are called basal transcription factors. These basal factor... | d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-biology-bundle/blob/d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120/modules/m66499/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d2779c2e | [
"Genes and Proteins"
] | 223 | 97b6698114a7575be996bb60bce0d50dadd9716c06f544e8a5878c1e7a1fbdec | 0 | 0 | true |
0841d2f5985139b36336f1a266c09cb7 | X:osx:biology-2e:m66574 | openstax-biology-2e | passage | Typically, the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the receptacle at the base of the gynoecium, but the gynoecium may also be located deeper in the receptacle, with the other floral structures attached above it. As illustrated in , the innermost part of a perfect flower is the gynoecium, the location in the flo... | d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-biology-bundle/blob/d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120/modules/m66574/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d2779c2e | [
"Seed Plants"
] | 234 | e3db91602b1fb69e5b02f91378f7d17966561b9aec94199c3dc56646c01a3223 | 0 | 0 | true |
bd8b789e6bb8e8519ebaa82c98e41e80 | X:osx:biology-2e:m66605 | openstax-biology-2e | passage | Hyphae can grow into small soil pores that allow access to phosphorus that would otherwise be unavailable to the plant. The beneficial effect on the plant is best observed in poor soils. The benefit to fungi is that they can obtain up to 20 percent of the total carbon accessed by plants. Mycorrhizae functions as a phys... | d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-biology-bundle/blob/d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120/modules/m66605/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d2779c2e | [
"Soil and Plant Nutrition"
] | 235 | 62ead6ba4d09c83a2943df541b78976e332c18d2cab7916fcd570d17927b0655 | 0 | 0 | true |
272d1add292d48c72eb61595ecb743d1 | X:osx:biology-2e:m66643 | openstax-biology-2e | passage | Both the Z disc and the M line hold myofilaments in place to maintain the structural arrangement and layering of the myofibril. Myofibrils are connected to each other by intermediate, or desmin, filaments that attach to the Z disc. Thick and thin filaments are themselves composed of proteins. Thick filaments are compos... | d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-biology-bundle/blob/d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120/modules/m66643/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d2779c2e | [
"The Musculoskeletal System"
] | 233 | f8ac5a8d54dd1416ee696ca12ecad5915e6377803af3b6f2bfd3c074e79b5160 | 0 | 0 | true |
732e1fe369716a699b86be25907df9cc | X:osx:biology-2e:m66643 | openstax-biology-2e | passage | Thin filaments are pulled by the thick filaments toward the center of the sarcomere until the Z discs approach the thick filaments. The zone of overlap, in which thin filaments and thick filaments occupy the same area, increases as the thin filaments move inward. ATP and Muscle Contraction
The motion of muscle shorteni... | d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-biology-bundle/blob/d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120/modules/m66643/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d2779c2e | [
"The Musculoskeletal System"
] | 227 | fe7a308f5a61061d77506cfece435f55cd946ed40ff84472cc1325d7a41d69d4 | 0 | 0 | true |
4afe6dba5737e2dae446bb7792524615 | X:osx:biology-2e:m66643 | openstax-biology-2e | passage | The sodium–potassium ATPase uses cellular energy to move K+ ions inside the cell and Na+ ions outside. This alone accumulates a small electrical charge, but a big concentration gradient. There is lots of K+ in the cell and lots of Na+ outside the cell. Potassium is able to leave the cell through K+ channels that are op... | d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-biology-bundle/blob/d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120/modules/m66643/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d2779c2e | [
"The Musculoskeletal System"
] | 233 | bc03d9b0a961b9151a5854e2d59ced3a4d713116fabd815ea95ebe4b1f47b6a3 | 0 | 0 | true |
4fd8c0bf2d40c8cbaeb26f9ec193da96 | X:osx:biology-2e:m66420 | openstax-biology-2e | passage | The vegetation is characterized by plants with broad leaves that fall and are replaced throughout the year. Unlike the trees of deciduous forests, the trees in this biome do not have a seasonal loss of leaves associated with variations in temperature and sunlight; these forests are “evergreen” year-round. The temperatu... | d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-biology-bundle/blob/d2779c2edfb435e75047325434fe2fe93d5aa120/modules/m66420/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d2779c2e | [
"Ecology and the Biosphere"
] | 239 | 9a52f839ba88ebbe3c91ddecb16275cbe567e6ef01e88caa57678773fa26b21b | 0 | 0 | true |
e5c5e46585577bae883e535e57a5f65d | X:osx:introduction-sociology-3e:m90149 | openstax-introduction-sociology-3e | passage | His ethics were questioned because he misrepresented his identity and intent while observing and questioning the men he interviewed (Nardi, 1995). Summary
Sociologists and sociology students must take ethical responsibility for any study they conduct. They must first and foremost guarantee the safety of their participa... | d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-introduction-sociology/blob/d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b/modules/m90149/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d35d5f3b | [
"Sociological Research"
] | 226 | 9ab90324d4c2d0bd5551390612728a2947bc4b2aeaea48a56be84d76a8a4a9a3 | 0 | 0 | true |
0e09c3d6b5bd175d576fe36b313281d7 | X:osx:introduction-sociology-3e:m90158 | openstax-introduction-sociology-3e | passage | Even a single status such as “student” has a complex role-set, or array of roles, attached to it (Merton 1957). It is important to note that status refers to the rank in social hierarchy, while role is the behavior expected of a person holding a certain status. If too much is required of a single role, individuals can ... | d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-introduction-sociology/blob/d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b/modules/m90158/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d35d5f3b | [
"Society and Social Interaction"
] | 234 | c801d0dd6589d02e33263faf35a91be16a9fe7475ebba777ca14fc15dfc786d6 | 0 | 0 | true |
94d1801193d8e64c4c2112f45bfc73b1 | X:osx:introduction-sociology-3e:m90203 | openstax-introduction-sociology-3e | passage | The Process of Aging
As human beings grow older, they go through different phases or stages of life. It is helpful to understand aging in the context of these phases. A life course is the period from birth to death, including a sequence of predictable life events such as physical maturation. Each phase comes with diffe... | d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-introduction-sociology/blob/d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b/modules/m90203/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d35d5f3b | [
"Aging and the Elderly"
] | 248 | 755e9d1f1e683c23397767910a525e3b9d8496a3f0695d05c200c3fdf975e4b1 | 0 | 0 | true |
7b2c711b29c5dd3cd15712f120611335 | X:osx:introduction-sociology-3e:m90203 | openstax-introduction-sociology-3e | passage | The way people perceive physical aging is largely dependent on how they were socialized. If people can accept the changes in their bodies as a natural process of aging, the changes will not seem as frightening. According to the federal Administration on Aging (2011), in 2009 fewer people over sixty-five years old asses... | d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-introduction-sociology/blob/d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b/modules/m90203/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d35d5f3b | [
"Aging and the Elderly"
] | 229 | 293c31c86f2971f05d90120a11de51f700ced41cf066e284af6083ceb731e24c | 0 | 0 | true |
3974ab33223e9fd93c854ee9c5c7d42a | X:osx:introduction-sociology-3e:m90203 | openstax-introduction-sociology-3e | passage | A study conducted by Kate Davidson (2002) reviewed demographic data that asserted men were more likely to remarry after the death of a spouse and suggested that widows (the surviving female spouse of a deceased male partner) and widowers (the surviving male spouse of a deceased female partner) experience their postmari... | d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-introduction-sociology/blob/d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b/modules/m90203/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d35d5f3b | [
"Aging and the Elderly"
] | 239 | b96ea5dc8d9c12a03a2053a8897bfd6f8ca5055ed5c4d5fe6ff04a30cfce123e | 0 | 0 | true |
4eb9697ca5d34a84657c3bec56e7a8bc | X:osx:introduction-sociology-3e:m90236 | openstax-introduction-sociology-3e | passage | An estimated 3 billion people do not have access to clean water at home for hand-washing (CDC 2016). Consider the impact of that, knowing that many of those without water for hand-washing live in agricultural societies in which they work with animals or live in cities with many other people. The water crisis is exacerb... | d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-introduction-sociology/blob/d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b/modules/m90236/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d35d5f3b | [
"Population, Urbanization, and the Environment"
] | 244 | b08c437f0f91c3f436e9a0835fa78e286e1f447bd0510645b792aac90f705be0 | 0 | 0 | true |
4d26b11a0ebb70e54e21d8e98359a5fc | X:osx:introduction-sociology-3e:m90236 | openstax-introduction-sociology-3e | passage | Each of us is affected by air pollution. But like the herder who adds one more head of cattle to realize the benefits of owning more cows but who does not have to pay the price of the overgrazed land, we take the benefit of driving or buying the latest cell phones without worrying about the end result. Air pollution ac... | d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-introduction-sociology/blob/d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b/modules/m90236/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d35d5f3b | [
"Population, Urbanization, and the Environment"
] | 217 | a36b6f03e7f753bfe49dc7eda71f671623ec15269aaa7bb0b153347114bd793d | 0 | 0 | true |
f11679bee485676ff2c3f53ac685dd3c | X:osx:introduction-sociology-3e:m90236 | openstax-introduction-sociology-3e | passage | These examples are only a few of the hundreds of incidents that Native American tribes have faced and continue to battle against. Sadly, the mistreatment of the land’s original inhabitants continues via this institution of environmental racism. How might the work of sociologists help draw attention to—and eventually mi... | d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-introduction-sociology/blob/d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b/modules/m90236/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d35d5f3b | [
"Population, Urbanization, and the Environment"
] | 233 | d686d98cf948456c6bee6d1face3119bec11554d166f87b053f4d38395d83485 | 0 | 0 | true |
ea6ea279d0baf0f933b19dcbd03b8570 | X:osx:introduction-sociology-3e:m90236 | openstax-introduction-sociology-3e | passage | While everyone is at risk, poor and disadvantaged neighborhoods and nations bear a greater burden of the planet’s pollution, a dynamic known as environmental racism. Section Quiz
Short Answer
Further Research
Visit the Cleanups in My Community web site to see where environmental hazards have been identified in your bac... | d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-introduction-sociology/blob/d35d5f3bdac40f93607d600134865d4f13ce1f9b/modules/m90236/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d35d5f3b | [
"Population, Urbanization, and the Environment"
] | 238 | f09b4101b0ae3465db4a420a494790408e34414e05a29fa28e777d95e1f1fed8 | 0 | 0 | true |
8f0c36e4d0481fe38b6b4747543c2dbb | X:osx:principles-macroeconomics-3e:m63605 | openstax-principles-macroeconomics-3e | passage | For example, point J shows that if the price were $90, 20 million tablets would be sold. Those consumers who would have been willing to pay $90 for a tablet based on the utility they expect to receive from it, but who were able to pay the equilibrium price of $80, clearly received a benefit beyond what they had to pay.... | 020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-principles-economics-bundle/blob/020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a/modules/m63605/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@020e54db | [
"Demand and Supply"
] | 203 | 157d390454999e9b60990e5f566921a7fd17b02d34b61c44291f08812298c1ca | 0 | 0 | true |
9fae928423acdb1307da1dd210e2615f | X:osx:principles-macroeconomics-3e:m63724 | openstax-principles-macroeconomics-3e | passage | Since the price index in the base year always has a value of 100 (by definition), nominal and real GDP are always the same in the base year. Look at the data for 2015. Use this data to make another observation: As long as inflation is positive, meaning prices increase on average from year to year, real GDP should be le... | 020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-principles-economics-bundle/blob/020e54dbecb376f27b37c3498f9347a45961c11a/modules/m63724/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@020e54db | [
"The Macroeconomic Perspective"
] | 246 | 4016aed5427c6739f50b74cf407a11f217005adeca77508949d1649abfc285b1 | 0 | 0 | true |
151359521c706940c7706a713a74c580 | X:osx:anatomy-and-physiology-2e:m46364 | openstax-anatomy-and-physiology-2e | definition | fibular notch: wide groove on the lateral side of the distal tibia for articulation with the fibula at the distal tibiofibular joint
foot: portion of the lower limb located distal to the ankle joint
fovea capitis: minor indentation on the head of the femur that serves as the site of attachment for the ligament to the h... | b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-anatomy-physiology/blob/b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c/modules/m46364/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@b0058a74 | [
"The Appendicular Skeleton",
"fibular notch",
"foot",
"fovea capitis",
"gluteal tuberosity",
"greater trochanter",
"hallux",
"head of the femur",
"head of the fibula",
"head of the metatarsal bone"
] | 225 | 763f48f0810013cd9ecabb75f3970faa197046f7cc20df370b13ba42a11688d4 | 0 | 0 | true |
83830bf5977e5f9b74d28319846b52df | X:osx:anatomy-and-physiology-2e:m46364 | openstax-anatomy-and-physiology-2e | definition | lateral malleolus: expanded distal end of the fibula
leg: portion of the lower limb located between the knee and ankle joints
lesser trochanter: small, bony projection on the medial side of the proximal femur, at the base of the femoral neck
ligament of the head of the femur: ligament that spans the acetabulum of the h... | b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-anatomy-physiology/blob/b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c/modules/m46364/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@b0058a74 | [
"The Appendicular Skeleton",
"lateral malleolus",
"leg",
"lesser trochanter",
"ligament of the head of the femur",
"linea aspera",
"medial condyle of the femur",
"medial condyle of the tibia",
"medial cuneiform"
] | 225 | b3bc4280b2151f8e992ba62508e3716594e6257d87035e1e48e388fd5b173574 | 0 | 0 | true |
66c443ad39978bab0275fdca08070e69 | X:osx:anatomy-and-physiology-2e:m46480 | openstax-anatomy-and-physiology-2e | passage | Types of Muscle Fibers
Two criteria to consider when classifying the types of muscle fibers are how fast some fibers contract relative to others, and how fibers produce ATP. Using these criteria, there are three main types of skeletal muscle fibers. Slow oxidative (SO) fibers contract relatively slowly and use aerobic ... | b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-anatomy-physiology/blob/b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c/modules/m46480/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@b0058a74 | [
"Muscle Tissue"
] | 231 | b24141b598614ef3e32667b7d142e1580f5f23e4177355c202d9c12f1bdaf433 | 0 | 0 | true |
87389830f8e956f50cc6b0ff7710bab6 | X:osx:anatomy-and-physiology-2e:m46480 | openstax-anatomy-and-physiology-2e | passage | The myoglobin stores some of the needed O2 within the fibers themselves (and gives SO fibers their red color). All of these features allow SO fibers to produce large quantities of ATP, which can sustain muscle activity without fatiguing for long periods of time. The fact that SO fibers can function for long periods wit... | b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-anatomy-physiology/blob/b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c/modules/m46480/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@b0058a74 | [
"Muscle Tissue"
] | 250 | 17e7c733dec4b6416d391a2b68317586bae5b5ccda94d56d12dcffc60a187521 | 0 | 0 | true |
dfb72d1f0773c5d4bd326cf0f12c5434 | X:osx:anatomy-and-physiology-2e:m46549 | openstax-anatomy-and-physiology-2e | passage | The respiratory rate is controlled by the respiratory center located within the medulla oblongata in the brain, which responds primarily to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pH levels in the blood. The normal respiratory rate of a child decreases from birth to adolescence. A child under 1 year of age has a normal ... | b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-anatomy-physiology/blob/b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c/modules/m46549/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@b0058a74 | [
"The Respiratory System"
] | 229 | cff3471b5aa5f9f556aee3716555db8e2c664a2e243d1ff0bf4ee326275c57da | 0 | 0 | true |
36cf6ee29bad0ac77eb71cfb837c69c1 | X:osx:anatomy-and-physiology-2e:m46549 | openstax-anatomy-and-physiology-2e | passage | The major brain centers involved in pulmonary ventilation are the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group (). The medulla oblongata contains the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the ventral respiratory group (VRG). The VRG is involved in maintaining a constant breathing rhythm by stimulating the diaphragm... | b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-anatomy-physiology/blob/b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c/modules/m46549/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@b0058a74 | [
"The Respiratory System"
] | 250 | 7663848bd0ffee13f533e8f23ad1d92a8ce81c7bc61918f72ea943bc275bc46a | 0 | 0 | true |
75a76016a6804694a05b96a94c84cbb4 | X:osx:anatomy-and-physiology-2e:m46549 | openstax-anatomy-and-physiology-2e | passage | Other treatments include lifestyle changes to decrease weight, eliminate alcohol and other sleep apnea–promoting drugs, and changes in sleep position. In addition to these treatments, patients with central sleep apnea may need supplemental oxygen during sleep. Chapter Review
Pulmonary ventilation is the process of brea... | b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-anatomy-physiology/blob/b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c/modules/m46549/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@b0058a74 | [
"The Respiratory System"
] | 238 | c66357017072d07ba42e0aa7f3bbf483b11a1876d975d8ba7076519ba93d5429 | 0 | 0 | true |
40be1cb29228e0e9b61f315b7246624b | X:osx:anatomy-and-physiology-2e:m46549 | openstax-anatomy-and-physiology-2e | passage | Expiratory reserve volume is the extra amount of air that can leave with forceful expiration, following tidal expiration. Residual volume is the amount of air that is left in the lungs after expelling the expiratory reserve volume. Respiratory capacity is the combination of two or more volumes. Anatomical dead space re... | b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-anatomy-physiology/blob/b0058a743bdd2cc08196abaaa7d5469970c0d80c/modules/m46549/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@b0058a74 | [
"The Respiratory System"
] | 234 | b3facc9d0f970017a6117478d3761fd1b7919d117de7b8a7b41a8e137012f8dd | 0 | 0 | true |
ca84ff7134ad3acc033bdc0445483738 | X:osx:nutrition:m00055 | openstax-nutrition | definition | lipids: fatty acids insoluble in water; lipids in the blood are LDL, HDL, and triglycerides
myocardial infarction: death of heart muscle due to lack of blood flow and oxygen
triglycerides: fatty substance circulating in the cardiovascular system | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00055/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Special Nutritional Considerations for Cardiovascular Health",
"lipids",
"myocardial infarction",
"triglycerides"
] | 50 | 6d04b88bd6b4949c5c4dafb7c3e7a54e1e7c0ef081c0b866ed1f106a4e22102a | 0 | 0 | true |
88a6a1c7e2af8cf93ad40c964aa471c5 | X:osx:nutrition:m00085 | openstax-nutrition | passage | Assessment of the Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
Nursing assessment of the musculoskeletal system involves the collection of subjective and objective data. Subjective data is gathered through a thorough interview of the client’s past medical and surgical history, family medical history, current medical probl... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00085/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Applying Clinical Judgment to Promote Nutrition for Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Wellness"
] | 231 | bd478aed774f44ad324a7cae8aa68cdb21d15fcacf28f897da5aae65a9227535 | 0 | 0 | true |
3e83c2959d6d8ebea3fd1a4df8ffadcc | X:osx:us-history:m49995 | openstax-us-history | passage | Many crossed the Atlantic in the 1620s and 1630s instead to create a New England, a haven for reformed Protestantism where Puritan was no longer a term of abuse. Thus, the religious upheavals that affected England so much had equally momentous consequences for the Americas. RELIGIOUS WAR
By the early 1500s, the Protest... | 046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-us-history/blob/046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3/modules/m49995/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@046331cf | [
"Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 1492–1650"
] | 241 | a24c1ffcbff6e7efb4accc84e3f5b94aac3a013fff0b86e8e812a29abdb7ff1f | 0 | 0 | true |
bb18f4f8796abb3170da66d7a5f86317 | X:osx:us-history:m49995 | openstax-us-history | passage | Religious intolerance characterized the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, an age of powerful state religions with the authority to impose and enforce belief systems on the population. In this climate, religious violence was common. One of the most striking examples is the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of 1572, in w... | 046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-us-history/blob/046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3/modules/m49995/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@046331cf | [
"Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 1492–1650"
] | 245 | 2cc116630d1b7fa7d0c21ecc1a4857cc56aeb8c54923a034592d538f30da79ea | 0 | 0 | true |
88ce4c667e441148a5f78bc44764141c | X:osx:us-history:m49995 | openstax-us-history | definition | Calvinism: a branch of Protestantism started by John Calvin, emphasizing human powerlessness before an omniscient God and stressing the idea of predestination
indulgences: documents for purchase that absolved sinners of their errant behavior
Protestant Reformation: the schism in Catholicism that began with Martin Luthe... | 046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-us-history/blob/046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3/modules/m49995/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@046331cf | [
"Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 1492–1650",
"Calvinism",
"indulgences",
"Protestant Reformation",
"Puritans"
] | 122 | 3bcfc3aa09caf79c7ddb0658f0df389ab568a4de15be4e4c9dd909cbd3bdd648 | 0 | 0 | true |
25f8c539fcfa07405d601485dd0a191e | X:osx:us-history:m50042 | openstax-us-history | passage | The war went very badly for the United States at first. In August 1812, the United States lost Detroit to the British and their Native allies, including a force of one thousand men led by Tecumseh. By the end of the year, the British controlled half the Northwest. The following year, however, U.S. forces scored several... | 046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-us-history/blob/046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3/modules/m50042/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@046331cf | [
"Growing Pains: The New Republic, 1790–1820"
] | 211 | 9a41a7471fd46fef52ff89282ddd091ecb7220fab10983fc4bebbf0aae66b61e | 0 | 0 | true |
7d22e135f4103e92416681768511da91 | X:osx:us-history:m50109 | openstax-us-history | passage | The Settlement casts side none of those things which cultivated men have come to consider reasonable and goodly, but it insists that those belong as well to that great body of people who, because of toilsome and underpaid labor, are unable to procure them for themselves. Added to this is a profound conviction that the ... | 046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-us-history/blob/046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3/modules/m50109/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@046331cf | [
"The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870-1900"
] | 242 | 89469ff3fdaf75a42e79b806149a9b3bb06df75143322cef9df3366e110b1e52 | 0 | 0 | true |
46a5c6a20ea833907600d64270d11932 | X:osx:us-history:m50109 | openstax-us-history | definition | settlement house movement: an early progressive reform movement, largely spearheaded by women, which sought to offer services such as childcare and free healthcare to help the working poor
social gospel: the belief that the church should be as concerned about the conditions of people in the secular world as it was with... | 046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-us-history/blob/046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3/modules/m50109/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@046331cf | [
"The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870-1900",
"settlement house movement",
"social gospel"
] | 73 | 161c2f5b2f9577c58bbaa239094f6fe23395c7d686958ac87999839a63f6dfb9 | 0 | 0 | true |
52d6212b68b2bd37ebd8be671a0ab7c3 | X:osx:us-history:m50164 | openstax-us-history | passage | Most farms and ranches were originally mortgaged to small country banks that understood the dynamics of farming, but as these banks failed, they often sold rural mortgages to larger eastern banks that were less concerned with the specifics of farm life. With the effects of the drought and low commodity prices, farmers ... | 046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-us-history/blob/046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3/modules/m50164/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@046331cf | [
"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? The Great Depression, 1929-1932"
] | 248 | 0fdbeda00f3f56f22655c53fefdbaa85ed74734cf5c8bde18646214f4dea70df | 0 | 0 | true |
cbea5db4abdafd81929b98327c41ee4b | X:osx:us-history:m51697 | openstax-us-history | passage | The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Hou... | 046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-us-history/blob/046331cfcea0ac1b1a8fd461b3e6aae638845af3/modules/m51697/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@046331cf | [] | 231 | d0cc32cb90654924be027688e8a9accbb3ae11da2dabc229bb198880fe9cadfb | 0 | 0 | true |
089805d5cda45273acbf160b1a3a85d3 | X:osx:astronomy-2e:m59871 | openstax-astronomy-2e | passage | If you placed a fist-sized lump of meteor material on a table in Earth’s gravity, it might well fall apart under its own weight. Such light particles break up very easily in the atmosphere, accounting for the failure of even relatively large shower meteors to reach the ground. Comet dust is apparently fluffy, rather in... | 63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-astronomy/blob/63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b/modules/m59871/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@63157f37 | [
"Cosmic Samples and the Origin of the Solar System"
] | 248 | 824422800e4d177a3631ac77316010f56fc91d27ab9ebed6975a91b0582f4309 | 0 | 0 | true |
9eac1a4555b363432e30fc5a81c081ac | X:osx:astronomy-2e:m59875 | openstax-astronomy-2e | passage | But the smaller the object, the greater the departure from spherical shape that the strength of its rocks can support. For silicate bodies, the limiting diameter is about 400 kilometers; larger objects will always be approximately spherical, while smaller ones can have almost any shape (as we see in photographs of aste... | 63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-astronomy/blob/63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b/modules/m59875/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@63157f37 | [
"Cosmic Samples and the Origin of the Solar System"
] | 229 | a731a9592ac98c9a04e4ad30d1449aa4c5ddcc03b8d40da982e45bdc55f3ab61 | 0 | 0 | true |
b428a9e9281245c6a2dd302715c1f88b | X:osx:astronomy-2e:m59875 | openstax-astronomy-2e | passage | Video from Nova ScienceNow narrated by Neil deGrasse Tyson (13:02). Revolutionary ALMA Image Reveals Planetary Genesis: https://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1436a/. New observations of the disk around the star HL Tau and what they reveal about planet formation (5:25). Simulating the Origin of the Solar System: https://... | 63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-astronomy/blob/63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b/modules/m59875/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@63157f37 | [
"Cosmic Samples and the Origin of the Solar System"
] | 246 | 15895ee2ff67a498769f427b9e90d822792086ae8d7ee913401a08655ccc6ff2 | 0 | 0 | true |
4d4ef7c8fa793e201b2330b26b3aa4d2 | X:osx:astronomy-2e:m59890 | openstax-astronomy-2e | passage | Imagine you are in a big concert hall or ballroom that is dark except for a few dozen 25-watt bulbs placed in fixtures around the walls. Since they are all 25-watt bulbs, their luminosity (energy output) is the same. But from where you are standing in one corner, they do not have the same apparent brightness. Those clo... | 63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-astronomy/blob/63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b/modules/m59890/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@63157f37 | [
"Analyzing Starlight"
] | 221 | 47ca883416f55fc1636148493eed7c0190038496e10a5a612218a2949c548197 | 0 | 0 | true |
1d7e8a581db675e734e526966649a5d2 | X:osx:astronomy-2e:m59928 | openstax-astronomy-2e | passage | Because we have written this book for students taking their first astronomy course, we will recount a simplified version of what happens to stars as they move toward the final stages in their lives. We will (perhaps to your heartfelt relief) not delve into all the possible ways aging stars can behave and the strange th... | 63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-astronomy/blob/63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b/modules/m59928/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@63157f37 | [
"Stars from Adolescence to Old Age"
] | 227 | c1e426bcbe6f517ea548e932f68bbe7c5e31f362040cc3b81bca8bb2acc15819 | 0 | 0 | true |
414822a468da9afbbf651fd2f437a39b | X:osx:astronomy-2e:m59928 | openstax-astronomy-2e | passage | When the triple-alpha process begins in low-mass (about 0.8 to 2.0 solar masses) stars, calculations show that the entire core is ignited in a quick burst of fusion called a helium flash. (More massive stars also ignite helium but more gradually and not with a flash. As soon as the temperature at the center of the star... | 63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-astronomy/blob/63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b/modules/m59928/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@63157f37 | [
"Stars from Adolescence to Old Age"
] | 238 | 4dee51c45e9959b1cfaf14f54b921b0c252f4dbf2410bab304935ed3ebeb72f3 | 0 | 0 | true |
79a8ad830981fcd515ce1dcd6136856a | X:osx:astronomy-2e:m59928 | openstax-astronomy-2e | passage | As shows, sometimes a planetary nebula appears to be a simple ring. Others have faint shells surrounding the bright ring, which is evidence that there were multiple episodes of mass loss when the star was a red giant (see image (d) in ). In a few cases, we see two lobes of matter flowing in opposite directions. Many as... | 63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-astronomy/blob/63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b/modules/m59928/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@63157f37 | [
"Stars from Adolescence to Old Age"
] | 244 | 6f0ce622a69d82b208badbbff0cf7784ae6ea474c015d76007754425bf66c31b | 0 | 0 | true |
03054e207c16eefc0af3afa20818de46 | X:osx:astronomy-2e:m59928 | openstax-astronomy-2e | passage | Whether or not this dire prediction is true, there is little doubt that all life on Earth will surely be incinerated. But don’t lose any sleep over this—we are talking about events that will occur billions of years from now. What then are the prospects for preserving Earth life as we know it? The first strategy you mig... | 63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-astronomy/blob/63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b/modules/m59928/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@63157f37 | [
"Stars from Adolescence to Old Age"
] | 223 | 02a439b69c0fea6555880abaf082b149a3565ce4f42668343fcab01642768014 | 0 | 0 | true |
5bab8c8e1f463ca94cd8c9155de4c6fe | X:osx:astronomy-2e:m59928 | openstax-astronomy-2e | passage | Calculations show that if we were to redirect an asteroid so that it follows just the right orbit between Earth and Jupiter, it could transfer orbital energy from Jupiter to Earth and move Earth slowly outward, pulling us away from the expanding Sun on each flyby. Since we have hundreds of millions of years to change E... | 63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-astronomy/blob/63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b/modules/m59928/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@63157f37 | [
"Stars from Adolescence to Old Age"
] | 235 | c7af45bc63ab9f45e3e4a8f0d4b603ba101f95d5baa41f0e2e60b6a54996a09b | 0 | 0 | true |
5c52ded04de567ebd9fdfa373a95300b | X:osx:astronomy-2e:m59928 | openstax-astronomy-2e | passage | Fusion of hydrogen and helium in shells around the contracting core makes the star a bright red giant again, but only temporarily. When the star is a red giant, it can shed its outer layers and thereby expose hot inner layers. Planetary nebulae (which have nothing to do with planets) are shells of gas ejected by such s... | 63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-astronomy/blob/63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b/modules/m59928/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@63157f37 | [
"Stars from Adolescence to Old Age"
] | 94 | 32c2fe224997421d47f16676ca5067edd04f127d056a3862f31df17f09658a37 | 0 | 0 | true |
6585bf8abb08d27839e4300b2faa5e29 | X:osx:astronomy-2e:m59936 | openstax-astronomy-2e | passage | If the neutron star and its companion are positioned the right way, a significant amount of material can be transferred to the neutron star and can set it spinning faster (as spin energy is also transferred). The radius of the neutron star would also decrease as more mass was added. Astronomers have found pulsars in bi... | 63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-astronomy/blob/63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b/modules/m59936/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@63157f37 | [
"The Death of Stars"
] | 230 | 18815dd34ea261521fe85c48ccbb26e40f217f5633e7d2cdacf9288eac5480e2 | 0 | 0 | true |
489de157153d42c17d10487430747e3b | X:osx:astronomy-2e:m59958 | openstax-astronomy-2e | passage | Intermediate between the giant and dwarf elliptical galaxies are systems such as M32 (see ) and M110, the two companions of the Andromeda galaxy. While they are often referred to as dwarf ellipticals, these galaxies can be significantly larger than the typical dwarf galaxies. Irregular Galaxies
Hubble classified galaxi... | 63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-astronomy/blob/63157f370b09c06a4cc12832384aaaf4de1ced3b/modules/m59958/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@63157f37 | [
"Galaxies"
] | 234 | 550ec4c6733305850ec0c93f8b4f07504ea5cb7bfd7f4200088ecc910d48ae1c | 0 | 0 | true |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.